Neurobiology of stroke

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 42, Issue , 1998, Pages 55-101

  Dalton Dietrich, W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLASSIFICATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE MODEL; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; NEUROBIOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; CLINICAL TRIALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; NEUROBIOLOGY; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0031613325     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (283)

1. Abbott, R. D., Yin, Y., Reed, D. M., and Yano, R. (1986). Risk of stroke in male cigarette smokers. New Engl. J. Med. 315, 717-720.
2. Adams, H. P., Brott, T. G., Furlan, A. J., et al. (1996). Guidelines for thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke: A supplement to the guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemia stroke. A statement for Healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke'2.1, 1711-1718.
3. Alexis, N. E., Dietrich, W. D., Green, E. J., Prado, R., and Watson, B. D. (1995). Non-occlusive common carotid artery thrombosis (CCAT) in the rat results in reversible sensorimotor and cognitive behavioral deficits. Stroke 26, 2338-2346.
4. American Heart Association (1991). 1991 Heart and Stroke Facts." Dallas, TX.
5. American Nimodipine Study Group (1992). Clinical trial of nimodipine in acute ischémie stroke. Stroke 23, 3-8.
6. Anderson, G. L., and Whisnant, J. P. (1982). A comparison of trends in mortality from stroke in the United States and Rochester, Minnesota. Stroke 13, 804.
7. Andine, P., Otwar, O., Jacobson, I., Sandberg, M., and Hagberg, H. (1991). Changes in extracellular amino acids and spontaneous neuronal activity during ischemia and extended reflow in the CA1 of the rat hippocampus. J Neurochem. 57, 222-239.
8. Argentine, C., Sacchejtti, M. L., Toni, D., et al. (1989). GM1 ganglioside therapy in acute ischémie stroke. Stroke W, 1143-1149.
9. Astrup, J., Symon, L., Branston, N. M., and Lassen, N. (1977). Cortical evoked potential and extracellular Kand H' at critical levels of brain ischemia. Stroke 8, 51-57.
10. Astrup, J., Siesjo, B. K., and Symon, L. (1981). Thresholds in cerebral ischemia-The ischemic penumbra. Stroke 12, 723-725.
11. Auer, R. (1993). Calcium channel antagonists in cerebral ischemia: A review. Drugs Dev. 2, 307-317.
12. Azzimondi, G., Bassein, L., Nonino, F., et al. (1995). Fever in acute stroke worsens prognosis: A prospective study. Stroke 26, 2040-2043.
13. Back, T., Ginsberg, M. D., Dietrich, W. D., and Watson, B. D. (1996). Induction of spreading depression in the ischémie hemisphere of experimental stroke. I Effect on infarct morphology. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 202-213.
14. Baena, R. C., Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M.Y.-T., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1997). Hyperthermia delayed by 24 hours aggravates neuronal damage in rat hippocampus following global ischemia. Neurology 48, 768-773.
15. Baird, A. (1994). Fibroblast growth factors: Activities and significance of nonneurotrophin neurotrophic growth factors. Can: Opin. Neurobiol. 4, 78-86.
16. Baker, A. J., Zornow, M. H., Grafe, M. R., Scheller, M. S., Skilling, S. R., Smullin, D. H., and Larson, A. A. (1991). Hypothermia prevents ischemia-induced increases in hippocampal glycine concentrations in rabbits. Stroke 22, 666-673.
17. Bartus, R. T., Baker, K. L., Heiser, A. D., Sawyer, S. D., Dean, R. L., Elliot, P. J., and Sträub, J. A. (1994). Postischemic administration of AK275, a calpain inhibitor, provides substantial protection against focal ischémie brain damage./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 537-544.
18. Bassi, S., Albizati, M. G., Shachi, M., Frattola, L., and Massarotti, M. (1984). Double-blind evaluation of monoganglioside (GM1) therapy in stroke. J. Neurosci. Res. 12, 493-498.
19. Battistin, L., Cesari, A., Galligioni, F., Marin, G., Massarotti, M., Paccagnella, D., Pellegrini, A., Testa, G., and Tonin, P. (1985). Effects of GM1 ganglioside in cerebrovascular diseases: A double-blind trial in 40 cases. Eur. Neurol. 24, 343-351.
20. Beck, T., Lindholm, D., Castren, E., and Wree, A. (1994). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects against ischémie cell damage in rat hippocampus. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 689-692.
21. Belayev, L., Alonso, O. F., Busto, R., Zhao, W., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1996a). Middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat by intraluminal suture. Stroke'2.1, 1616-1623.
22. Belayev, L., Ginsberg, M. D., Alonso, O. F., Singer, J. T., Zhao, W., and Busto, R. (1996b). Bilateral ischémie tolerance of rat hippocampus induced by prior unilateral transient focal ischemia: Relationship of c-fos mRMA expression. XeuroReport 8, 55-59.
23. Benveniste, H., Drejer,J., Schousboe, A., and Diemer, N. H. (1984). Elevation of the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis. J. Neurochem. 43, 1369-1374.
24. Benveniste, H. (1991). The excitotoxic hypothesis in relation to cerebral ischemia. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 3, 213-245.
25. Betz, L., Yang, G.-Y., and Davidson, B. L. (1995). Attenuation of stroke size in rats using an adenoviral vector induces overexpression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 547-551.
26. Betz, L., and Dietrich, W. D. (l997). The blood-brain barrier in cerebral ischemia. In Cerebrovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management" (M. D. Ginsberg and J. Bogousslavky, eds.) Backwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge, MA (in press).
