A pathological role of increased expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human or animal disorders

International Journal of Hematology

Volumn 68, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 371-385

  Yamamoto, Koji ^a   Saito, Hidehiko ^a  

^a NAGOYA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Glomerulonephritis; Obesity; Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; Sepsis

Indexed keywords

FIBRIN; PLASMIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1;

ANIMAL DISEASE; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CANCER; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; HUMAN; HYPEROXIA; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG INJURY; METASTASIS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PREECLAMPSIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0031742314     PISSN: 09255710     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0925-5710(98)00094-2     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Loskutoff D.J., Sawdey M.S., Mimuro J. Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. Prog Hemostas Thromb. 9:1988;87-115.
2. Jorgensen M., Bonnevie-Nielsen V. Increased concentration of the fast-acting plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma associated with familial venous thrombosis. Br J Haematol. 65:1987;175-180.
3. Engesser L., Brommer E.J.P., Kluft C., Briet E. Elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), a cause of thrombophilia? A study in 203 patients with familial or sporadic venous thrombophilia. Thromb Haemost. 62:1989;673-680.
4. Patrassi G.M., Sartori M.T., Saggiorato G., Boeri G., Girolami A. Familial thrombophilia associated with high levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor. Fibrinolysis. 6:1992;99-103.
5. Hamsten A., Wiman B., De Faire U., Blomback M. Increased plasma levels of a rapid inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator in young survivors of myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med. 313:1985;1557-1563.
6. Erickson L.A., Fici G.J., Lund J.E., Boyle T.P., Polites H.G., Marotti K.R. Development of venous occlusions in mice transgenic for the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene. Nature. 346:1990;74-76.
7. Hamsten A., De Faire U., Walldius G.et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction. Lancet. 2:1987;3-9.
8. Schleef R.R., Higgins D.L., Pillemer E., Levitt L.J. Bleeding diathesis due to decreased functional activity of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor. J Clin Invest. 83:1989;1747-1752.
9. Dieval J., Nguyen G., Gross S., Delobel J., Kruithof E.K.O. A lifelong bleeding disorder associated with a deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. Blood. 77:1991;528-532.
10. Fay W.P., Shapiro A.D., Shih J.L., Schleef R.R., Ginsburg D. Complete deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 due to a frameshift mutation. New Engl J Med. 327:1992;1729-1733.
11. Carmeliet P., Stassen J.M., Schoonjans L.et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene-deficient mice. II. Effects on hemostasis, thrombosis, and thrombolysis. J Clin Invest. 92:1993;2756-2760.
12. Levi M., Biemond B.J., Van Zonneveld A.J., Ten Cate J.W., Pannekoek H. Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 activity results in promotion of endogenous thrombolysis and inhibition of thrombus extension in models of experimental thrombosis. Circulation. 85:1992;305-312.
13. Morrison D.C., Ryan J.L. Endotoxins and disease mechanisms. Annu Rev Med. 38:1987;417-432.
14. Cybulsky M.I., Chan M.K.W., Movat H.Z. Biology of disease. Acute inflammation and microthrombosis induced by endotoxin, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor and their implication in gram-negative infection. Lab Invest. 58:1988;365-378.
15. Coalson JJ. Pathology of sepsis, septic shock, and multiple organ failure. In: Perspective on Sepsis and Septic Shock. Fullerton, CA: Society of Critical Care Medicine, 1986:27-59.
16. Moore K.L., Andreoli S.P., Esmon N.L., Esmon C.T., Bang N.U. Endotoxin enhances tissue factor and suppresses thrombomodulin expression of human vascular endothelium in vitro. J Clin Invest. 79:1987;124-130.
17. Quax P.H.A., van den Hoogen C.M., Verheijen J.H.et al. Endotoxin induction of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 mRNA in rat tissues in vivo. J Biol Chem. 265:1990;15560-15563.
18. van Deventer S.J.H., Buller H.R., ten Cate J.W., Aarden L.A., Hack C.E., Sturk A. Experimental endotoxemia in humans: Analysis of cytokine release and coagulation, fibrinolytic, and complement pathways. Blood. 76:1990;2520-2526.
19. Suffredini A.F., Harpel P.C., Parrillo J.E. Promotion and subsequent inhibition of plasminogen activation after administration of intravenous endotoxin to normal subjects. New Engl J Med. 320:1989;1165-1172.
