The c-Fes family of protein-tyrosine kinases

Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 43-62

  Smithgall, Thomas E ^a   Rogers, Jim A ^a   Peters, Kristi L ^b   Li, Jianze ^c   Briggs, Scott D ^a   Lionberger, Jack M ^a   Cheng, Haiyun ^a   Shibata, Annemarie ^a   Scholtz, Beate ^a   Schreiner, Steven ^a   Dunham, Nancy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Coiled coil; Differentiation; Fer; Fes; Fps; SH2; Tyrosine kinase

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE RECEPTOR; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION; BONE MARROW CELL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE FUNCTION; GENE STRUCTURE; OLIGOMERIZATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTO ONCOGENE; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0031750638     PISSN: 08939675     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevOncog.v9.i1.40     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Alcalay, M., F. Antolini, W. J. M. Van de Yen, L. Lanfrancone, F. Grignani, and P. G. Pelicci: Characterization of human and mouse c-fes cDNA clones and identification of the 5′ end of the gene. Oncogene, 5: 267-275 (1990).
2. Anderson, S. M. and B. Jorgensen: Activation of src-related tyrosine kinases by IL-3. J. Immunol., 155: 1660-1670 (1995).
3. Areces, L. B., P. D. Sbarba, M. Jucker, E. R. Stanley, and R. A. Feldman: Functional specificity of cytoplasmic and transmembrane tyrosine kinases: identification of 130- and 75-kilodalton substrates of c-fps/fes tyrosine kinase in macrophages. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14: 4606-4615 (1994).
4. Bolen, J. B.: Protein tyrosine kinases in the initiation of antigen receptor signaling. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 7: 306-311 (1995).
5. Bonfini, L., E. Migliaccio, G. Pelicci, L. Lanfrancone, and P. Pelicci: Not all She's roads lead to Ras. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21: 257-261 (1996).
6. fes, STAT1 p91, and STAT3 p92 in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 3562-3567 (1996).
7. Bromberg, J. F., C. M. Horvath, D. Besser, W. W. Lathem, and J. E. Darnell, Jr.: Stat3 activation is required for cellular transformation by v-src. Mol. Cell. Biol., 18: 2553-2558 (1998).
8. Brown, M. T. and J. A. Cooper: Regulation, substrates, and functions of Src. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1287: 121-149 (1996).
9. Care, A., G. Mattia, E. Montesoro, I. Parolini, G. Russo, M. P. Colombo, and C. Peschle: c-fes expression in ontogenetic development and hematopoietic differentiation. Oncogene, 9: 739-747 (1994).
10. Carmier, J. F. and J. Samarut: Chicken myeloid stem cells infected by retroviruses carrying the v-fps oncogene do not require exogenous growth factors to differentiate in vitro. Cell, 44: 159-165 (1986).
11. Cerione, R. A. and Y. Zheng: The Dbl family of oncogenes. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 8: 216-222 (1996).
12. Chapekar, M. S., K. D. Hartman, M. C. Knode, and R. I. Glazer: Synergistic effect of retinoic acid and calcium ionophore A23187 on differentiation, c-myc expression, and membrane tyrosine kinase activity in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. Mol. Pharmacol., 31: 140-145 (1986).
13. Cheng, H., J. A. Rogers, N. A. Dunham, and T. E. Smithgall: Regulation of c-Fes tyrosine kinase and transforming activities by coiled-coil homology domains. Submitted for publication (1998).
14. Chuang, T. H., X. Xu, V. Kaartinen, N. Heisterkamp, J. Groffen, and G. M. Bokoch: Abr and Bcr are multi-functional regulators of the Rho GTP-binding protein family. Proc. Nail Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92: 10282-10286 (1995).
15. Cohen, G. B., R. Ren, and D. Baltimore: Modular binding domains in signal transduction proteins. Cell 80: 237-248 (1995).
16. Dai, Z. and A. M. Pendergast: Abi-2, a novel SH3-containing protein interacts with the c-Abl tyrosine kinase and modulates c-Ab1 transforming activity. Genes Dev., 9: 2569-2582 (1995).
