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3
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0020580141
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W. Bender et al., Science 221, 23 (1983); D S. Hogness et al., Cold Spnng Harbor Symp. Quant Biol 50, 181 (1985).
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Bender, W.1
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6
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4243141669
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note
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More than 1500 flies per generation were maintained in cages at room temperature (23°C) and fed standard yeasted commeal. From 5 to 10 collections of 1 hour each were made per day, embryos were allowed to age for 2 5 hours at 23°C, then washed onto a small sieve and transferred to an agar plate. The plate was inverted over a wad of ether-saturated cotton wool in a milk bottle for 10 or 12 min The plate was then placed in a bottle containing yeasted commeal; emerging adults were scored and selected 10 days later.
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7
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84966159736
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B Charlesworth and D. Charlesworth, Heredity 54, 71 (1985) The lves strain was initially isolated in Massachusetts more than 20 years ago and was put through a bottleneck of 50 pair matings, which removed any segregating, cytologically visible inversions
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B Charlesworth and D. Charlesworth, Heredity 54, 71 (1985) The lves strain was initially isolated in Massachusetts more than 20 years ago and was put through a bottleneck of 50 pair matings, which removed any segregating, cytologically visible inversions
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8
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4243054863
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The first two experiments at Stanford were performed with flies obtained from G. Spicer These flies were established from B. Charlesworth's stock, which was used for the later repetition at Michigan. The stocks used have been isolated for at least 4 years, and both have been maintained by ordered rotation of 10 bottles each generation
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The first two experiments at Stanford were performed with flies obtained from G. Spicer These flies were established from B. Charlesworth's stock, which was used for the later repetition at Michigan. The stocks used have been isolated for at least 4 years, and both have been maintained by ordered rotation of 10 bottles each generation
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9
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4243098249
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note
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2 = 0 26 However, the error associated with the measurements was high: The ratio of genetic to phenotypic variance was in the range of 0 15 to 0.40, it an underlying normal distribution of threshold-dependent liability is assumed.
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10
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0018240421
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E B Lewis, Nature 276, 565 (1978); I Duncan, Annu. Rev Gener 21, 285 (1987).
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Nature
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Lewis, E.B.1
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11
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0023473816
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E B Lewis, Nature 276, 565 (1978); I Duncan, Annu. Rev Gener 21, 285 (1987).
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Annu. Rev Gener
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Duncan, I.1
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13
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4243186978
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Five of 17 sets of discs from larvae treated after six generations of up-selection showed patches of lost expression. This finding is in agreement with the frequency of phenocopies seen in these animals Zero of 12 sets of discs from animals not treated with ether showed loss of UBX expression
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Five of 17 sets of discs from larvae treated after six generations of up-selection showed patches of lost expression. This finding is in agreement with the frequency of phenocopies seen in these animals Zero of 12 sets of discs from animals not treated with ether showed loss of UBX expression.
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15
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4243202678
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In addition to the four Bithorax complex polymorphisms discussed in the text, two sequences sampled from the coding region appeared to be monomorphic, one sequence from the bxd region amplified inconsistently, and a fifth polymorphism in the pbx region within 5 kb of A/a gave genotype values almost identical to A/a.
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In addition to the four Bithorax complex polymorphisms discussed in the text, two sequences sampled from the coding region appeared to be monomorphic, one sequence from the bxd region amplified inconsistently, and a fifth polymorphism in the pbx region within 5 kb of A/a gave genotype values almost identical to A/a.
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16
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4243175768
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note
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35S-labeled dATP in the PCR reactions.
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17
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0025979547
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K D. Irvine, S. Helfand, D. S Hogness, Development 111, 407 (1991), J. Simon, M Peifer, W Bender, M O'Connor, EMBO J 9, 3945 (1990)
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Development
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Irvine, K.D.1
Helfand, S.2
Hogness, D.S.3
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18
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0025093313
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K D. Irvine, S. Helfand, D. S Hogness, Development 111, 407 (1991), J. Simon, M Peifer, W Bender, M O'Connor, EMBO J 9, 3945 (1990)
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EMBO J
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Simon, J.1
Peifer, M.2
Bender, W.3
O'Connor, M.4
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19
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0024388837
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A. Busturia, J. Casanova, E. Sanchez-Herrero, R. Gonzales, G. Morata, Development 107, 575 (1989).