20. Pralong G., Calandra T., Glauser M.-P.et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: a new prognostic marker in septic shock. Thromb Haemost. 61:1989;459-462.
21. Sawdey M.S., Loskutoff D.J. Regulation of murine type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene expression in vivo. Tissue specificity and induction by lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-α, end transforming growth factor-β J Clin Invest. 88:1991;1346-1353.
22. Feams C., Loskutoff D.J. Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene expression in murine liver by lipopolysaccharide. Cellular localization and role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor-α Am J Pathol. 150:1997;579-590.
23. Feams C., Kravchenko W., Ulevitch R.J., Loskutoff D.J. Murine CD14 gene expression in vivo: extramyeloid synthesis and regulation by lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med. 181:1995;857-866.
24. Biemond B.J., Levi M., ten Cate H.et al. Plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 release during experimental endotoxemia in chimpanzees: effect of interventions in the cytokine and coagulation cascades. Clin Sci. 88:1995;587-594.
25. 2 in sepsis: studies in nonhuman primates after interleukin-1α administration end curing lethal bacteremia. Blood. 86:1995;1027-1034.
26. Yamamoto K., Loskutoff D.J. Fibrin deposition in tissues from endotoxin-treated mice correlates with decreases in the expression of urokinase-type but not tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Clin Invest. 97:1996;2440-2451.
27. McGehee W.G., Rapaport S.I., Hjort P.F. Intravascular coagulation in fluminant meningococcemia. Ann Intern Med. 67:1967;250-260.
28. Moll S., Schifferli J.A., Huarte J., Lemoine R., Vassalli J.-D., Sappino A.-P. LPS induces major changes in the extracellular proteolytic balance in the murine kidney. Kidney Int. 45:1994;500-508.
29. Keeton M., Eguchi Y., Sawdey M., Ahn C., Loskutoff D.J. Cellular localization of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor messenger RNA and protein in murine renal tissue. Am J Pathol. 142:1993;59-70.
30. Krishnamurti C., Bolan C., Colleton C.A., Reilly T.M., Alving B.M. Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in promoting fibrin deposition in rabbits infused with ancrod or thrombin. Blood. 82:1993;3631-3636.
31. Oliver A., Barcelo P., Fernandex C.et al. Increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor in nephrotic syndrome [Abstract]. Kidney Int. 37:1990;1590.
32. Bergstein J.M., Riley M., Bang N.U. Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in the pathogenesis and outcome of the hemolytic uremic syndrome. New Engl J Med. 37:1992;755-759.
33. Theofilopoulos A.N., Dixon F.J. Murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus. Adv Immunol. 37:1985;269-330.
34. Feng L., Tang W.W., Loskutoff D.J., Wilson C.B. Dysfunction of glomerular fibrinolysis in experimental antiglomerular basement membrane antibody glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 3:1993;1753-1764.
35. Malfiaros J., Holdsworth S.R., Wojta J., Erlich J.H., Tipping P.G. Glomerular fibrinolytic activity in anti-GBM glomerulonephritis in rabbits. Kidney Int. 44:1994;557-564.
36. Hayslett JP, Kashgarian M. Nephropathy of systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, editors. Diseases of the Kidney. Boston: Little, Brown, 1993:2019-2037.
37. Kant K.S., Pollak V.E., Weiss M.A., Glueck H.I., Miller M.A., Hess E.V. Glomerular thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: Prevalence and significance. Medicine. 60:1981;71-86.
38. Keeton M.R., Ahn C., Eguchi Y., Burlingame R., Loskutoff D.J. Expression of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor in renal tissue in murine lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 47:1995;148-157.
39. Yamamoto K., Loskutoff D.J. The kidneys of mice with autoimmune disease acquire a hypofibrinolytic/procoagulant state that correlates with the development of glomerulonephritis and tissue microthrombosis. Am J Pathol. 151:1997;725-734.
40. Moll S., Menoud P.-A., Fulpius T.et al. Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in murine lupus-like glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 48:1995;1459-1468.
41. Barnes J.L., Mitchell R.J., Torres E.S. Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) during cellular remodeling in proliferative glomerulonephritis in the rat. J Histochem Cytochem. 43:1995;895-905.
