Hox genes, homeosis and the evolution of segment identity: No need for hopeless monsters

International Journal of Developmental Biology

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 445-451

  Akam, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Development; Enhancer modules; Gene regulation; Homeotic genes; Selector gene; Ultrabithorax

Indexed keywords

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ABDOMEN; ARTHROPOD; DEVELOPMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS; EVOLUTION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE FUNCTION; GENE MUTATION; HOMEOBOX; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THORAX;

ABNORMALITIES, MULTIPLE; ANIMALS; BODY PATTERNING; DROSOPHILA; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; GENES, HOMEOBOX; GENES, INSECT; GENES, REGULATOR;

ARTHROPODA;

EID: 0031779707     PISSN: 02146282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. AVEROF, M. and AKAM, M. (1993). HOM/Hox genes of Artemia, implications for the origin of insect and crustacean body plans Curr Biol. 3: 73-78.
2. AVEROF, M. and PATEL, N. (1997). Changes in Hox gene regulation associated with the evolution of specialised crustacean appendages Nature 382: 682-686.
3. BATESON, W (1894) Materials for the study of variation McMillan and Co London.
4. BEEMAN, R.W, STUART, J.J., BROWN, S.J and DENELL, R E. (1993). Structure and function of the homeotic gene complex (HOM-C) in the beetle Tribolium castaneum BioEssays 15: 439-444.
5. BENDER, W., AKAM, M., KARCH, F., BEACHY, P A., PEIFER, M., SPIERER, P, LEWIS, E.B. and HOGNESS, D S. (1983) Molecular genetics of the bithorax complex in Drosophila melanogaster. Science 221: 23-29.
6. BIENZ, M. and MÜLLER, J. (1995). Transcriptional silencing of homeotic genes in Drosophila BioEssays 17: 775-784.
7. CARROLL, S B, LAYMON, R.A, MCCUTCHEON, M A., RILEY, P.D and SCOTT, M P. (1986). The localization and regulation of Antennapedia protein expression in Drosophila embryos Cell 47 113-122
8. CASTELLI-GAIR, J. (1998). Implications of the spatial and temporal regulation of Hox genes on development and evolution Int. J. Dev. Biol 42: 437-444.
9. CASTELLI-GAIR, J. and AKAM, M. (1995). How the Hox gene Ultrabithorax specifies two different segments: The significance of spatial and temporal regulation within metameres. Development 121 2973-2982.
10. CASTELLI-GAIR, J., GREIG, S, MICKLEM, G. and AKAM, M (1994). Dissecting the temporal requirements for homeotic gene function. Development 120: 1983-1995.
11. CASTELLI-GAIR, J., MICOL, J-L. and GARCÍA-BELLIDO, A. (1990). Transvection in the Drosophila Ultrabithorax gene: a Cbx' mutant allele induces ectopic expression of a normal allele in trans. Genetics 126: 177-184.
12. CHAN, C-S., RASTELLI, L. and PIRROTTA, V. (1994). A Polycomb response element in the Ubx gene that determines an epigenetically inherited state of repression. EMBO J. 13: 2553-2564.
13. CHIANG, A., O'CONNOR, M B, PARO, R, SIMON, J. and BENDER, W (1995) Discrete Polycomb-binding sites in each parasegmental domain of the bithorax complex. Development 121: 1681-1689
14. CHRISTEN, B. and BIENZ, M. (1994) Imaginal disc silencers from Ultrabithorax: evidence for Polycomb response elements. Mech Dev. 48: 255-266.
15. DELORENZI, M and BIENZ, M (1990) Expression of Abdominal-B homeoproteins in Drosophila embryos Development 108: 323-329.
16. 1 Deformed and engrailed expression in the Drosophila head Development 113: 273-281.
17. ENGSTRÖM, Y, SCHNEUWLY, S. and GEHRING, W.J. (1992). Spatial and temporal expression of an Antennapedia/lac Z gene construct integrated into the endogenous Antennapedia gene of Drosophila melanogaster Roux Arch. Dev Biol. 201: 65-80
18. GARCÍA-BELLIDO, A (1975) Genetic control of wing disc development in Drosophila In Cell Patterning. Ciba Found. Symp. 29: 161-178.
19. GARCÍA-BELLIDO, A (1977). Homoeotic and atavic mutations in insects. Am Zool. 17: 613-629.