27. Blard,J. M., Vastene, M., Labauge, R., et al. (1992). Hemorrhage of the brain after therapeutic fibrinolysis. Eleven cases. Rev. Neural. (Paris) 148, 256-261.
28. Boast, C. A., Gerhardt, S. C., Pastor, G., Lehmann, J., Etienne, P. E., and Liebman, J. M. (1988). The ALmethyl-D-aspartate antagonists CGS 19755 and CPP reduce ischémie brain damage in gerbils. Brain Res. 442, 345-348.
29. Bonita, R., Steward, A., and Beaglehole, R. (1990). International trends in stroke mortality. Stroke 21, 989-992.
30. Bowes, M. P., Zivin, J. A., and Rothlein, R. (1993). Monoclonal antibody to the ICAM-1 adhesion site reduces neurological damage in a rabbit cerebral embolism model. Exp. Neurol. 119, 215-219.
31. Brandstater, M. E. (1990). An overview of stroke rehabilitation. Stroke (Suppl.) 21, II-40-II-42.
32. Brott, T. G., Haley, E. C., Levy, D. E., Barsan, W., Broderick, J., Sheppard, G. L., Spilker, J., Kongable, G. L., Massey, S., Reed, R., and Marier, J. R. (1992). Urgent therapy for strokes. I: Pilot study of tissue plasminogen activator administered within 90 min. Stroke 23, 632-640.
33. Buchan, A. D. (1990). Do NMDA antagonists protect against cerebral ischemia: Are clinical trials warranted? Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 2, 1-26.
34. Buchan, A., and Pulsinelli, W. A. (1990). Hypothermia but not the ALmethyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK-801 attenuates neuronal damage in gerbils subjected to transient global ischemia./ Neurosd. 10, 311-316.
35. Buja, L. M., Eigenbrodt, M. L., and Eigenbrodt, E. H. (1993). Apoptosis and necrosis: Basic types and mechanisms of cell death. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 117, 1208-1214.
36. Bullock, R., Zauner, A., Woodward, J., and Young, H. F. (1995). Massive persistent release of excitatory amino acids following human occlusive stroke. Stroke 26, 2187-2189.
37. Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M. Y.-T., Valdes, I., Scheinberg, P., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1987). Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischémie neuronal injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 7, 729-738.
38. Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M. Y.-T., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1989a). Postischemic moderate hypothermia inhibits CA1 hippocampal ischémie neuronal injury. Neurosd. Lett. 101, 299-304.
39. Busto, R., Globus, M. Y.-T., Dietrich, W. D., Martinez, E., Valdes, L, and Ginsberg, M. D. (1989b). Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain. Stroke 20, 904-910.
40. Camargo, C. A. (1989). Moderate alcohol consumption and stroke. The epidemiological evidence. Stroke 20, 1611-1617.
41. Camarata, P. J., Heros, R. C., and Latchaw, R. E. (1994). "Brain attack": The rationale for treating stroke as a medical emergency. Neurosurgery 34, 144-158.
42. Caplan, L. P., Gorelick, P. B., and Hier, D. B. (1986). Race, sex and occlusive cerebrovascular disease: A review. Stroke 17, 648-655.
43. Carolei, A., Fieschi, C., Bruno, R., and Toffano, G. (1991). Monosialoganglioside GM1 in cerebral ischemia. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 3, 134-157.
44. Cerebral Embolism Task Force (1986). Cardiogenic brain embolism. Arch. Neural. 43, 71-84.
45. Chan, P. H., Schmidley, J. W., Fishman, R. A., and Longar, S. M. (1984). Brain injury, edema, and vascular permeability changes induced by oxygen-derived free radicals. Neurology 34, 315-320.
46. Chan, P. (1994). Oxygen radicals in focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Pathol. 4, 59-65.
47. Charriaut-Mariangue, C., and Ben-Ari, Y. (1995). A cautionary note on the use of TUNEL stain to determine apoptosis. Neuroreport 7, 61-64.
48. Chen, H., Chopp, M., and Welch, K. M. A. (1991). Effect of mild hyperthermia on the ischemic infarct volume after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Neurology 41, 1133-1135.
49. Chen, H., Chopp, M., Zhang, R. L., et al. (1994). Anti-CDllb monoclonal antibody reduces ischémie cell damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat. Ann. Neural. 35, 458-463.
50. Choi, D. W. (1990). Methods for antagonizing glutamate toxicity. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 2, 105-1437.
51. Choi, D. W., and Rothman, S. M. (1990). The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxicischemic neuronal death. Ann Rev. Neurosd. 13, 171-182.
52. Chopp, M., Li, Y., Zhang, Z. G., and Freytag, S. O. (1992). p53 Expression in brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 182, 1201-1207.
53. Chopp, M., Zhang, R. L., Chen, H., Li, Y, Jiang, N., and Rusche, J. R. (1994). Postischemic administration of an anti-mac-1 antibody reduces ischémie cell damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke 25, 869-876.
54. Clifton, G. L., Alien, S., Barrodale, P., Plenger, P., Bern-, J., Koch, S., Fletcher, J., Hayes, R. L., and Choi, S. C. (1993). A phase II study of moderate hypothermia in severe brain injury./ Neurotrauma 10, 263-273.
55. Colbourne, F., and Corbett, D. (1994). Delayed and prolonged post-ischemic hypothermia is neuroprotective in the gerbil. Brain Res. 654, 267-272.
56. Corbett, D., Evans, S., Thomas, C., Want, D., andjonas, R. A. (1990). MK-801 reduced cerebral ischémie injury by inducing hypothermia. Brain Res. 515, 300-304.