42. Larsson B. Obesity, fat distribution end cardiovascular disease. Int J Obesity. 15:1991;53-57.
43. Vague P., Juhan-Vague I., Aillaud M.F.et al. Correlation between blood fibrinolytic activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor level, plasma insulin level, and relative body weight in normal and obese subjects. Metabolism. 35:1986;250-253.
44. Auwerx J., Bouillon R., Collen D., Geboers J. Tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen and plasminogen activator inhibitor in diabetes mellitus. Arteriosclerosis. 8:1988;68-72.
45. Juhan-Vague I., Vague P., Alessi M.C.et al. Relationships between plasma insulin, triglyceride, body mass index and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Diab Metab. 13:1987;331-336.
46. Landin K., Stigendal L., Eriksson E.et al. Abdominal obesity is associated with an impaired fibrinolytic activity and elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Metabolism. 39:1990;1044-1048.
47. Choy L.N., Rosen B.S., Spiegelman B.M. Adipsin and an endogenous pathway of complement from adipose cells. J Biol Chem. 267:1992;12736-12741.
48. Spiegelman B.M., Flier J.S. Adipogenesis and obesity: rounding out the big picture. Cell. 87:1996;377-389.
49. Samad F., Yamamoto K., Loskutoff D.J. Distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in murine adipose tissue in vivo: induction by tumor necrosis factor-α and lipopolysaccharide. J Clin Invest. 97:1996;37-46.
50. Samad F., Loskutoff D.J. Tissue distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in obese mice. Mol Med. 2:1996;568-582.
51. Shimomura I., Funahashi T., Takahashi M.et al. Enhanced expression of PAI-1 in visceral fat: possible contributor to vascular disease in obesity. Nature Med. 2:1996;800-803.
52. Juhan-Vague I., Roul C., Alessi M.C., Ardissone J.P., Heim M., Vague P. Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients: relationship with plasma insulin. Thromb Haemost. 61:1989;370-373.
53. Potter van Loon B.J., Kluft C., Radder J.K., Blankenstein M.A., Meinders A.K. The cardiovascular risk factor plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is related to insulin resistance. Metabolism. 42:1993;945-949.
54. Ducimetiere P., Eschwege E., Papoz L., Richard J.L., Claude J.R., Rosselin G. Relationship of plasma insulin levels to the incidence of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease mortality in a middle-aged population. Diabetologia. 19:1980;205-210.
55. Alessi M.C., Juhan-Vague I., Kooistra T., Declerck P.J., Collen D. Insulin stimulates the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 by the human hepatocellular cell line Hep G2. Thromb Haemost. 60:1988;491-494.
56. Kooistra T., Bosma P.J., Tons H.A.M., Van den Berg A.P., Meyer P., Princen H.M.G. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: biosynthesis and mRNA level are increased by insulin in cultured human hepatocytes. Thromb Haemost. 62:1989;723-728.
57. Nordt T.K., Sawa H., Fujii S., Sobel B.E. Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) by proinsulin and insulin in vivo. Circulation. 91:1995;764-770.
58. Hotamisligil G.S., Shargill N.S., Spiegelman B.M. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-α: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science. 259:1993;87-91.
59. Hotamisligil G.S., Arner P., Caro J.F., Atkinson R.L., Spiegelman B.M. Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 95:1995;2409-2415.
60. Flier J.S., Cook K.S., Usher P., Spiegelman B.M. Severely impaired adipsin expression in genetic and acquired obesity. Science. 237:1987;405-408.
61. Dohn G.L., Elton C.W., Friedman J.E. Decreased expression of glucose transporter in muscle from insulin-resistant patients. Am J Physiol. 260:1991;E459-463.
62. van Hinsbergh V.W., Kooistra T., van den Berg E.A., Princen H.M., Fiers W., Emeis J.J. Tumor necrosis factor increases the production of plasminogen activator inhibitor in human endothelial cells in vitro and in rats in vivo. Blood. 72:1988;1467-1473.
63. Sawdey M., Podor T.J., Loskutoff D.J. Regulation of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene expression in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells: induction by transforming growth factor-β, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor-α J Biol Chem. 264:1989;10396-10401.
64. Reilly C.F., McFall R.C. Platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-β regulate plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 266:1991;9419-9427.