17. Daniel, J. M. and A. B. Reynolds: Tyrosine phosphorylation and cadherin/catenin function. BioEssays 19: 883-891 (1997).
18. DeClue, J. E., I. Sadowski, G. S. Martin, and T. Pawson: A conserved domain regulates interactions of the v-fps protein-tyrosine kinase with the host cell. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 84: 9064-9068 (1987).
19. rac. Nature, 351: 400-402 (1991).
20. Ellis, C., M. Moran, F. McCormick, and T. Pawson: Phosphorylation of GAP and GAP-associated proteins by transforming and mitogenic tyrosine kinases. Nature, 343: 377-381 (1990).
21. c-fes on its catalytic activity and ability to promote myeloid differentiation in K-562 cells. Biochemistry, 32: 6995-7001 (1993).
22. Feldman, R. A., J. L. Gabrilove, J. P. Tam, M. A. S. Moore, and H. Hanafusa: Specific expression of the human cellular fps/fes-encoded protein NCP92 in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82: 2379-2383 (1985).
23. Feldman, R. A., D. R. Lowy, W. C. Vass, and T. J. Velu: A highly efficient retroviral vector allows detection of the transforming activity of the human c-fps/fes protooncogene. J. Virol., 63: 5469-5474 (1989).
24. Feldman, R. A., J. P. Tam, and H. Hanafusa: Antipeptide antiserum identifies a widely distributed cellular tyrosine kinase related to but distinct from the c-fps/fes-encodedprotein. Mol. Cell. Biol., 6: 1065-1073 (1986).
25. Feldman, R. A., W. C. Vass, and P. E. Tambourin: Human cellular fps/fes cDNA rescued via retroviral shuttle vector encodes myeloid cell NCP92 and has transforming potential. Oncogene Res., 1: 441-458 (1987).
26. Foster, D. A., M. Shibuya, and H. Hanafusa: Activation of the transforming potential of the cellular fps gene. Cell, 42: 105-115 (1985).
27. Franchini, G., E. P. Gelmann, R. Dalla Favera, R. C. Gallo, and F. Wong-Staal: Human gene (c-fes) related to the one sequences of Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus. Mol Cell Biol., 2: 1014-1019 (1982).
28. Franke, T. F., D. R. Kaplan, and L. C. Cantley: PI3K: Downstream AKTion blocks apoptosis. Cell, 88:435-437 (1997).
29. Fukui, Y., S. Kornbluth, S. M. Jong, L.-H. Wang, and H. Hanafusa: Phosphatidylinositol kinase type I activity associates with various oncogene products. Oncogene Res., 4: 283-292 (1989).
30. Fukui, Y., A. R. Saltiel, and H. Hanafusa: Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase is activated in v-Src, v-Yes, and v-Fps transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts. Oncogene, 6: 407-411 (1991).
31. Garcia, R. and R. Jove: Activation of STAT transcription factors in oncogenic tyrosine kinase signaling. J. Biomed. Sci., in press (1998).
32. Garcia, R., C.-L. Yu, A. Hudnall, R. Catlett, K. Nelson, T. E. Smithgall, D. J. Fujita, S. Ethier, and R. Jove: Constitutive activation of Stat3 in fibroblasts transformed by diverse oncoproteins and in breast carcinoma cells. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 8:1267-1276 (1998).
33. Glazer, R. I., M. S. Chapekar, K. D. Hartman, and M. C. Knode: Appearance of membrane-bound tyrosine kinase during differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells by immune interferon and tumor necrosis factor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 140: 908-915 (1986).
34. Greer, P., J. Haigh, G. Mbamalu, W. Khoo, A. Bernstein, and T. Pawson: The Fps/Fes protein-tyrosine kinase promotes angiogenesis in transgenic mice. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14: 6755-6763 (1994).
35. Greer, P., V. Maltby, J. Rossant, A. Bernstein, and T. Pawson: Myeloid expression of the human c-fps/fes protooncogene in transgenic mice. Mol. Cell. Biol., 10: 2521-2527 (1990).