20. GARCÍA-BELLIDO, A. and CAPDEVILA, M P. (1978). The initiation and maintenance of gene activity in a developmental pathway of Drosophila. In The clonal basis of development (ed. S Subtelny and I. M Sussex) Academic press, New York Symp. Soc. Dev. Biol. 7: 3-21
21. GARCÍA-FERNANDEZ, J. and HOLLAND, P.W.H. (1994). Archetypal organization of the Amphioxus Hox gene cluster. Nature 370: 563-566.
22. GEHRING, W.J (1996) The master control gene for morphogenesis and evolution of the eye. Genes Cells 1: 11-15.
23. GERASIMOVA, T.I. and CORCES, V.G (1996). Boundary and insulator elements in chromosomes Curr. Opin Genet Dev. 6: 185-192.
24. GIBSON, G and HOGNESS, D S. (1996) Effect of polymorphism in the Drosophila regulatory gene Ultrabithorax on homeotic stability Science 271: 200-203.
25. GOLDSCHMIDT, R (1940). The Material Basis of Evolution. Yale University Press New Haven.
26. GONZALEZ-REYES, A, URQUIA, N., GEHRING, W., STRUHL, G. and MORATA, G. (1990) Are cross regulatory interactions between homeotic genes functionally significant? Nature 344: 78-80
27. GRENIER, J.K, T.L., G., WARREN, R., WHITINGTON, P M. and CARROLL, S. (1997). Evolution of the entire arthropod Hox gene set predated the origin and radiation of the onychophoran/arthropod clade Curr. Biol. 7: 547-553.
28. GYURKVICS, H, GAUSZ, J., KUMMER, J. and KARCH, F. (1990) A new homeotic mutation in the Drosophila bithorax complex removes a boundary separating two domains of regulation EMBO J. 9: 2579-2586.
29. HAGSTROM, K. MULLER, M. and SCHEDL, P. (1996) Fab-7 functions as a chromatin domain boundary to ensure proper segment specification by the Drosophila bithorax complex Genes Dev 10: 3202-3215.
30. JOHNSON, A D. (1995). Molecular mechanisms of cell type determination in budding yeast. Curr Opin Genet. Dev. 5: 552-558
31. KASSIS, J A. (1990). Spatial and temporal control elements of the Drosophila engrailed gene. Genes Dev. 4: 433-443.
32. KASSIS, J.A., WONG, M.L. and O'FARRELL, P.H. (1985). Electron microscopic heteroduplex mapping identifies regions of the engrailed locus that are conserved between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis. Mol. Cell Biol. 9: 4304-4311.
33. KELSH, R., WEINZIERL, R.O.J., WHITE, R.A. H. and AKAM, M. (1994). Homeotic gene expression in the Locust Schistocerca: an antibody that detects conserved epitopes in Ultrabithorax and abdominal-A proteins. Dev. Genet 15: 19-31.
34. KIRCHHAMER, C.V. and DAVIDSON, E H. (1996). Spatial and temporal information procesing in the sea urchin embryo: modular and intramodular organization of the CyIIIa gene cis-regulatory system. Development 122: 333-348.
35. KREITMAN, M. and LUDWIG, M. (1996). Tempo and mode of even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer evolution in Drosophila. Cell Dev.Biol. 7: 583-592.
36. LAMKA, M.L., BOULET, A.M. and SAKONJU, S (1992). Ectopic expression of UBX and ABD-B proteins during Drosophila embryogenesis: competition, not a functional hierarchy, explains phenotypic suppression. Development 116: 841-854.
37. LANKESTER, E.R. (1904). The structure and classification of the arthropoda. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 47: 523-582.
38. LEWIS, E.B. (1978). A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila. Nature 276: 565-570.
39. LEWIS, E.B. (1981). Developmental genetics of the Bithorax Complex in Drosophila. ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Academic Press, New York.
40. LINDSLEY, D.L. and ZIMM, G.G. (1992). The genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Academic Press. San Diego.
41. MAHAFFEY, J W and KAUFMAN, T.C. (1987). Distribution of the Sex combs reduced gene products in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 117: 51-60
42. MAHAFFEY, J.W., DIEDERICH, R.J. and KAUFMAN, T C. (1989). Novel patterns of homeotic protein accumulation in the head of Drosophila embryo. Development 105: 167-175.
43. MANAK, J.R and SCOTT, M.P (1994). A class act: conservation of homeodomain protein functions. Development (Suppl.): 61-77.