65. Lund L.R., Riccio A., Andreasen P.A.et al. Transforming growth factor-β is a strong and fast acting positive regulator of the level of type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor mRNA in WI-38 human lung fibroblasts. EMBO J. 6:1987;1281-1286.
66. Thalacker F.W., Nilsen-Hamilton M. Specific induction of secreted proteins by transforming growth factor-β and 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Relationship with an inhibitor of plasminogen activator. J Biol Chem. 262:1987;2283-2290.
67. Samad F., Yamamoto K., Pandy M., Loskutoff D.J. Elevated expression of transforming growth factor-β in adipose tissue from obese mice. Mol Med. 3:1997;37-48.
68. Westerhausen D.R., Hopkins W.E., Billadello J.J. Multiple transforming growth factor-β-inducible elements regulate expression of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 gene in Hep G2 cells. J Biol Chem. 266:1991;1092-1100.
69. Keeton M.R., Curriden S.A., van Zonneveld A.-J., Loskutoff D.J. Identification of regulatory sequences in the type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene responsive to transforming growth factor-β J Biol Chem. 266:1991;23048-23052.
70. Paramo J.A., Colucci M., Collen D., van der Werf F. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in the blood of patients with coronary artery disease. Br Med J. 291:1985;575-576.
71. Francis R.B., Kawanishi D., Baruchi T., Mahner P., Rahimtoola S., Feinstein D.I. Impaired fibrinolysis in coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 115:1988;776-780.
72. Zalewski A., Shi Y., Nardone D.et al. Evidence for reduced fibrinolytic activity in unstable angina at rest clinical, biochemical and angiographic correlates. Circulation. 83:1991;1685-1691.
73. Juhan-Vague I., Alessi M.C., Vague P. Increased plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels: a possible link between insulin resistance and atherothrombosis. Diabetologia. 34:1991;457-462.
74. Schwartz C.J., Valente A.J., Kelley J.L., Sprague E.A., Edwards E.H. Thrombosis and development of atherosclerosis. Semin Thromb Hemost. 14:1988;189-195.
75. Smith E.B. Fibrinogen, fibrin and fibrin degradation productions in relation to atherosclerosis. Clin Hematol. 15:1986;355-370.
76. Bini A., Fenoglio J.J., Mesa-Tejada R., Kudryk B., Kaplan K.K. Identification and distribution of fibrinogen, fibrin and fibrin(ogen) degradation products in atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis. 9:1989;109-121.
77. Naito M., Funaki C., Hayashi T.et al. Substrate-bound fibrinogen, fibrin and other cell attachment-promoting proteins as a scaffold for cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis. 96:1992;227-234.
78. Smith E.B., Cochran S. Factors influencing the accumulation in fibrous plaque of lipid derived from low density lipoprotein. Part II. Preferential immobilization of lipoprotein (a). Atherosclerosis. 84:1990;173-181.
79. Schneiderman J., Sawdey M.S., Keeton M.R.et al. Increased type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene expression in atherosclerotic human arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;6998-7002.
80. Chomiki N., Henry M., Alessi M.C., Anfosso F., Juhan-Vague I. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in human liver and healthy or atherosclerotic vessel walls. Thromb Haemost. 72:1994;44-53.
81. Lupu F., Bergonzelli G.E., Heim D.A.et al. Localization and production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human healthy and atherosclerotic arteries. Arteriosclerosis Thromb. 13:1993;1090-1110.
82. Etingin O.R., Hajjar D.P., Hajjar K.A., Harpel P.C., Nachman R.L. Lipoprotein (a) regulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 266:1991;2459-2465.
83. Juhan-Vague I., Alessi M.C. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and atherothrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 70:1993;138-143.
84. Bowden D.H. Unraveling pulmonary fibrosis: the bleomycin model. Lab Invest. 50:1984;487-488.
85. Crouch E. Pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol. 259:1990;L159-184.
86. Janick-Buckner D., Ranges G.E., Hacker M.P. Alteration of bronchoalveolar ravage cell populations following bleomycin treatment in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 100:1989;465-473.
87. Schrier D.J., Kunkel R.G., Phan S.H. The role of strain variation in murine bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 127:1983;63-66.
88. Kuhn C., Boldt J., King T.E. Jr., Crouch E., Vartio T., McDonald J.A. An immunohistochemical study of architectural remodeling and connective tissue synthesis in pulmonary fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 140:1989;1693-1703.