36. Greer, P. A., K. Meckling-Hansen, and T. Pawson: The human c-fps/fes gene product expressed ectopically in rat fibroblasts is nontransforming and has restrained protein-tyrosine kinase activity. Mol. Cell. Biol., 8: 578-587 (1988).
37. Groffen, J., N. Heisterkamp, F. Grosveld, W. J. M. Van de Ven, and J. R. Stephenson: Isolation of human oncogene sequences (v-fes homolog) from a cosmid library. Science, 216: 1136-1138 (1982).
38. Groffen, J., N. Heisterkamp, M. Shibuya, H. Hanafusa, and J. R. Stephenson: Transforming genes of avian (v-fps) and mammalian (v-fes) retroviruses correspond to a common cellular locus. Virology, 125: 480-486(1983).
39. Haigh, J., J. McVeigh, and P. Greer: The Fps/Fes tyrosine kinase is expressed in myeloid, vascular endothelial, epithelial and neuronal cells and is localized to the trans-golgi network. Cell Growth Differ., 7: 931-944 (1996).
40. Hall, A.: Rho GTPases and the Actin Cytoskeleton. Science, 279: 509-514 (1998).
41. Hampe, A., I. Laprevotte, F. Galibert, L. A. Fedele, and C. J. Sherr: Nucleotide sequences of feline retroviral oncogenes (v-fes) provide evidence for a family of tyrosine-specific protein kinase genes. Cell, 30: 775-785 (1982).
42. Hanafusa, T., L.-H. Wang, S. M. Andersen, R. E. Karess, W. S. Hayward, and H. Hanafusa: Characterization of the transforming gene of Fujinami sarcoma virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 77: 3009-3013 (1980).
43. Hanazono, Y., S. Chiba, K. Sasaki, H. Mano, A. Miyajima, K. Arai, Y. Yazaki, and H. Hirai: c-fps/fes protein-tyrosine kinase is implicated in a signaling pathway triggered by granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3. EMBO J., 12: 1641-1646 (1993a).
44. Hanazono, Y., S. Chiba, K. Sasaki, H. Mano, Y. Yazaki, and H. Hirai: Erythropoietin induces tyrosine phosphorylation and kinase activity of the c-fps/fes protooncogene product in human erythropoietin-responsive cells. Blood, 81: 3193-3196 (1993b).
45. Hanks, S. K. and T. R. Polte: Signaling through focal adhesion kinase. BioEssays, 19: 130-140 (1996).
46. Hao, Q.-L., D. K. Ferris, G. White, N. Heisterkamp, and J. Groffen: Nuclear and cytoplasmic location of the FER tyrosine kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol., 11: 1180-1183 (1991).
47. Hao, Q., N. Heisterkamp, and J. Groffen: Isolation and sequence analysis of a novel human tyrosine kinase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol., 9: 1587-1593 (1989).
48. He, Y., F. Borellini, W. H. Koch, Huang K.-X., and R. I. Glazer: Transcriptional regulation of c-fes in myeloid leukemia cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1306: 179-186 (1996).
49. Herbst, J. J., G. Andrews, L. Contillo, L. Lamphere, J. Gardner, G. E. Lienhard, and E. M. Gibbs: Potent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase by simple phosphotyrosine peptides derived from insulin receptor substrate 1 containing two YMXM motifs for binding SH2 domains. Biochemistry, 33: 9376-9381 (1994).
50. Heydemann, A., J. H. Boehmler, and M. C. Simon: Expression of two myeloid cell-specific genes requires the novel transcription factor, c-fes expression factor. J. Biol. Chem., 272: 29527-29537 (1997).
51. Heydemann, A., G. Juang, K. Hennessy, M. S. Parmacek, and M. C. Simon: The myeloid-cell-specific c-fes promoter is regulated by Sp1, PU.1, and a novel transcription factor. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16: 1676-1686 (1996).
52. Hibi, M., K. Nakajima, and T. Hirano: IL-6 cytokine family and signal transduction: a model of the cytokine system. J. Mol. Med., 74: 1-12 (1996).
