Axonal cytoskeletal changes after nondisruptive axonal injury. II. Intermediate sized axons

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 15, Issue 11, 1998, Pages 955-966

  Jafari, Saeed S ^a   Nielson, Matt ^a   Graham, David I ^b   Maxwell, William L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b SOUTHERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Axonal cytoskeletal change; Guinea pig; Microtubules; Neurofilaments; Stretch injury

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOSKELETON; GUINEA PIG; MALE; MICROTUBULE; MORPHOLOGY; MORPHOMETRICS; NERVE FIBER; NERVE FIBER MEMBRANE; NERVE INJURY; NEUROFILAMENT; NONHUMAN; OPTIC NERVE; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

EID: 0031769703     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.1998.15.955     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. ADAMS, J.H., GRAHAM, D.I., MURRAY, L.S., and SCOTT, G. (1982). Diffuse axonal injury due to non-missile head injury in humans: an analysis of 45 cases. Ann. Neurol. 12, 557-563.
2. ANGELIDES, K.J., SMITH, K.E., and TAKEDA, M. (1989). Assembly and exchange of intermediate filament proteins of neurons: neurofilaments are dynamic structures. J. Cell Biol. 108, 1495-1506.
3. BAUR, P.S., and STACEY, T.R. (1977). The use of PIPES buffer in the fixation of mammalian and marine tissues for electron microscopy. J. Microsc. 100, 315-327.
4. BERTHOLD, C.-H., and RYMARK, M. (1995). Morphology of normal peripheral axons, in: The Axon. S.G. Waxman, J.D. Kocsis, and P.K. Stys (eds), Oxford University Press: New York, pps. 13-48.
5. DONAT, J.R., and WISNIEWSKI, H.M. (1973). The spatio-temporal pattern of Wallerian degeneration in mammalian peripheral nerves. Brain Res. 53, 41-53.
6. FRIEDE, R.L. (1972). Control of myelin formation by axon caliber (with a model of the control mechanism). J. Comp. Neurol. 144, 233-252.
7. FRIEDRICH, V.L., and MUGNAINI, E. (1983). Myelin sheath thickness in the CNS is regulated near the axon. Brain Res. 274, 329-331.
8. GRAHAM, D.I., and GENNARELLI, T.A. (1997). Trauma, in: Greenflelds Neuropathology. Vol. I. 6th ed. D.I. Graham and P.L. Lantos (eds). London: Edward Arnold, pps. 197-262.
9. GENNARELLI, T.A. (1997). The pathobiology of traumatic brain injury. The Neuroscientist 3, 73-81.
10. GENNARELLI, T.A., THIBAULT, L.E., ADAMS, J.H., GRAHAM, D.I., THOMPSON, C.J., and MARCINCIN, R.P. (1982). Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann. Neurol. 12, 564-574.
11. GENNARELLI, T.A., THIBAULT, L.E., TIPPERMAN, R., et al. (1989). Axonal injury in the optic nerve: a model simulating diffuse axonal injury in the brain. J. Neurosurg. 71, 244-253.
12. GOLDSTEIN, M.E., STERNBERGER, N.H., and STERNBERGER, L.A. (1987). Phosphorylation protects neurofilaments against proteolysis. J. Neuroimmunol. 14, 149-160.
13. GUY, J., ELLIS, A., KELLEY, K., and HOPE, G.M. (1989). Spectra of G ratio, myelin sheath thickness, and axon and fibre diameter in the guinea pig optic nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 287, 446-454.
14. HALL, G.F., and KOSIK, K.S. (1993). Axotomy-induced neurofilament phosphorylation is inhibited in situ by microinjection of PKA and PKC inhibitors in identified lamprey neurons. Neuron 10, 613-625.
15. HALL, G.F., and LEE, V.M.-Y. (1995). Neurofilament sidearm proteolysis is a prominent early effect of axotomy in lamprey giant central neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 353, 38-49.
16. HILDEBRAND, C., and HAHN, R. (1978). Relation between myelin sheath thickness and axon size in spinal cord white matter of some vertebrate species. J. Neurol. Sci. 38, 421-434.
17. HIRANO, A., and LLENA, J.F. (1995). Morphology of central nervous system axons, in: The Axon. S.G. Waxman, J.D. Kocsis, and P.K. Stys (eds), Oxford University Press: New York, pps. 49-67.
18. JAFARI, S.S., MAXWELL, W.L., NEILSON, M., and GRAHAM, D.I. (1997). Axonal cytoskeletal changes after nondisruptive axonal injury. J. Neurocytol. 26, 207-221.
