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of special interest. Provides compelling phylogenetic results indicating that triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI) in eukaryotes is eubacterial in origin. Specifically, the authors show an α-proteobacterial affinity of TPI and thus a possible mitochondrial origin. This gene has been key to the intron evolution debate, and its eubacterial origin makes IE scenarios of intron loss increasingly difficult.
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Keeling PJ, Doolittle WF. Evidence that eukaryotic triosephosphate isomerase is of alpha-proteobacterial origin. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;1270-1275 Provides compelling phylogenetic results indicating that triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI) in eukaryotes is eubacterial in origin. Specifically, the authors show an α-proteobacterial affinity of TPI and thus a possible mitochondrial origin. This gene has been key to the intron evolution debate, and its eubacterial origin makes IE scenarios of intron loss increasingly difficult.
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Gilbert W, de Souza SJ, Long M. Origin of genes. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;7698-7703 A forceful 'review' from the main current proponents of the IE theory. This paper mainly re-iterates previous analyses of intron phase and protein structure correlations but also includes some updates of these studies.
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56
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of outstanding interest. An update and integration of previous findings on intron phase and protein structure. With a larger database of proteins and intron positions, the authors now examine the relationship between these two results after confirming each with the new data. They find that most of the statistical excess observed for protein correlation is provided by phase zero introns and it is largely the non-vertebrate introns that contribute to the signal. The authors suggest that these results could provide resolution between the IE and IL theories by allowing for both ancient (mostly phase zero) introns as well as later intron gain (in all three phases). They argue that "about 35%" of introns in ancient proteins are themselves ancient, the rest having been inserted.
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de Souza SJ, Long M, Klein RJ, Roy S, Lin S, Gilbert W. Toward a resolution of the introns early/late debate: only phase zero introns are correlated with the structure of ancient proteins. of outstanding interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;5094-5099 An update and integration of previous findings on intron phase and protein structure. With a larger database of proteins and intron positions, the authors now examine the relationship between these two results after confirming each with the new data. They find that most of the statistical excess observed for protein correlation is provided by phase zero introns and it is largely the non-vertebrate introns that contribute to the signal. The authors suggest that these results could provide resolution between the IE and IL theories by allowing for both ancient (mostly phase zero) introns as well as later intron gain (in all three phases). They argue that "about 35%" of introns in ancient proteins are themselves ancient, the rest having been inserted.
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(1998)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
, vol.95
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De Souza, S.J.1
Long, M.2
Klein, R.J.3
Roy, S.4
Lin, S.5
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of special interest. Demonstrates that exon duplication, arguably a special case of exon shuffling, contributes significantly to observed non-randomness in intron phases. The authors claim that such influences were not taken into account by Long et al. [58]. Nonetheless, such duplicated exons could not account for all observed phase correlations, which they estimate to comprise 6% of the human genome.
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Fedorov A, Fedorova L, Starshenko V, Filatov V, Griggor'ev E. Influence of exon duplication on intron and exon phase distribution. of special interest J Mol Evol. 46:1998;263-271 Demonstrates that exon duplication, arguably a special case of exon shuffling, contributes significantly to observed non-randomness in intron phases. The authors claim that such influences were not taken into account by Long et al. [58]. Nonetheless, such duplicated exons could not account for all observed phase correlations, which they estimate to comprise 6% of the human genome.
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J Mol Evol
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Fedorov, A.1
Fedorova, L.2
Starshenko, V.3
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Hurst LD, McVean GT. A difficult phase for introns-early. Curr Biol. 6:1996;533-536.
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Hurst, L.D.1
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65
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of outstanding interest. Is intron 'sliding' a reasonable explanation for observed differences in intron positions? This report asks this question in an even-handed way, largely avoiding the IE vs. IL debate itself. In considering a number of possible indications of intron sliding, no strong evidence for such a process could be found. It was, thus, concluded that sliding could not contribute significantly to the diversity of intron positions. Nonetheless, these results can only be viewed in strong-support of the IL theory.