89. Blasi F., Vassalli J., Dano K. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator: proenzyme, receptor, and inhibitors. J Cell Biol. 104:1987;801-804.
90. Olman M.A., Mackman N., Gladson C.L., Moser K.M., Loskutoff D.J. Changes in procoagulant and fibrinolytic gene expression during bleomycin-induced lung injury in the mouse. J Clin Invest. 96:1995;1621-1630.
91. Eitzman D.T., McCoy R.D., Zheng X., Fay W.P., Shen T., Ginsburg D. Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in transgenic mice that either lack or over-express the murine plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene. J Clin Invest. 97:1996;232-237.
92. Idell S., James K.K., Levine B.et al. Local abnormalities in coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways predispose to alveolar fibrin deposition in an adult respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Invest. 84:1989;695-705.
93. Basset F.V., Ferrans V.J., Soler P., Takemura P., Fukuda Y., Crystal R.G. Intraluminal fibrosis in interstitial lung disorders. Am J Pathol. 122:1986;443-461.
94. Kuhn C., McDonald J.A. The roles of the myofibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of sites of active extracellular synthesis. Am J Pathol. 138:1991;1257-1265.
95. McDonald J.A. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A paradigm for lung injury and repair. Chest. 99:1991;87S-93S.
96. Crapo J.D., Barry B.E., Foscue H.A., Shelburne J. Structural and biochemical changes in rat lungs occurring during exposure to lethal and adaptive doses of oxygen. Am Rev Respir Dis. 122:1980;123-143.
97. Idell S., Kumar A., Koenig K.B., Coalson J.J. Pathways of fibrin turnover in ravage of premature baboons with hyperoxic lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149:1994;767-775.
98. White J.E., Ryan M., Tsan M.F., Higgins P.J. Hyperoxic stress elevates p52 (PAI-1) mRNA abundance in cultured cells and adult rat pulmonary tissue. Am J Physiol. 265:1993;L121-126.
99. Barazzone C., Belin D., Piguet P.-F., Vassalli J.-D., Sappino A.-P. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in acute hyperoxic mouse lung injury. J Clin Invest. 98:1996;2666-2673.
100. Canavagh D, Kmuppel LA. Preeclampsia and eclampsia. In: Iffy L, Kaminetzky H, editors. Principles and Practice of Obstetrics and Perinatology. New York: Wiley, 1981:1271-1289.
101. Brown M.A. The physiology of preeclampsia. Clin Exp Pharmacol P. 22:1995;781-791.
102. Kruithof E.K.O., Tran-Thang C., Gudinchet A.et al. Fibrinolysis in pregnancy: a study of plasminogen activator inhibitors. Blood. 69:1987;460-466.
103. Estelles A., Gilabert J., Aznar J., Loskutoff D.J., Schleef R.R. Changes in the plasma levels of type 1 and type 2 plasminogen activator inhibitors in normal pregnancy and in patients with severe preeclampsia. Blood. 74:1989;1332-1338.
104. Estelles A., Gilabert J., Keeton M.et al. Altered expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in placentas from pregnant women with preeclampsia and/or intrauterine fetal growth retardation. Blood. 84:1994;143-150.
105. Estelles A., Gilabert J., Espana F., Aznar J., Galbis M. Fibrinolytic parameters in normotensive pregnancy with intrauterine fetal growth retardation and in severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 165:1991;138-142.
106. Estelles A., Gilabert J., Grancha S.et al. Abnormal expression of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and tissue factor in severe preeclampsia. Thromb Haemost. 79:1998;500-508.
107. Estelles A., Grancha S., Gilabert J.et al. Abnormal expression of plasminogen activator inhibitors in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease. Am J Pathol. 149:1996;1229-1239.
108. Long A.A., Ginsberg J.S., grill-Edwards P.et al. The relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to thromboembolic disease in systemic lupus erythematosus: A cross-sectional study. Thromb Haemost. 66:1991;520-524.
109. Violi F., Ferro D., Valesini G.et al. Tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and thrombosis. Br Med J. 300:1990;1099-1102.
110. Awada H., Barlowatz-Meimon G., Dougados M., Maisonneuve P., Sultan Y., Amor B. Fibrinolysis abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus and their relation to vasculitis. J Lab Clin Med. 111:1988;229-236.