57. Coudere, R., Mahieuz, F., Bailleul, S., Fenelon, G., Mary, R., and Fermanian, J. (1993).
58. Prevalence of apolipoprotein E phenotype in ischemic cerebrovascular disease: A casecontrol study. Stroke 24, 661-664.
59. Coyle, P. (1986). Different susceptibilities to cerebral infarction in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Stroke 17, 520-525.
60. Davalos, A., Castillo,J., Serena, J., and Noya, M. (1997). Duration of glutamate release after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 28, 708-710.
61. Davis, S. M., for the ASSIST Collaborative Group (1997). Acute stroke studies involving selfotel treatment (ASSIST). Stroke 28, 271 (Abstr. 208).
62. del Zoppo, G. J., Ferberst, A., Otis, S., Bruckmann, H., Hacke, W., Zyroff, J., Harker, L. A., and Zeumer, H. (1988). Local intra-arterial fibrinolytic therapy in acute carotid territory stroke: A pilot study. Stroke 19, 307-313.
63. del Zoppo, G. J. (1995). Acute stroke: On the threshold of a therapy? New Kngl. J. Med. 333, 1632-1633.
64. del Zoppo, G. J., Hamann, G., Fitridge, R., and Okada, Y. (1995). Thrombolytic therapy. In "Stroke Therapy" (M. Fisher, éd.), pp. 291-313. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.
65. Dempsey, R.J., Carney, J. M., and Kindy, M. S. (1991). Modulation of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA following transient ischemia in the gerbil brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, 979-985.
66. Dennis, M., Bamford, J., Sandercock, P., and Warlow., C. (1990). Prognosis of transient ischémie attacks in the Oxfordshire Community Stroke project. Stroke 21, 848-853.
67. DeRyck, M., Van Reempts, J., Duytschaever, B., Van Deuren, B., and Clincke, G. (1992). Neocortical localization of tactile and proprioceptive limb placing reactions in the rat. Brain Res. 73, 44-66
68. DeRyck, M. R., Keersmaekers, H., Duytschaever, C., Claes, G., Clincke, M., Janssen, M., and Van Reet, G. (1997). Lubeluzole protects sensorimotor function and reduces infarct size in a photochemical stroke model in rats.J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (in press).
69. Dienel, G. A. (1984). Regional accumulation of calcium in postischemic rat brain.J. Neurochem. 43, 913-925.
70. Diener, H. C., Kaste, M., Hacke, P., Koudstaal, P., Hennerici, M., Wessel, T., and Hantson, L., for the LUB-INT-5 Study Group (1997). Lubeluzole in acute ischémie stroke. Stroke 28, 207 (Abstr. 206).
71. Dietrich, W. D., Ginsberg, M. D., Busto, R., and Watson, B. D. (1986a). Photochemically induced cortical infarction in the rat. I. Time course of hemodynamic consequences. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 6, 184-194.
72. Dietrich, W. D., Ginsberg, M. D., Busto, R., and Watson, B. D. (1986b). Photochemically induced cortical infarction in the rat. II. Acute and subacute alterations in local glucose utilization./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 6, 195-202.
73. Dietrich, W. D., Watson, B. D., Busto, R., Bethea, J. R., Scheinberg, P., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1987a). Photochemically induced cerebral infarction: I. Early microvascular alterations. Ada Neuropathol 72, 326-334.
74. Dietrich, M. D., Busto, R., Yoshida, S., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1987b). Histopathological and hemodynamic consequences of complete versus incomplete ischemia in the rat. J Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 7, 300-308.
75. Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1989a). Effect of the serotonin antagonist ketanserin on the hemodynamic and morphological consequences of thrombotic infarction.J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9, 812-820.
76. Dietrich, W. D., Nakayama, H., Watson, B. D., and Kanemitsu, H. (1989b). Morphological consequences of acute reperfusion following thrombotic or mechanical occlusion of the rat middle cerebral artery. Ada Neuropathol. 78, 605-614.
77. Dietrich, W. D., Watson, B. D., Busto, R., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1989c). Metabolie plasticity in adult rats. In "Fifeenth Research (Princeton) Conference on Cerebrovascular Diseases" (M. Raichle and W. J. Powers, eds.), pp. 285-295. Raven Press, New York.
78. Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R., Valdes, L, and Loor, Y. (1990). Effects of normothermic versus mild hyperthermic forebrain ischemia in rats. Stroke 21, 1318-1325.
79. Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R., Alonso, O., Globus, M. Y.-T., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1993a). Intraischemic but not postischemic brain hypothermia protects chronically following global forebrain ischemia in rats./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 541-549.
80. Dietrich, W. D., Dwanjee, S., Prado, R., Watson, B. D., and Dewanjee, M. K. (1993b). Transient platelet accumulation in the rat brain after common carotid artery thrombosis: An '"Inlabeled platelet study. Stroked, 1534-1540.
81. Dietrich, W. D., Prado, R., Halley, M., and Watson, B. D. (1993e). Microvascular and neuronal consequences of common carotid artery thrombosis and platelet embolization in rats. / Neuropathol. Exp. Neural. 52, 351-360.
82. Dietrich, W. D., Feng, Z. C., Leistra, H., Watson, B. D., and Rosenthal, M. (1994a). Photothrombotic infarction triggers multiple episodes of cortcial spreading depression in distant brain regions. / Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 20-28
83. Dietrich, W. D., Prado, R., and Watson, B. D., (1994b). Pathway-dependent therapeutic windows for mitigating the pathophysiology of thromboembolic stroke. In "Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia" (J. Krieglstein and H. Oberpichler-Schwenk, eds.), pp. 565-574. Medpharm Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany.
84. Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R., Globus, M. Y.-T., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1995a). Brain damage and temperature: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. In "Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Ischémie Brain Damage" (B. K. Siesjo and T. Wieloch, eds.), pp. 177-197. Raven Press, New York.
85. Dietrich, W. D., Lin, B., Globus, M. Y.-T., Green, E.J., Ginsberg, M. D., and Busto, R. (1995b). Effect of delayed MK-801 (Dizocilpine) treatment with or without immediate postischemic hypothermia on chronic neuronal survival after global forebrain ischemia in rats. J. Cereb. Blood How Metab. 15, 960-968.
86. Dietrich, W. D., Prado, R., Pravia, C., Garcia, I., Ginsberg, M. D., and Watson, B. D. (1995c). Transient hypotension after non-occlusive common carotid arten thrombosis exacerbates cerebral injury in rats. Soc. Neurosd. Abstr. 21, 226.
87. Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R., Globus, M. Y.-T., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1996). Brain damage and temperature: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. In "Advances in Neurology. Vol 71. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Ischémie Brain Damage" (B. K. Siesjo and T. Wieloch, eds.), pp. 177-194. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia.
88. Dobbin, J., Crockard, H. A., and Ross-Russell, R. (1989). Transient blood-brain barrier permeability following profound temporary global ischemia. An experimental study using CAIB. J Oreb. Blood Flow Metab. 9, 71-78.
89. Donnan, G. A., Davis, S. M., Chambers, B. R., Gates, P. C., Hankev, G. J., McNeil, J. f., Rosen, D., Stewart-Wynne, E. G., and Tuck, R. R. (1995). Trials of streptokinase in severe acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 345, 578-579.
90. Doran, S. E., Ren, X. D., BetJ., A. L., Pagel, M. A., Neuwelt, E. A., Rosessler, B. J., and Davidson, B. L. (1995). Gene expression from recombinant viral vectors in the central nervous system after blood-brain barrier disruption. Neurosurgery 36, 965-970.
91. Du, C., Mu, R., Csernansky, C. A., Hsu, C. Y, and Choi, D. W. (1996). Very delayed infarction after focal cerebral ischemia: A role for apoptosis? J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 195-201.
92. Dunbabin, D. W., and Sandercock, P. A. G. (1990). Preventing stroke by modification of risk factors. Stroke 21 (Suppl. IV), IV-36-IV-39.
93. Faraci, F. M., and Brian, J. E. (1994). Nitric oxide and the cerebral circulation. Stroke 25, 692-703.
94. Feeney, D. M., and Baron, J.-C. (1986). Diaschisis. Stroke 17, 817-830.
95. Feuerstein, G. Z., l.iu, T., and Baron, F. C. (1995). Cytokines, inflammation, and brain injury: Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rni. 6, 341-360.
96. Feuerstein, G. Z., Wang, X., Lue. T.-L., and Barone, F. C. (1996). Inflammatory cytokines and stroke: Emerging new strategies for stroke therapeutics. In "Nineteenth Princeton Stroke Conference" (M. A. Moskowit/ and L. R. Caplan, eds.), pp. 75-91. ButtenvorthHeinemann, Boston.
97. Fisher, M. (1994). Cerestat (CNS 1102), a non-competitive NMDA antagonist in ischémie stroke patients: Dose escalating safety study. Cerebrovasr. Dis. 4, 245.
98. Fisher, M., Meadows, M.-E., Do, T., Weise, J., Trubetskoy, V., Charette, M., and Finklestein, S. P. (1995). Delayed treatment with intravenous basic fibroblast growth factor reduces infarct si/e following permanent focal ischemia in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 953-959.
99. Futrell. N., Millikan, C., Watson, B. D., Dietrich, W. D., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1989). Embolie stroke from a carotic arterial source in the rat: Pathologv and clinical implications. Neurology 39, 1050-1056.
100. Garcia, J. H. (1992). The evolution of brain infarcts. A review. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 51, 387-393.
101. Gass, P., Spranger, M., and Kiessling, M. (1993). Induction of early response genes after focal ischemia. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 3, 74-79.
102. avrielli, Y., Sherman, Y., and Ben-Sasson, S. A. (1992). Identification of programmed cell death in situ specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation.J. Cell Biol. 119, 493-501.
103. Gelmers, H. F., Gorter, K., de Weerdt, C. J., and Wiezer, H. J. A. (1988). A controlled study of nimodipine in acute ischémie stroke. New Engl. J. Med. 318, 203-207.
104. Gent, M., Blakely, J. A., Easton, J. A., et al. (1989). The Canadian-American Ticlopidine Study (CATS) in thromboembolic stroke: Results of a North American randomized trial. Lancet 1, 1215-1220.
105. Gill, R., Foster, A. C., and Woodruff, G. N. (1988). MK-801 is neuroprotective in gerbils when administered during the postischemic period. Neurostience 25, 847-855.
106. Gill, R., Andine, P., Hillered, L., Persson, L., and Hagberg, H. (1992). The effect of MK-801 on cortical spreading depression in the penumbral zone following focal ischemia in the rat./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 371-379.
107. Ginsberg, M. D., and Busto, R. (1989). Progress review: Rodent models of cerebral ischemia. Stroked, 1627-1642.
108. Ginsberg, M. D., Globus, M. Y.-T., Busto, R., and Dietrich, W. D. (1990). The potential of combination pharmacotherapy in cerebral ischemia. In "Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia" (J. Krieglstein and H. Oberpichler, eds.), pp. 499-510. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, Germany.