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Stoltzfus A, Logsdon JM Jr, Palmer JD, Doolittle WF. Intron 'sliding' and the diversity of intron positions. of outstanding interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;10739-10744 Is intron 'sliding' a reasonable explanation for observed differences in intron positions? This report asks this question in an even-handed way, largely avoiding the IE vs. IL debate itself. In considering a number of possible indications of intron sliding, no strong evidence for such a process could be found. It was, thus, concluded that sliding could not contribute significantly to the diversity of intron positions. Nonetheless, these results can only be viewed in strong-support of the IL theory.
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(1997)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
, vol.94
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Stoltzfus, A.1
Logsdon J.M., Jr.2
Palmer, J.D.3
Doolittle, W.F.4
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66
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Jellie AM, Tate WP, Trotman CNA. Evolutionary history of introns in a multidomain globin gene. J Mol Evol. 42:1996;641-647.
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67
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Exon/intron structure of aldehyde dehydrogenase genes supports the 'introns-late' theory
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of outstanding interest. A careful comparison of IE and IL models using a maximum likelihood analysis of intron positions. Starting from a resolved phylogenetic tree of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene family, comprising nine completely sequenced genes in humans, scenarios of intron gain, loss and/or sliding were compared. An IE model which allowed both intron loss and sliding was preferred, but only allowing sliding rates that were very high. The authors suggest that the inferred rate of sliding (higher than the intron deletion rate) would be so unreasonable that any possible correlation between protein and gene would be obscured, leading to an internal contradiction of the IE theory in the absence of the sliding assumption, the IL models of intron gain fared best.
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Rzhetsky A, Ayala FJ, Hsu LC, Chang C, Yoshida A. Exon/intron structure of aldehyde dehydrogenase genes supports the 'introns-late' theory. of outstanding interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;6820-6825 A careful comparison of IE and IL models using a maximum likelihood analysis of intron positions. Starting from a resolved phylogenetic tree of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene family, comprising nine completely sequenced genes in humans, scenarios of intron gain, loss and/or sliding were compared. An IE model which allowed both intron loss and sliding was preferred, but only allowing sliding rates that were very high. The authors suggest that the inferred rate of sliding (higher than the intron deletion rate) would be so unreasonable that any possible correlation between protein and gene would be obscured, leading to an internal contradiction of the IE theory in the absence of the sliding assumption, the IL models of intron gain fared best.
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(1997)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
, vol.94
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Rzhetsky, A.1
Ayala, F.J.2
Hsu, L.C.3
Chang, C.4
Yoshida, A.5
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68
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of outstanding interest. This commentary lays out the problems of finding and clearly documenting recent spliceosomal intron gains. Three reports identifying possible cases of intron gain are examined in detail, and one is called into question. In the bona fide cases, intron gain was determined to have occurred at proto-splice site motifs, indicating the importance of this sequence in the mechanism(s) of spliceosomal intron insertion.
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Logsdon JM, Stoltzfus A, Doolittle WF. Recent cases of spliceosomal intron gain? of outstanding interest Curr Biol. 8:1998;R560-R563 This commentary lays out the problems of finding and clearly documenting recent spliceosomal intron gains. Three reports identifying possible cases of intron gain are examined in detail, and one is called into question. In the bona fide cases, intron gain was determined to have occurred at proto-splice site motifs, indicating the importance of this sequence in the mechanism(s) of spliceosomal intron insertion.
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Logsdon, J.M.1
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Purugganan M, Wessler S. The splicing of transposable elements and their role in intron evolution. Genetica. 86:1992;295-303.
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of outstanding interest. of special interest. A clear example of recent spliceosomal intron gains along with possible identification of their source. Three newly-inserted introns were identified in the xanthine dehydrogenase (Xdh) genes of dipteran insects. Evidence is presented that the source of these new introns is another intron, conserved in position, in the Xdh gene. Unfortunately, homology between the 'source' Xdh intron and the new introns, all of which were very AT-rich, could not be verified independently [68].
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of outstanding interest Tarrio R, Rodriguez-Trelles F, Ayala FJ. New Drosophila introns originate by duplication. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;1658-1662 A clear example of recent spliceosomal intron gains along with possible identification of their source. Three newly-inserted introns were identified in the xanthine dehydrogenase (Xdh) genes of dipteran insects. Evidence is presented that the source of these new introns is another intron, conserved in position, in the Xdh gene. Unfortunately, homology between the 'source' Xdh intron and the new introns, all of which were very AT-rich, could not be verified independently [68].