44. MANN, R S. (1994). engrailed-mediated repression of Ultrabithorax is necessary for the parasegment 6 identity in Drosophila. Development 120: 3205-3212.
45. MANN, R S. and HOGNESS, D S. (1990). Functional dissection of Ultrabithorax proteins in D. melanogaster. Cell 60: 597-610.
46. McCALL, K., O'CONNOR, M B. and BENDER, W. (1994). Enhancer traps in the Drosophila bithorax complex mark parasegmental domains. Genetics 138: 387-399.
47. MORATA, G. and LAWRENCE, P.A (1977). Homeotic genes, compartments and cell determination in Drosophila Nature 265: 211-216.
48. MÜLLER, J and BIENZ, M. (1991). Long range repression conferring boundaries of Ultrabithorax expression in the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J 10: 3147-3155.
49. PANKRATZ, M.J, SEIFERT, E., GERWIN, N., BILLI, B., NAUBER, U. and JACKLE, H. (1990). Gradients of Kruppel and knirps gene products direct pair-rule stripe patterning in the posterior region of the Drosophila embryo. Cell 61: 309-317.
50. PARO, R. (1995) Propagating memory of transcriptional states. Trends Genet 11: 295-297
51. PEIFER, M, KARCH, F. and BENDER, W. (1987). The bithorax complex: control of segment identity. Genes Dev. 1: 891-898
52. PIRROTTA, V., CHAN, C S., MCCABE, D. and QIAN, S. (1995). Distinct parasegmental and imaginal enhancers and the establishment of the expression pattern of the Ubx gene Genetics 141: 1439-1450.
53. QIAN, S, CAPOVILLA, M. and PIRROTTA, V. (1991). The bx region enhancer, a distant cis-control element of the Drosophila Ubx gene and its regulation by hunchback and other segmentation genes. EMBO J. 10: 1415-1425.
54. QIAN, S., CAPOVILLA, M. and PIRROTTA, V. (1993). Molecular mechanisms of pattern formation by the BRE enhancer of the Ubx gene. EMBO J 12: 3865-3877
55. ROGERS, B.T., PETERSON, M.D. and KAUFMAN, T.C. (1997). Evolution of the insect body plan as revealed by the Sex combs reduced expression pattern. Development 124: 149-157
56. SALSER, S.J. and KENYON, C. (1996). A C. elegans Hox gene switches on, off, on and off again to regulate proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis. Development 122: 1651-1661.
57. SANCHEZ-HERRERO, E., VERNÖS, I, MARCO, R and MORATA, G (1985). Genetic organisation of the Drosophila bithorax complex. Nature 313: 108-113.
58. SHIMELL, M J., SIMON, J., BENDER, W. and O'CONNOR, M.B. (1994). Enhancer point mutation results in a homeotic transformation in Drosophila. Science 264: 968-971.
59. SIMON, J., CHIANG, A., BENDER, W, SHIMELL, M.J. and O'CONNOR, M. (1993). Elements of the Drosophila bithorax complex that mediate repression by Polycomb group products. Dev. Biol 158 131-144
60. SIMON, J., PEIFER, M., BENDER, W. and O'CONNOR, M.O. (1990) Regulatory elements of the bithorax complex that control expression along the anterior-posterior axis. EMBO J. 9: 3945-3956.
61. SMOLIK-UTLAUT, S M. (1990). Dosage requirements of Ultrabithorax and bithoraxoid in the determination of segment identity in Drosophila melanogaster Genetics 124: 357-366.
62. STANOJEVIC, D., SMALL, S. and LEVINE, M. (1991) Regulation of a segmentation stripe by overlapping activators and repressors in the Drosophila embryo Science 254 1385-1387.
63. STRUHL, G. (1982). Genes controlling segmental specification in the Drosophila thorax. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 79: 7380-7384.
64. SUBRAMANIAM, V., BOMZE, H M and LOPEZ, A.J (1994). Functional differences between Ultrabithorax protein isoforms in Drosophila melanogaster - evidence from elimination, substitution and ectopic expression of specific isoforms. Genetics 136: 979-991.
65. WARREN, R W, NAGY, L., SELEGUE, J., GATES, J. and CARROLL, S. (1994). Evolution of homeotic gene-regulation and function in flies and butterflies. Nature 372: 458-461.
66. WHITE, R A.H. and WILCOX, M. (1985). Distribution of Ultrabithorax proteins in Drosophila. EMBO J. 4: 2035-2043.
67. WILDE, C.D. and AKAM, M. (1987). Conserved sequence elements in the 5′ region of the Ultrabithorax transcription unit. EMBO J. 6: 1393-1401.