19. MARTINEZ, A.J., and FRIEDE, R.L. (1970). Accumulation of axoplasmic organelles in swollen nerve fibers. Brain Res. 19, 183-198.
20. MAXWELL, W.L. (1996). Histopathological changes at central nodes of Ranvier after stretch-injury. Microsc. Res. Tech. 34, 522-535.
21. MAXWELL, W.L., MCCREATH, B.J., GRAHAM, D.I., and GENNARELLI, T.A. (1995). Cytochemical evidence for redistribution of membrane pump calcium-ATPase and ecto-ATPase activity, and calcium influx in myelinated nerve fibres of the optic nerve after stretch injury. J. Neurocytol. 24, 925-942.
22. MAXWELL, W.L., and GRAHAM, D.I. (1997). Loss of axonal microtubules and neurofilaments after stretch-injury to guinea-pig optic nerve fibres. J. Neurotrauma 14, 603-614.
23. MAXWELL, W.L., POVLISHOCK, J.T., and GRAHAM, D.I. (1997a). A mechanistic analysis of nondisruptive axonal injury: a review. J. Neurotrauma 14, 419-440.
24. MAXWELL, W.L., KOSANLAVIT, R., and GRAHAM, D.I. (1997b). Structural change in the internodal axolemma after stretch-injury to the guinea pig optic nerve. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 23, 165 (abst).
25. MORRIS, J., and LASEK, R. (1984). Monomer-polymer equilibrium in the axon: direct measurement of tubulin and actin as polymer and monomer in axoplasm. J. Cell Biol. 98, 2064-2076.
26. NIXON, R.A., PASKEVICH, P.A., SIHAG, R.K., and THAYER, C.Y. (1994). Phosphorylation on carboxy terminus domains of neurofilament proteins in retinal ganglion cell neurons in vivo: influences on regional neurofilament accumulation, interneurofilament spacing, and axon caliber. J. Cell Biol. 126, 1031-1046.
27. OCHS, S., and JERSILD, R.A. (1987). Cytoskeletal organelles and myelin structure of beaded nerve fibres. Neuroscience 22, 1041-1056.
28. OCHS, S., JERSILD, R.A., POURMAND, R., and POTTER, C.G. (1994). The beaded form of myelinated nerve fibers. Neuroscience 61, 361-372.
29. O'NEILL, J.H., JACOBS, J.M., GILLIATT, R.W., and BABA, M. (1984). Changes in the compact myelin of single internode during axonal atrophy. Acta Neuropathol. 63, 313-318.
30. PETTUS, E.H., CHRISTMAN, C.W., GIEBEL, M.L., and POVLISHOCK, J.T. (1994). Traumatically induced altered membrane permeability: its relationship to traumatically induced reactive axonal change. J. Neurotrauma 11, 507-522.
31. PETTUS, E.H., and POVLISHOCK, J.T. (1996). Characterisation of a distinct set of intra-axonal ultrastructural changes associated with traumatically induced alteration of axolemma permeability. Brain Res. 722, 1-11.
32. PLEASURE, J., SELZER, M.E., and LEE, V.M.-Y. (1989). Lamprey neurofilaments combine in one subunit the features of each mammalian NF triplet protein but are highly phosphorylated only in large axons. J. Neurosci. 9, 698-709.
33. POVLISHOCK, J.T., MARMAROU, A., MCINTOSH, T., TROJANOWSKI. J.Q., and MOROI, J. (1997). Impact accelration injury in the rat: evidence for focal axolemma change and related neurofilament sidearm alteration. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 56, 347-359.
34. SACHER, M.G., ATHLAM, E.S., and MUSHYNSKI, W.E. (1992). Okadaic acid induces the rapid and reversible disruption of the neurofilament network in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186, 524-530.
35. WAXMAN, S.G. (1975). Integrative properties and design principles of axons. Int. Rev. Biol. 18, 1-40.
36. WAXMAN, S.G., and BENNETT, M.V.L. (1972). Relative conductance velocities of small myelinated and non-myelinated fibres in the central nervous system. Nat. New Biol. 238, 217-219.
37. WAXMAN, S.G., and SIMS, T.J. (1984). Specificity in central myelin: evidence for local regulation of myelin thickness. Brain Res. 292, 179-185.
38. WILLIAMS, M.A. (1977). Quantitative methods in biology, in: Practical Methods in Electron Microscopy. Vol. 6. A.M. Glauert (ed), North Holland: Amsterdam.
39. YAGHMAI, A., and POVLISHOCK, J.T. (1992). Traumatically induced reactive change as visualised through the use of monoclonal antibodies targeted to the neurofilament subunits. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 51, 158-176.