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Tarrio, R.1
Rodriguez-Trelles, F.2
Ayala, F.J.3
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72
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O'Neill RJ, Brennan FE, Delbridge ML, Crozier RH, Graves JA. De novo insertion of an intron into the mammalian sex determining gene, SRY. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;1653-1657.
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O'Neill, R.J.1
Brennan, F.E.2
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Graves, J.A.5
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73
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Intron loss and gain during evolution of the catalase gene family in angiosperms
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of outstanding interest. A clear analysis of intron evolution in the catalase gene family of angiosperms. Catalase gene structures were determined from both Arabidopsis and Hordeum and compared to available sequences from databases. Eight intron positions are present in angiosperm catalase genes, one of which is uniquely present in Oryza, making it a likely recent intron gain. By mapping intron positions on a catalase gene phylogeny, a reasonable model for intron gain and loss was inferred. One case of multiple, non-independent loss of the five adjacent introns could be identified and is attributed to cDNA-mediated recombination.
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Frugoli JA, McPeek MA, Thomas TL, McClung CR. Intron loss and gain during evolution of the catalase gene family in angiosperms. of outstanding interest Genetics. 149:1998;355-365 A clear analysis of intron evolution in the catalase gene family of angiosperms. Catalase gene structures were determined from both Arabidopsis and Hordeum and compared to available sequences from databases. Eight intron positions are present in angiosperm catalase genes, one of which is uniquely present in Oryza, making it a likely recent intron gain. By mapping intron positions on a catalase gene phylogeny, a reasonable model for intron gain and loss was inferred. One case of multiple, non-independent loss of the five adjacent introns could be identified and is attributed to cDNA-mediated recombination.
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(1998)
Genetics
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Frugoli, J.A.1
McPeek, M.A.2
Thomas, T.L.3
McClung, C.R.4
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75
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Relationship between 'proto-splice sites' and intron phases: Evidence from dicodon analysis
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of outstanding interest. Can observed biases in the distribution of intron phases be explained by similar biases in presumed sites of intron insertion? Using a sizable database of gene sequences from the 'model' eukaryotic species, this question was addressed. The authors determined the distribution of intron phases in each organism and compared these to the distribution of phases occupied by inferred proto-splice sites. The authors demonstrate that the phase distributions from inferred proto-splice sites do not match the observed phases. Yet, it is clear that both sets of data have the same directional tendency, a result the authors do not consider. Although these results might indicate that phase correlations are the result of insertional bias(es), they are instead taken to support the IE view that intronphase distributions are caused by exon shuffling.
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Long M, de Souza SJ, Rosenberg C, Gilbert W. Relationship between 'proto-splice sites' and intron phases: evidence from dicodon analysis. of outstanding interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;219-223 Can observed biases in the distribution of intron phases be explained by similar biases in presumed sites of intron insertion? Using a sizable database of gene sequences from the 'model' eukaryotic species, this question was addressed. The authors determined the distribution of intron phases in each organism and compared these to the distribution of phases occupied by inferred proto-splice sites. The authors demonstrate that the phase distributions from inferred proto-splice sites do not match the observed phases. Yet, it is clear that both sets of data have the same directional tendency, a result the authors do not consider. Although these results might indicate that phase correlations are the result of insertional bias(es), they are instead taken to support the IE view that intronphase distributions are caused by exon shuffling.
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(1998)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Long, M.1
De Souza, S.J.2
Rosenberg, C.3
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76
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A novel base-pairing interaction between U2 and U6 snRNAs suggests a mechanism for the catalytic activation of the spliceosome
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Madhani HD, Guthrie C. A novel base-pairing interaction between U2 and U6 snRNAs suggests a mechanism for the catalytic activation of the spliceosome. Cell. 71:1992;803-817.
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Gaur RK, McLaughlin LW, Green MR. Functional group substitutions of the branchpoint adenosine in a nuclear pre-mRNA and a group II intron. RNA. 3:1997;861-869.