111. Glas-Greenwalt P., Kant K.S., Allen C., Pollak V.E. Fibrinolysis in health and disease: severe abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Lab Clin Med. 104:1984;962-976.
112. Smith H.R., Hansen C.L., Rose R., Canoso R.T. Autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice are an animal model for the secondary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol. 17:1990;911-915.
113. Boey M.L., Colaco C.B., Gharavi A.K., Elkon K.B., Loizou S., Hughes G.R.V. Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: striking association with the presence of circulating lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J. 287:1983;1021-1023.
114. Levine S., Deegan M.J., Futrell N., Welch K.M.A. Cerebrovascular and neurological disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: 48 cases. Neurology. 40:1990;1181-1189.
115. Ferro D., Quintarelli C., Rasura M., Antonini G., Violi F. Lupus anticoagulant and the fibrinolytic system in young patients with stroke. Stroke. 24:1993;368-370.
116. Rocha E., Paramo J.A., Fernandez F.J.et al. Clotting activation and impairment of fibrinolysis in malignancy. Thromb Res. 54:1989;699-707.
117. Juhan-Vague B., Moerman B., De cock F., Aillaud M.F., Collen D. Plasma levels of a specific inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (and urokinase) in normal and pathological conditions. Thromb Res. 33:1984;523-530.
118. Newland J.R., Haire W.D. Elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor levels found in patients with malignant conditions. Am J Clin Pathol. 96:1991;602-604.
119. Dano K., Andreasen P.A., Grondahl-Hansen J., Kristensen P., Nielsen L.S., Skriver L. Plasminogen activators, tissue degradation, and cancer. Adv Cancer Res. 44:1985;139-266.
120. Mignatti P., Rifkin D.B. Biology and biochemistry of proteinases in tumor invasion. Physiol Rev. 73:1993;161-195.
121. Nesbit M., Herlyn M. Adhesion receptors in human melanoma progression. Invasion Metastasis. 14:1994;131-146.
122. Pyke C., Kristensen P., Ralfkiaer E., Grondahl-Hansen J., Eriksen J., Dano K. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is expressed in stromal cells and its receptor in cancer cells at invasive foci in human colon adenocarcinomas. Am J Pathol. 138:1991;1059-1067.
123. Cohen R.L., Xi X.-P., Crowley C.W., Lucas B.K., Levinson A.D., Shuman M.A. Effects of urokinase receptor occupancy on plasmin generation and proteolysis of basement membrane by human tumor cells. Blood. 78:1991;479-487.
124. Mignatti P., Robbins E., Rifkin D.B. Tumor invasion through the human amniotic membrane: requirement for a proteinase cascade. Cell. 47:1986;487-498.
125. Ossowski L. Plasminogen activator dependent pathways in the dissemination of human tumor cells in the chick embryo. Cell. 52:1988;321-328.
126. Hearing V.J., Law L.W., Corti A., Appella E., Blasi F. Modulation of metastatic potential by cell surface urokinase of murine melanoma cells. Cancer Res. 48:1988;1270-1278.
127. Heiss M.M., Babic R., Allgayer H.et al. Tumor-associated proteolysis and prognosis: new functional risk factors in gastric cancer defined by the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system. J Clin Oncol. 13:1995;2084-2093.
128. Sier C.F.M., Vloedgraven H.J.M., Ganesh S.et al. Inactive urokinase and increased levels of its inhibitor type 1 in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Gastroenterology. 107:1994;1449-1456.
129. Kristensen P., Pyke C., Lund L.R., Andreasen P.A., Dano K. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in Lewis lung carcinoma. Histochemistry. 93:1990;559-566.
130. Pyke C., Kristensen P., Ralfkiaer E., Eriksen J., Dano K. The plasminogen activation system in human colon cancer messenger RNA for the inhibitor PAI-1 is located in endothelial cells in the tumor stroma. Cancer Res. 51:1991;4067-4071.
131. Liu G., Shuman M.A., Cohen R.L. Co-expression of urokinase, urokinase receptor and PAI-1 is necessary for optimum invasiveness of cultured lung cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 60:1995;501-506.