53. c-fes protein-tyrosine kinase in vitro and formation of GAP-fes complexes via an SH2 domaindependent mechanism. Biochemistry, 32: 10519-10525 (1993a).
54. c-fes) by its src homology 2 domain and major autophosphorylation site (tyr 713). Oncogene, 8: 2283-2292 (1993b).
55. Huang, C.-C., C. Hammond, and J. M. Bishop: Nucleotide sequence of v-fps in the PRC II strain of avian sarcoma virus. J. Virol., 50: 125-131 (1984).
56. Huang, C.-C., C. Hammond, and J. M. Bishop: Nucleotide sequence and topography of chicken c-fps: Genesis of a retroviral oncogene encoding a tyrosine-specific protein kinase. J. Mol. Biol., 181: 175-186 (1985).
57. Ihle, J. N.: STATs: Signal transducers and activators of transcription. Cell, 84: 331-334 (1996).
58. Ihle, J. N., B. A. Witthuhn, F. W. Quelle, K. Yamamoto, and O. Silvennoinen: Signaling through the hematopoietic cytokine receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 13: 369-398 (1995).
59. Izuhara, K., R. A. Feldman, P. Greer, and N. Harada: Interaction of the c-fes protooncogene product with the interleukin-4 receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 18623-18629 (1994).
60. Izuhara, K., R. A. Feldman, P. Greer, and N. Harada: Interleukin-4 induces association of the c-fes protooncogene product with phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. Blood, 88: 3910-3918 (1996).
61. Jucker, M., K. McKenna, A. J. Da Silva, C. E. Rudd, and R. A. Feldman: The tes protein-tyrosine kinase phosphorylates a subset of macrophage proteins that are involved in cell adhesion and cell-cell signaling. J. Biol. Chem., 272: 2104-2109 (1997).
62. Katz, M. E. and F. McCormick: Signal transduction from multiple Ras effectors. Curr. Opin.Genet. Dev., 7: 75-79 (1997).
63. Kim, L. and T. W. Wong: The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase FER is associated with the catenin-like substrate pp120 and is activated by growth factors. Mol. Cell. Biol., 15: 4553-4561 (1995).
64. Koch, C. A., M. Moran, I. Sadowski, and T. Pawson: The common src homology region 2 domain of cytoplasmic signaling proteins is a positive effector of v-fps tyrosine kinase function. Mol. Cell. Biol., 9: 4131-4140 (1989).
65. Leaman, D. W., S. Leung, X. X. Li, and G. R. Stark: Regulation of STAT-dependent pathways by growth factors and cytokines. FASEB J., 10: 1578-1588 (1996).
66. Lee, W.-H., K. Bister, A. Pawson, T. Robins, C. Moscovici, and P. H. Duesberg: Fujinami sarcoma virus: An avian RNA tumor virus with a unique transforming gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 77: 2018-2022 (1980).
67. Lewis, J. M., R. Baskaran, S. Taagepera, M. A. Schwartz, and J. Y. J. Wang: Integrin regulation of c-Ab1 tyrosine kinase activity and cytoplasmic-nuclear transport. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93: 15174-15179 (1996).
68. Li, J. and T. E. Smithgall: Coexpression with Bcr induces activation of the Fes tyrosine kinase and phosphorylation of specific N-terminal Bcr tyrosine residues. J. Biol. Chem., 271: 32930-32936 (1996).
69. Li, J. and T. E. Smithgall: Fibroblast transformation by Fps/Fes tyrosine kinases requires Ras, Rac and Cdc42 and induces extracellular signal-regulated and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. J. Biol. Chem., 273: 13828-13834 (1998).
70. Liebermann, D. A. and B. Hoffman-Liebermann: Protooncogene expression and dissection of the myeloid growth to differentiation developmental cascade. Oncogene, 4: 583-592 (1989).
71. Lozzio, B. B., C. B. Lozzio, E. G. Bamberger, and A. S. Feliu: A multipotential leukemia cell line (K-562) of human origin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 166: 546-550 (1981).