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of outstanding interest. An exciting experimental confirmation of the relationship between group II introns and the spliceosome. In an in vitro study of group II intron splicing, the ID3 subdomain - thought to be analogous to U5 snRNA - was deleted; this caused a significant reduction in the second step of splicing. The activity was restored by adding a U5 snRNA fragment in trans, thus providing further support for a group II 'introns in pieces' view of the spliceosome.
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Hetzer M, Wurzer G, Schweyen RJ, Mueller MW. Trans-activation of group II intron splicing by nuclear U5 snRNA. of outstanding interest Nature. 386:1997;417-420 An exciting experimental confirmation of the relationship between group II introns and the spliceosome. In an in vitro study of group II intron splicing, the ID3 subdomain - thought to be analogous to U5 snRNA - was deleted; this caused a significant reduction in the second step of splicing. The activity was restored by adding a U5 snRNA fragment in trans, thus providing further support for a group II 'introns in pieces' view of the spliceosome.
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Nature
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Hetzer, M.1
Wurzer, G.2
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Mills DA, Manias DA, McKay LL, Dunny GM. Homing of a group II intron from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ML3. J Bacteriol. 179:1997;6107-6111.
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Mills, D.A.1
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Yeo CC, Tham JM, Yap MW, Poh CL. Group II intron from Pseudomonas alcaligenes NCIB 9867 (P25X): entrapment in plasmid RP4 and sequence analysis. Microbiology. 143:1997;2833-2840.
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Martinez-Abarca F, Zekri S, Toro N. Characterization and splicing in vivo of a Sinorhizobium meliloti group II intron associated with particular insertion sequences of the IS630-Tc1/IS3 retroposon superfamily. Mol Microbiol. 28:1998;1295-1306.
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88
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of special interest. Demonstrates that the mobility of a group II intron in Lactococcus lactis - and the same intron placed in E. coli - occurs by the reversal of self-splicing. Evidence favoring intron insertion via reverse splicing include relaxed flanking exon sequence requirements, absence of marker co-conversion and independence of RecA function. This provides strong evidence for the veracity of group II reverse-splicing as a mechanism for intron insertion.
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Cousineau B, Smith D, Lawrence-Cavanagh S, Mueller JE, Yang J, Mills D, Manias D, Dunny G, Lambowitz AM, Belfort M. Retrohoming of a bacterial group II intron: mobility via complete reverse splicing, independent of homologous DNA. of special interest Cell. 94:1998;451-462 Demonstrates that the mobility of a group II intron in Lactococcus lactis - and the same intron placed in E. coli - occurs by the reversal of self-splicing. Evidence favoring intron insertion via reverse splicing include relaxed flanking exon sequence requirements, absence of marker co-conversion and independence of RecA function. This provides strong evidence for the veracity of group II reverse-splicing as a mechanism for intron insertion.
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Cell
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Cousineau, B.1
Smith, D.2
Lawrence-Cavanagh, S.3
Mueller, J.E.4
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Dunny, G.8
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You are what you eat: A gene transfer ratchet could account for bacterial genes in eukaryotic nuclear genomes
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Eskes R, Yang J, Lambowitz AM, Perlman PS. Mobility of yeast mitochondrial group II introns: engineering a new site specificity and retrohoming via full reverse splicing. Cell. 88:1997;865-874.
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Introns-early: Slipping lately?
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of special interest. A recent review starting from a decidedly IE perspective with its main focus on intron evolution in globins. After summarizing recent papers, most of which clearly support the IL theory, the author suggests that IE and IL views are not mutually exclusive. He claims that with introns being gained and lost, "truly primoridal introns" would be very difficult to identify.
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Trotman CN. Introns-early: slipping lately? of special interest Trends Genet. 14:1998;132-134 A recent review starting from a decidedly IE perspective with its main focus on intron evolution in globins. After summarizing recent papers, most of which clearly support the IL theory, the author suggests that IE and IL views are not mutually exclusive. He claims that with introns being gained and lost, "truly primoridal introns" would be very difficult to identify.
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(1998)
Trends Genet
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Trotman, C.N.1
|