109. Ginsberg, M. D., Sternau, L. L., Globus, M. Y.-T., Dietrich, W. D., and Busto, R. (1992).
110. Therapeutic modulation of brain temperature: Relevance to ischémie brain injury. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 4, 189-225.
111. Ginsberg, M. D., and Pulsinelli, W. A. (1994). Editorial: The ischémie penumbra, injury thresholds, and the therapeutic window for acute stroke. Ann. Neurol. 36, 553-554.
112. Ginsberg, M. D. ( 1995a). Neuroprotection in brain ischemia: An update (Parti). TheNeuroscientist 1, 95-103.
113. Ginsberg, M. D. (1995b). Neuroprotection in brain ischemia: An update (Part II). TheNeuroscientist 1, 164-175.
114. Ginsberg, M. D. (1996). The validity of rodent brain-ischemia models is self-evident. Arch. Neurol. 53, 1063-1066.
115. Giulian, D., and Robertson, C. (1990). Inhibition of mononuclear phagocytes reduces ischémie injury in the spinal cord. Ann. Neurol. 27, 33-42.
116. Glazier, S. S., O'Rourke, D. M., Graham, D. I., and Welsh, F. A. (1994). Induction of ischémic tolerance following brief focal ischemia in rat brain./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 545-553.
117. Globus, M. Y.-T., Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Martinez, E., Valdes, L, and Ginsberg, M. D. (1988). Effect of ischemia on the in vivo release of striatal dopamine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid studied by intracerebral microdialysis. / Neurochem. 51, 1455-1464.
118. Globus, M. Y.-T., Busto, R., Lin, B., Schnippering, H., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1995). Detection of free radical activity during transient global ischemia and recirculation: Effects of intraischemia brain temperature modulation./ Neurochem. 65, 1250-1256.
119. Goodman, S. R., and Zagon, I. S. (1986). The neural cell spectrin skeleton: A review. Am. J. Physiol. 250, C347-C360.
120. Gorelick, P. B. (1989). The status of alcohol as a risk factor for stroke. Stroke 20, 1607-1610.
121. Gorelick, P. B. (1993). Distribution of occlusive cerebrovascular lesions: Effects of age, race and sex. Stroke (Suppl. I), I-16-I-19.
122. Gorelick, P. B. (1995). Epidemiology and trials. In "Brain Ischemia and Clinical Relevance" (L. R. Caplan, ed.), pp 343-353. Springer-Verlag, London.
123. Gotoh, O., Mohamed, A., McCulloch, J., Graham, D., Harper, A., and Teasedale, G. (1986). Nimodipine and the haemodynamic and histopathologic consequences of middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 6, 321-331.
124. Grotta, J., Hantson, L., and Wessel, T., for the LUB-INT-9 Lubeluzole Study Group (1997). The efficacy and safety of lubeluzole in patients with acute ischémie stroke. Stroke 28, 271 (Abstr. 205).
125. Hall, E. D., McCall, J. M., and Means, E. D. (1994). Therapeutic potential of the lazaroids (21-aminosteroids) in acute central nervous system trauma, ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Adv. Pharmacol. 28, 221-267.
126. Hallenbeck, J. M., Dutka, A. J., Tanishima, T., Kochanek, P. M., Kumaroo, K. K., Thompson, C. B., Obrenovitch, T. P., and Contreras, T. J. (1986). Polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in brain regions with low blood flow during the early postischemic period. Stroke 17, 246-253.
127. Hallenbeck, J. M., and Dutka, A. J. (1990). Background review and current concepts of reperfusion injury. Arch. Neural. 47, 1245-1254.
128. Hartl, R., Schurer, L., Schmid-Schonbein, G. W., and del Zoppo, G. J. (1996). Experimental antileukocyte interventions in cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 1108-1119.
129. Hass, W. K., Easton,J. D., Adams, H. P., et al. (1989). A randomized trial comparing ticlopidine hydrochloride with aspirin for prevention of stroke in high-risk patients. New Kngl. J. Med. 321, 501-507.
130. Heistad, D. D., and Faraci, F. M. (1996). Gene therapy for cerebral vascular disease. Stroke 27, 1688-1693.
131. Hendricks, H. H. L., Rao, G. R., Safar, P., and Gisvold, S. E. (1984). Asphyxia cardiac arrest and resuscitation in rats. I. Short term recovery. Resuscitation 12, 96-116.
132. Hennekens, C. H., Peto, R., Hutchison, G. B., and Doll, R. (1988). An overview of the British and American aspirin studies. Neiv Engl. J. Med. 318, 923-926.
133. Herold, S., Brown, M. M., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Mansfield, A. O., Thomas, D. J., and Marshall, J. (1988). Assessment of cerebral haemodynamic reserve: Correlation between PET parameters and CCX reactivity measured by the intravenous 133-xenon injection technique. J. Neural. 51, 1045-1050.
134. Heron, A., Pollard, H., Dessi, F., Moreau, D., Lasbennes, F., Ben-Ari, Y., and CharriautMarlangue, C. (1993). Regional variability in DNA fragmentation after global ischemia evidence by combined histological and gel electrophoresis observations in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 61, 1973-1976.
135. Hindfelt, B. (1976). The prognostic significance of subfebrility and fever in ischémie cerebral infarction. Acta Neural. Scand. 53, 72-79.
136. Hong, S.-C., Goto, Y., Lanzino, G., Soleau, S., Kassell, N. F., and Lee, K. S. (1994). Neuroprotection with a calpain inhibitor in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 35, 663-669.