72. Lupas, A.: Coiled coils: New structures and new functions. Trends Biochem. Sci., 21: 375-382 (1996a).
73. Lupas, A.: Prediction and analysis of coiled-coil structures. Meth. Enzymol., 266: 513-525 (1996b).
74. Lupas, A., M. Van Dyke, and J. Stock: Predicting coiled coils from protein sequences. Science, 252: 1162-1164 (1991).
75. MacDonald, I., J. Levy, and T. Pawson: Expression of the mammalian c-fes protein in hematopoietic cells and identification of a distinct fes-related protein. Mol. Cell. Biol., 5: 2543-2551 (1985).
76. Manfredini, R., R. Balestri, E. Tagliafico, F. Trevisan, M. Pizzanelli, A. Grande, D. Barbieri, P. Zucchini, G. Citro, C. Franceschi, and S. Ferrari: Antisense inhibition of c-fes protooncogene blocks PMA- induced macrophage differentiation in HL60 and in FDC-P1/ MAC-11 cells. Blood, 89: 135-145 (1997).
77. Manfredini, R., A. Grande, E. Tagliafico, D. Barbieri, P. Zucchini, G. Citro, G. Zupi, C. Franceschi, U. Torelli, and S. Ferrari: Inhibition of c-fes expression by an antisense oligomer causes apoptosis of HL60 cells induced to granulocytic differentiation. J. Exp. Med., 178: 381-389 (1993).
78. Marshall, C. J.: Ras effectors. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 8: 197-204 (1996).
79. Maru, Y., K. L. Peters, D. E. H. Afar, M. Shibuya, O. N. Witte, and T. E. Smithgall: Tyrosine phosphorylation of BCR by FPS/FES protein-tyrosine kinases induces association of BCR with GRB-2/SOS. Mol. Cell. Biol., 15: 835-842(1995).
80. Maru, Y. and O. N. Witte: The BCR gene encodes a novel serine/threonine kinase activity within a single exon. Cell, 67: 459-468 (1991).
81. Mathey-Prevot, B., H. Hanafusa, and S. Kawai: A cellular protein is immunologically crossreactive with and functionally homologous to the Fujinami sarcoma virus transforming protein. Cell, 28: 897-906 (1982).
82. Matsuda, T., T. Fukada, M. Takahashi-Tezuka, Y. Okuyama, Y. Fujitani, Y. Hanazono, H. Hirai, and T. Hirano: Activation of Fes tyrosine kinase by gp130, an interleukin-6 family cytokine signal transducer, and their association. J. Biol. Chem., 270: 11037-1109 (1995).
83. McCormick, F. and A. Wittinghofer: Interactions between Ras proteins and their effectors. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 7: 449-456 (1996).
84. McGlade, J., A. Cheng, G. Pelicci, P. G. Pelicci, and T. Pawson: She proteins are phosphorylated and regulated by the v-src and v-fps protein-tyrosine kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89: 8869-8873 (1992).
85. McKercher, S. R., B. E. Torbett, K. L. Anderson, G. W. Henkel, D. J. Vestal, H. Baribault, M. Klemsz, A. J. Feeney, G. E. Wu, C. J. Paige, and R. A. Maki: Targeted disruption of the PU.1 gene results in multiple hematopoietic abnormalities. EMBO J., 15: 5647-5658 (1996).
86. McWhirter, J. R., D. L. Galasso, and J. Y. J. Wang: A coiled-coil oligomerization domain of her is essential for the transforming function of bcr-abl oncoproteins. Mol. Cell. Biol., 13: 7587-7595 (1993).
87. Minami, M., M. Inoue, S. Wei, K. Takeda, M. Matsumoto, T. Kishimoto, and S. Akira: STAT3 activation is a critical step in gp130-mediated terminal differentiation and growth arrest of a myeloid cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93: 3963-3966 (1996).
88. Nakajima, K., Y. Yamanaka, K. Nakae, H. Kojima, M. Ichiba, N. Kiuchi, T. Kitaoka, T. Fukada, M. Hibi, and T. Hirano: A central role for Stat3 in IL-6 induced regulation of growth and differentiation in M1 leukemia cells. EMBO J., 15: 3651-3658 (1996).