132. Grondahl-Hansen J., Christensen I.J., Rosenquist C.et al. High levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor PAI-1 in cytosolic extracts of breast carcinomas are associated with poor prognosis. Cancer Res. 53:1993;2513-2521.
133. Pedersen H., Brunner N., Francis D.et al. Prognostic impact of urokinase, urokinase receptor, and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor in squamous and large cell lung cancer tissue. Cancer Res. 54:1994;4671-4675.
134. Nekarda H., Schmitt M., Ulm K.et al. Prognostic impact of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor PAI-1 in completely resected gastric cancer. Cancer Res. 54:1994;2900-2907.
135. Kuhn W., Pache L., Schmalfeldt B.et al. Urokinase (uPA) and PAI-1 predict survival in advanced ovarian cancer patients (FIGO III) after radical surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol. 55:1994;401-409.
136. Kobayashi H., Fujishiro S., Terao T. Impact of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor type 1 on prognosis in cervical cancer of the uterus. Cancer Res. 54:1994;6539-6548.
137. Deng G., Curriden S.A., Wang S., Rosenberg S., Loskutoff D.J. Is plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 the molecular switch that governs urokinase receptor-mediated cell adhesion and release? J Cell Biol. 134:1996;1563-1571.
138. Cohen R.L., Niclas J., Lee W.M.F.et al. Effects of cellular transformation on expression of plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2. J Biol Chem. 264:1989;8375-8383.
139. Prendergast G.C., Diamond L.E., Dahl D., Cole M.D. The c-myc-regulated gene mrl encodes plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Mol Cell Biol. 10:1990;1265-1269.
140. Dawson S., Hamsten A., Wiman B., Henney A., Humphries S. Genetic variation at the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 locus is associated with altered levels of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity. Arter Thromb. 11:1991;183-190.
141. Dawson S.J., Wiman B., Hamsten A., Green F., Humphries S., Henney A.M. The two allele sequences of a common polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene respond differently to interleukin-1 in HepG2 cells. J Biol Chem. 268:1993;10739-10745.
142. Grubic N., Stegnar M., Peternel P., Kaider A., Binder B.R. A novel G/A and the 4G/5G polymorphism within the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene in patients with deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Res. 84:1996;431-443.
143. Henry M., Chomiki N., Scarabin P.Y.et al. Five frequent polymorphisms of the PAI-1 gene lack of association between genotypes, PAI activity, and triglyceride levels in a healthy population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 17:1997;851-858.
144. Eriksson P., Kallin B., Van'T Hooft F.M., Bavenholm P., Hamsten A. Allele-specific increase in basal transcription of the plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 gene is associated with myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:1995;1851-1855.
145. Ye S., Green F.R., Scarabin P.Y.et al. The 4G/5G genetic polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene is associated with differences in plasma PAI-1 but not with risk of myocardial infarction in the ECTIM study. Thromb Haemost. 74:1995;837-841.
146. Ossei-Gerning N., Mansfield M.W., Stickland M.H., Wilson I.J., Grant P.J. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter 4G/5G genotype and plasma levels in relation to a history of myocardial infarction in patients characterized by coronary angiography. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 17:1997;33-37.
147. Panahloo A., Mohamed-Ali V., Lane A., Green F., Humphries S.E., Yudkin J.S. Determinants of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 activity in treated NIDDM and its relation to a polymorphism in the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene. Diabetes. 44:1995;37-42.
148. Catto A.J., Carter A.M., Strickland M., Bamford J.M., Davies J.A., Grant P.J. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G promoter polymorphism and levels in subJects with cerebrovascular disease. Thromb Haemost. 77:1997;730-734.
149. Stegnar M., Uhrin P., Peternel P.et al. The 4G/5G sequence polymorphism in the promoter of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene relationship to plasma PAI-1 level in venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 79:1998;975-979.
150. Mansfield M.W., Stickland M.H., Grant P.J. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) promoter polymorphism and coronary artery disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Thromb Haemost. 74:1995;1032-1034.
151. Ridker P.M., Hennekens C.H., Lindpaintner K., Stampfer M.J., Miletich J.P. Arterial and venous thrombosis is not associated with the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor gene in a large cohort of US men. Circulation. 95:1997;59-62.
152. Loskutoff D.J. Regulation of PAI-1 gene expression. Fibrinolysis. 5:1991;197-206.