137. Hossmann, K.-A. (1994). Mechanisms of ischémie injury: Is glutamate involved? In "Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia" (J. Krieglstein and H. Oberpichler-Schwenk, eds.), pp 239-251. Medpharm Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany.
138. Huang, Z., Huang, P. L., Panahian, N., Dalkara, T., Fishman, M. C., and Moskowitz, M. A. (1994). Effects of cerebral ischemia in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Science 265, 1883-1885.
139. Huang, Z., Huang, P. I.., Ma, J., Meng, W., Ayata, C., Fishman, M. C., and Moskowitz, M. A. (1996). Enlarged infarcts in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice are attenuated by nitro-i-arginine. / Cereb. Blood How Metab. 16, 981-987.
140. Hurwitz, B. E., Dietrich, W. D., McCabe, P. M., Watson, B. D., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1990). Sensory-motor deficit and recovery from thrombotic infarction of the vibrissal barrel-field cortex. Brain Res. 512, 210-220.
141. Iijima, T., Miles, G., and Hossmann, K.-A. (1992). Repeated negative DC deflections in rat cortex following middle cerebral artery occlusion are abolished by MK-801: Effect on volume of ischémie injury, y. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 727-733.
142. Isner, J. M., Pieczek, A., Schainfeld, R., Blair, R., Haley, L., Asahara, T., Rosenfield, K., Razvi, S., Walsh, K., and Symes.J. F. (1996). Clinical evidence of angiogenesis after arterial gene transfer of phVEGF1K in patient with ischaemic limb. Lancet 348, 370-374.
143. Ito, U., Ohno, R., Nakamura, F., Suganuma, F., and Inaba, Y. (1979). Brain edema during ischemia and after restoration of blood flow. Stroke 10, 542-547.
144. Jones, T. H., Morawetz, R. B., Crowell, R. M., Marcoux, F. W., Fitzgibbon, S. J., DeGirolami, U., and Ojemann, R. B. (1981). Thresholds of focal cerebral ischemia in awake monkeys. J. Neurosurg. 29, 657-665.
145. Kannel, W. B., Wolf, P. A., McGee, D. L., et al. (1981). Systolic blood pressure, arterial rigidity and risk of stroke: The Framingham study./ Am. Med. Assoc. 245, 1225-1229.
146. Kato, H., Liu, Y., Araki, T., and Kogure, K. (1991). Temporal profile of the effects of pretreatment with brief cerebral ischemia on the neuronal damage following secondary ischémie insult in the gerbil: cumulative damage and protective effects. Brain Res. 553, 238-242.
147. Katz, L., Vaagenes, P., Safar, P., and Diven, W. (1989). Brain enzyme changes as markers of brain damage in rat cardiac arrest model. Effects of corticosteroid therapy. Resuscitation 17, 39-53.
148. Katz, L., Ebmeyer, U., Safar, P., Radovsky, A., and Neumar, R. (1995). Outcome model of asphyxiai cardiac arrest in rats./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 1032-1039.
149. Kawai, K., Nitecka, L., Ruetzler, C. A., et al. (1992). Global cerebral ischemia associated with cardiac arrest in the rat: I. Dynamics of early neuronal changes./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 238-249.
150. Kawamata, T., Schauert, T. J., Dietrich, W. D., Benowitz, L. L, Gotts, J. E., Cocke, R. R., and Finklestein, S. P. (1997). Intracisternal basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) enhances functional recovery and upregulates the expression of a molecular marker of neuronal sprouting following focal cerebral infarction. Stroke 28, 250.
151. Kerr, J. F. R., and Harman, B. V. (1991). Definition and incidence of apoptosis: An historical perspective. In "Apoptosis-The Molecular Basis of Cell Death" (L. D. Tomei and F. O. Cope, eds.), pp. 5-29. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Kim, Y., Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Kraydieh, S., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1996). Delayed postischemic hyperthermia in awake rats worsens the histopathological outcome of transient focal ischemia. Stroke 27, 2274-2281.
152. Kinouchi, H., Mizui, T., Carlson, E., Epstein, C. J., and Chan, P. M. (1991). Focal cerebral ischemia and the antioxidant system in transgenic mice over-expressing CuZn-superoxide dismutase./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 21 (Suppl. 2), S423.
153. Kirino, T., Tsujita, Y, and Tamura, A. (1991). Induced tolerance to ischemia in gerbil hippocampal neurons./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11, 299-307.
154. Kitagawa, K., Matsumoto, M., Tagaya, M., Hata, R., Ueda, H., Niinobe, M., Handa, N., Fukunaga, R., Kimura, K., and Mikoshiba, K. (1990). "Ischémie tolerance" phenomenon found in the brain. Brain Res. 528, 21-24.
155. Knusel, B., Winslow, J. W., Rosenthal, A., et al. (1991). Promotion of central cholinergic and dopaminergic neuron differentiation by brain-derived neurotrophic factor but not neurotrophin 3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sä. USA 88, 961-965.
156. Kobayashi, S., Harris, V. A., and Welsh, F. A. (1995). Spreading depression induces tolerance of cortical neurons to ischemia in rat brain./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 721-727.
157. Kochanek, P. M., and Hallenbeck, J. M. (1992). Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and stroke. Stroke 23, 1367-1379.
158. Koizumi, J., Yoshida, Y., Nakazawa, T., and Ooneda, G. (1986). Experimental studies of ischémie brain edema. I: A new experimental model of cerebral embolism in rats in which recirculation can be introduced in the ischémie area. Jpn. J. Stroke 8, 1-8.