89. Nelson, K., J. A. Rogers, T. L. Bowman, R. Jove, and T. E. Smithgall: Activation of STATS by the c-Fes protein-tyrosine kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 273: 7072-7077 (1998).
90. gag-fps. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 211: 447-453 (1995).
91. Pawson, T.: Noncatalytic domains of cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinases: regulatory elements in signal transduction. Oncogene, 3: 491-495 (1988).
92. Pawson, T.: Protein modules and signalling networks. Nature, 373: 573-580 (1995).
93. Pendergast, A. M.: Nuclear tyrosine kinases: From Ab1 to WEE1. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 8: 174-181 (1996).
94. Racke, F. K., K. Lewandowska, S. Goueli, and A. N. Goldfarb: Sustained activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is required for megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 cells. J. Biol. Chem., 272: 23366-23370 (1997).
95. c subunit that signals DNA synthesis in NIH 3T3 cells specifically binds a complex of Src and Janus family tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 270: 6886-6893 (1995).
96. Rawlings, D. J. and O. N. Witte: The Btk subfamily of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases: structure, regulation, and function. Semin. Immunol., 7: 237-246 (1995).
97. Read, R. D., J. M. Lionberger, and T. E. Smithgall: Oligomerization of the Fes tyrosine kinase: Evidence for a coiled-coil domain in the unique N-terminal region. J. Biol. Chem., 272: 18498-18503 (1997).
98. Roebroek, A. J. M., J. A. Schalken, C. Onnekink, H. P. J. Bloemers, and W. J. M. Van de Ven: Structure of the feline c-fes/fps protooncogene: Genesis of a retroviral oncogene. J. Virol., 61: 2009-2016 (1987).
99. Roebroek, A. J. M., J. A. Schalken, J. S. Verbeek, A. M. W. Van den Ouweland, C. Onnekink, H. P. J. Bloemers, and W. J. M. Van de Ven: The structure of the human c-fes/fps protooncogene. EMBO J., 4: 2897-2903 (1985).
100. Rogers, J. A., N. A. Dunham, and T. E. Smithgall: Release of c-Fes Tyrosine Kinase Activity and biological functions by focal adhesion targeting. Submitted for publication (1998).
101. Rogers, J. A., R. D. Read, J. Li, K. L. Peters, and T. E. Smithgall: Autophosphorylation of the Fes tyrosine kinase: Evidence for an intermolecular mechanism involving two kinase domain tyrosine residues. J. Biol. Chem., 271: 17519-17525 (1996).
102. gag-fps. Mol. Cell. Biol., 6: 4396-4408 (1986).
103. Samarut, J., B. Mathey-Prevot, and H. Hanafusa: Preferential expression of the c-fps protein in chicken macrophages and granulocytic cells. Mol. Cell. Biol., 5: 1067-1072 (1985).
104. Sawyers, C. L.: The bcr-abl gene in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Surveys, 15: 37-51 (1992).
105. Schindler, C. and J. E. Darnell, Jr.: Transcriptional responses to polypeptide ligands: The JAK-STAT pathway. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 64: 621-651 (1995).
106. Scott, E. W., M. C. Simon, J. Anastasi, and H. Singh: Requirement of transcription factor PU.1 in the development of multiple hematopoietic lineages. Science, 265: 1573-1577 (1994).
107. Shibuya, M. and H. Hanafusa: Nucleotide sequence of Fujinami sarcoma virus: Evolutionary relationship of its transforming gene with transforming genes of other sarcoma viruses. Cell, 30: 787-795 (1982).
108. Smithgall, T. E.: Signal transduction pathways regulating hematopoietic differentiation. Pharmacol. Rev., 50: 1-19 (1998).
109. Smithgall, T. E., G. Yu, and R. I. Glazer: Identification of the differentiation-associated p93 tyrosine protein kinase of HL-60 leukemia cells as the product of the human c-fes locus and its expression in myelomonocytic cells. J. Biol. Chem., 263: 15050-15055 (1988).