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Development
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Busturia, A.1
Casanova, J.2
Sanchez-Herrero, E.3
Gonzales, R.4
Morata, G.5
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25
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0026697697
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C F Aquadro et al , Genetrics 132, 443 (1992), W. G. Hill and A Robertson, Theor. Appl. Genet. 38, 226 (1968).
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Aquadro, C.F.1
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27
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0025271344
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GS1: R. Caizzi, M. P. Bozzetti, C Caggese, F. Ritossa, J. Mol Biol 212, 17 (1990); EcR M. R. Koelle et al., Cell 67, 59 (1991); bicoid: T. Berleth et al., EMBO J 7, 1749 (1988).
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J. Mol Biol
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Caizzi, R.1
Bozzetti, M.P.2
Caggese, C.3
Ritossa, F.4
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28
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0026416169
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GS1: R. Caizzi, M. P. Bozzetti, C Caggese, F. Ritossa, J. Mol Biol 212, 17 (1990); EcR M. R. Koelle et al., Cell 67, 59 (1991); bicoid: T. Berleth et al., EMBO J 7, 1749 (1988).
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Cell
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Koelle, M.R.1
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29
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0024022215
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GS1: R. Caizzi, M. P. Bozzetti, C Caggese, F. Ritossa, J. Mol Biol 212, 17 (1990); EcR M. R. Koelle et al., Cell 67, 59 (1991); bicoid: T. Berleth et al., EMBO J 7, 1749 (1988).
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EMBO J
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Berleth, T.1
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30
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4243113983
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note
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2 due to Ubx was 0 196. The arcsin (√x) transformed data yield an estimate of 0.170. If the departure from additivity due to recessivity is ignored, this estimate suggests that a polymorphism linked to Ubx-A would contribute between 65 and 75% of the genetic vanance, given the overall hentability estimate in (8). However, given the error associated with all measurements and uncertainties about the additivity or normality, or both, of the underlying liability distribution, the estimate has very low confidence. Better estimates await identification of the remaining liability-effect loci.
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31
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4243072873
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note
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Resistant (or sensitive) virgin females were crossed en masse to sensitive (or resistant) males, and phenocopy frequencies were determined from multiple trials. Significant results were obtained with stocks at the conclusion of both the second Stanford experiment (20% compared with 5%, 10-min ether treatments, P < 0.005, n = 5 trials, t test) and the Michigan experiment [35% compared with 25%, 15-min ether treatments; P < 0.02, n = 6; the parents in this case were from isofemale lines and showed extreme sensitivity (55%) and resistance (2%), respectively]. Comparison of males and females independently yielded identical conclusions, indicating that there was no strong contribution from the X chromosome.
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32
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0028578184
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C. Lai, R. F. Lyman, A. D. Long, G. H. Langley, T. F. C Mackay, Science 266, 1697 (1994); T. F. C. Mackay and C. H. Langley, Nature 348, 64 (1090); S. Tanksley, Annu. Rev. Genet 27, 205 (1993).
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(1994)
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Lai, C.1
Lyman, R.F.2
Long, A.D.3
Langley, G.H.4
Mackay, T.F.C.5
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33
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0028578184
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C. Lai, R. F. Lyman, A. D. Long, G. H. Langley, T. F. C Mackay, Science 266, 1697 (1994); T. F. C. Mackay and C. H. Langley, Nature 348, 64 (1090); S. Tanksley, Annu. Rev. Genet 27, 205 (1993).
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Nature
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Mackay, T.F.C.1
Langley, C.H.2
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34
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0027133066
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C. Lai, R. F. Lyman, A. D. Long, G. H. Langley, T. F. C Mackay, Science 266, 1697 (1994); T. F. C. Mackay and C. H. Langley, Nature 348, 64 (1090); S. Tanksley, Annu. Rev. Genet 27, 205 (1993).
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Annu. Rev. Genet
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Tanksley, S.1
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36
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4243113984
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note
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We thank B. Charlesworth and G. Spicer for supplying us with the lves strains, M. Bender for assistance in the early stages, and R. Fuller and C. Goodnow for the use of their PCR machines. G.G. particularly thanks W. Watt, M. Feldman, and J. Adams for their support and advice and D. Pollock, M. Montano, D. Andrew, and members of the Feldman and Hogness laboratories for comments and discussions. Supported by grants from the Rackham Graduate School of the University of Michigan and by grants to D.S.H from the National Institutes of Health. G.G. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Helen Hay Whitney Foundation.
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