159. Koketsu, N., Berlove, D. J., Moskowitz, M. A., Kowall, N. W., Caday, C. G., and Finkelstein, S. P. (1994). Pretreatment with intraventricular basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) decreases infarct size following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Ann. Neural. 35, 451-475.
160. Kontos, H. A. (1989). Oxygen radicals in CNS injury. Chem. Biol. Interact. 72, 229-255.
161. Koudstaal, P.J., Stibbe,J., and Vermelen, M. (1988). Fatal ischaemic brain oedema after early thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activation in acute stroke. Br. Med.J. 297, 1571-1574.
162. Krause, G. S., White, B. C., Aust, S. D., Nayini, N. R., and Kumar, K. (1988). Brain cell death following ischemia and reperfusion: A proposed biochemical sequence. Crit. Care Med. 16, 714-726.
163. Kuluz, J. W., Prado, R., Dietrich, W. D., Schleien, C. L., and Watson, B. D. (1993). The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on infarct volume after reversible focal cerebral ischemia in conscious rats. Stroke 24, 2023-2029.
164. Kunitz, S., Gross, C. R., Heyman, A., et al. (1984). The pilot stroke data bank: Definition, design, data. Stroke 15, 740-745.
165. Kurtzke, J. F. (1985). Epidemiology of cerebrovascular disease. In "Cerebrovascular Survey Report" (F. McDowell and L. R. Caplan, eds.), pp. 1-34. The National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke.
166. Kuusisto,J., Mykkanen, L., Kervinen, K., Kesaniemi, Y. A., and Laakso, M. (1995). Apolipoprotein E4 phenotype is not an important factor for coronary heart diesase or stroke in elderly subjects. Arterioscler. Thrornb. Vase. Biol. 15, 1280-1286.
167. Lancaster, J. R., Jr. (1992). Nitric oxide in cells. Am. Scientist SO, 248-259.
168. Leach, M. J., Swan, J. H., Eisenthal, D., Dopson, M., and Nobbs, M. (1993). BW619C89, a glutamate release inhibitor, protects against focal cerebral ischémie damage. Stroke 24, 1063-1067.
169. Lenzi, G. L., Grigoletto, F., Gent, M., Roberts, R. S., Tech, M., Walker, M. D., Easton, J. D., Garolei, A., Dorsey, F. C., Rocca, W. A., Bruno, R., Patarnello, F., Fieschi, G., and the Early Stroke Group (1994). Early treatment of stroke with monosialoganglioside GM-1. Efficacy and safety results of the Early Stroke Trial. Stroke 25, 1552-1558.
170. Leonov, Y, Sterz, F., Safar, P., and Radovsky, A. (1990). Moderate hypothermia after cardiac arrest of 17 minutes in dogs. Stroke 21, 1600-1606.
171. Li, Y, Sharov, V. G., Jiang, N., Zaloga, C., Sabbah, H. N., and Ghopp, M. (1995). Ultrastructural and light microscopic evidence of apoptosis after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat. Arn.J. Pathol. 146, 1045-1051.
172. Linnik, M. D., Zobrist, R. H., and Hatfield, M. D. (1993). Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 24, 2003-2009.
173. Liu, T. H., Beckman, J. S., Freeman, B. A., Hogan, E. L., and Hsu, C. Y (1989). Polyethylene glycol-conjugated Superoxide dismutase and catalase reduce ischémie brain injury. Am. J. Physiol. 256, H589-H593.
174. Loddick, S. A., and Rothwell, N.J. (1996). Neuroprotective effects of human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in focal cerebral ischemia in the rat./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 932-940.
175. Longstreth, W. T., andSwanson, P. D. (1984). Oral contraceptive and stroke. Stroke 15,747-750.
176. MacManus, J. P., Buchan, A. M., Hill, I. E., Rasquinha, I., and Preston, E. (1993). Global ischemia can cause DNA fragmentation indicative of apoptosis in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 164, 89-92.
177. MacManus, J. P., Hill, I. E., Preston, E., Rasquinha, L, Walker, T., and Buchan, A. M. (1995). Differences in DNA fragmentation following transient cerebral or decapitation ischemia in rats./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 728-737.
178. Maestre, G., Ottman, R., Stern, T., et al. (1995). Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease: Ethnie variation in genotype risks. Ann. Neural. 37, 254-259.
179. Marion, D. W., Obrist, W. D., Carlier, P. M., Penrod, L. E., and Darby, J. M. (1993). The use of therapeutic moderate hypothermia for patients with severe head injuries: A preliminary report. J. Neurosurg. 79, 354-362.
180. Marion, D. W., Penrod, L. E., Kelsey, S. F., Obrist, W. D., Kochanek, P. M., Palmer, A. M., Wishiewski, S. R., and DeKosky, S. T. (1997). Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. New KnglJ. Med. 336, 540-546.
181. Matsuno, H., Uematsu, T., Umemura, K., Takiguchi, Y., Asai, Y., Muranaka, Y, and Nakashima, M. (1993) A simple and reproducible cerebral thrombosis model in rats induced by a photochemical reaction and the effects of a plasminogen-plasminogen activator chimera in this model. J Pharmacol Toxical. Methods'23, 165-173.
182. Mattson, M. P., and Scheff, S. W. (1994). Endogenous neuroprotection factors and traumatic brain injury: Mechanisms of action and implications for therapy. J Neurotrauma 11, 3-33.
183. Meadow, M. E., Fisher, M., and Minematsu, K. (1994). Delayed treatment with anoncompetitive NMDA antagonist, CNS 1102, reduces infarct size in rats. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 4, 26-31.