110. Sodroski, J. G., W. C. Goh, and W. A. Haseltine: Transforming potential of a human proto-oncogene (c-fps/fes) locus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 81: 3039-3043 (1984).
111. Soltoff, S. P., C. L. Carpenter, K. R. Auger, R. Kapeller, B. Schaffhausen, and L. C. Cantley: Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and growth regulation. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 57: 75-80 (1992).
112. Tapon, N. and A. Hall: Rho, Rac and Cdc42 GTPases regulate the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 9: 86-92 (1997).
113. Treisman, R.: Regulation of transcription by MAP kinase cascades. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 8: 205-215 (1996).
114. Trus, M. D., J. G. Sodroski, and W. A. Haseltine: Isolation and characterization of a human locus homologous to the transforming gene (v-fes) of feline sarcoma virus. J. Biol. Chem., 257: 2730-2733 (1982).
115. Turkson, J., T. L. Bowman, R. Garcia, E. Caldenhoven, R. P. de Groot, and R. Jove: Stat3 activation by Src induces specific gene regulation and is required for cell transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol., 18: 2545-2552 (1998).
116. Vojtek, A. B. and J. A. Cooper: Rho family members: activators of MAP kinase cascades. Cell, 82: 527-529 (1995).
117. Wang, J. Y. J.: Ab1 tyrosine kinase in signal transduction and cell-cycle regulation. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 3: 35-43 (1993).
118. Watanabe, S. and K. Arai: Roles of the JAK-STAT system in signal transduction via cytokine receptors. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 6: 587-596 (1996).
119. Weinmaster, G., E. Hinze, and T. Pawson: Mapping of multiple phosphorylation sites within the structural and catalytic domains of the Fujinami avian sarcoma virus transforming protein. J. Virol., 46: 29-41 (1983).
120. gag-fps modulates its biological activity. Cell, 37: 559-568 (1984).
121. Whalen, A. M., S. C. Galasinski, P. S. Shapiro, T. S. Nahreini, and N. G. Ahn: Megakaryocytic differentiation induced by constitutive activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol., 17: 1947-1958 (1997).
122. Witthuhn, B. A., F. W. Quelle, O. Silvennoinen, T. Yi, B. Tang, O. Miura, and J. N. Ihle: JAK2 associates with the erythropoietin receptor and is tyrosine phosphorylated and activated following stimulation with erythropoietin. Cell, 74: 227-236 (1993).
123. Wittinghofer, A. and N. Nassar: How Ras-related proteins talk to their effectors. Trends Biochem. Sci., 21: 488-491 (1996).
124. Yates, K. E., G. M. Crooks, and J. C. Gasson: Analysis of Fes kinase activity in myeloid cell growth and differentiation. Stem Cells, 14: 714-724 (1996).
125. Yates, K. E., M. R. Lynch, S. G. Wong, D. J. Slamon, and J. C. Gasson: Human c-Fes is a nuclear tyrosine kinase. Oncogene, 10: 1239-1242 (1995).
126. Young, J. C. and G. S. Martin: Cellular localization of the c-fps gene product NCP98. J. Virol., 52: 913-918 (1984).
127. src-related tyrosine protein kinase activities in differentiated HL-60 leukemia cells. J. Biol. Chem., 262: 17543-17548 (1987).
128. c-fes tyrosine protein kinase with granulocytic/monocytic differentiation and resistance to differentiating agents in HL-60 leukemia cells. Mol. Pharmacol., 33: 384-388 (1988).
129. Yu, G., T. E. Smithgall, and R. I. Glazer: K562 leukemia cells transfected with the human c-fes gene acquire the ability to undergo myeloid differentiation. J. Biol. Chem., 264: 10276-10281 (1989).
130. Zhou, S. Y., D. Baltimore, L. C. Cantley, D. R. Kaplan, and T. F. Franke: Interleukin-3 dependent survival by the Akt protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94: 11345-11350 (1997).
131. Zhu, J. Y. and S. K. Shore: c-ABL tyrosine kinase activity is regulated by association with a novel SH3 domain binding protein. Mol. Cell. Biol., 16: 7054-7062 (1996).