184. Meldrum, B. S., Swan, J. H., Leach, M. J., et al. (1992). Reduction of glutamate release and protection against brain damage by BW 1003C87. Brain Res. 593, 1-6.
185. Millikan, C. (1965). The pathogenesis of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Circulation 32, 438-450.
186. Millikan, C. (1992). Animal stroke models. Stroke 23, 795-797.
187. Minami, M., Yabuuchi, K., Katsumata, S., et al. (1992). Possible involvement of interleukin1/3 in neuronal cell death after transient forebrain ischemia. Soc. Neurosd. Abstr. 18, 425.
188. Minematsu, K., Fisher, M., Li, L., David, M. A., Knapp, A. G., Cotter, R. E., McBurney, R. N., and Sotak, C. H. (1993). Effects of a novel NMDA antagonist on experimental stroke rapidly and quantitatively assessed by diffusion-weighted MRI. Neurology 43, 397-403.
189. Mitani, A., and Kataoka, K. (1991). Critical levels of extracellular glutamate mediating gerbil hippocampal delayed neuronal death during hypothermia: Brain microdialysis study. Neuroscience 42, 661-670.
190. Mocchetti, I., and Wrathall, J. R. (1995). Neurotrophic factors in central nervous system trauma. J. Neurotrauma 12, 853-870.
191. Mohamed, A. A., Gotoh, O., Graham, D. L, et al. (1985). Effect of pretreatment with the calcium antagonist nimodipine on local cerebral blood flow and histopathology after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Ann. Neurol. 18, 705-711.
192. Mohr,J. P., Caplain, L. R., MelskiJ. W., et al. (1978). The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: A prospective registry of cases hospitalized with stroke. Neurology (NY) 28, 754-759.
193. Mohr, J. P., Orgogozo, J. M., Harrison, M. J. G., Wahlgren, N. G., Gelmers, J. H., MartinezVila, E., Dycka, J., and Tettenborn, D. (1994). Meta-analysis of oral nimodipine trials in acute ischémie stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 4, 197-203.
194. Moossy, J. (1985). Pathology of ischémie cerebrovascular disease. In "Neurosurgery" (R. A. Wilkens and S. S. Rengacnary, eds.), pp. 1193-1198. McGraw-Hill, New York.
195. Morikawa, E., Ginsberg, M. D., Dietrich, W. D., and Busto, R. (1991). Postischemic (S)empamil therapy ameliorates focal brain injury in rats. Stroke 22, 355-360.
196. Morikawa, E., Huang, Z., and Moskowitz, M. A. (1992). L-Arginine decreases infarct size caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. 263, H1632-H1635.
197. Morimoto, T., Ginsberg, M. D., Dietrich, W. D., and Zhao, W. (1997). Hyperthermia enhances spectrin breakdown in transient focal ischemia. Brain Res. 746, 43-51.
198. Muizelaar, J. P., Marmarou, A., Young, H. F., et al. (1993). Improving the outcome of severe head injury with the oxygen radical scavenger polyethylene glycol-conjugated Superoxide dismutase: A phase II trial. J. Neurosurg. 78, 375-382.
199. Mullane, K. M., Read, N., Salman, J. A., and Moncada, S. (1984). Role of'leukocytes in acute myocardial infarction in anesthetized dogs. Relationship to myocardial salvage by antiinflammatory drugs./ Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 228, 510-522.
200. Nakano, S., Kogure, K., and Fujikura, H. (1990). Ischemia-induced slowly progressive neuronal damage in the rat brain. Neuroscienct'38, 115-124.
201. Nakayama, H., Dietrich, W. D., Watson, B. D., Watson, B. D., Busto, R., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1988). Photothrombotic occlusion of rat middle cerebral arten': Histopathological and hemodynamic sequelae of" acute recanali/ation. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8, 357-366.
202. Negovsky, V., Gurvitch, A., and Zolotkrylina, E. S. (1983). "Postresuscitation Disease." Eisevier, Amsterdam.
203. Nellgard, B., Gustafson, I., and Wieloch, T. (1991). Eack of protection by ,Vmethyl-n-aspartate receptor blocker dizocilpine (MK-801) following transient cerebral ischemia in the rat. Anesthesiology 75, 279-287.
204. Nellgard, B., and Wieloch, T. (1992). Postischemic blockage of AMPA but not NMDA receptors mitigates neuronal damage in the rat brain following transient severe cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 2-11.
205. NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. (1995). Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemia stroke. New Kngl. J. Med. 333, 1581-1587.
206. NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group (1997a). Generalized efficacy of t-PA for acute stroke subgroup analysis of the NINDS t-PA Stroke Trial. Stroke 28, 271 (Abstr. 209).
207. NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group (1997b). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after tPA for stroke. Stroke 28, 272.
208. Nishikana, T., Kirsch, J. R., Koehler, R. C., Bredt, D. S., Synder, S. H., and Traystman, R. J. (1994). .V-Nitro-i.-arginine methyl ester attenuates caudate injury during focal ischemia in cats.J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, S154.
209. Nordstrom, C.-H., and Rehncrona, S. (1978). Reduction of cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption with a combination of barbiturate anaesthesia and induced hypothermia in the rat. Ada Anaesth. Scand. 22, 7-12.
210. Norris, J. W., Zhu, C. Z., Bornstein, N. M., and Chambers, B. R. (1991). Vascular risks of asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Stroke 22, 1485-1490.
211. Norris, J. W., LeBrun, L. H., and Anderson, B. A. (the Canwin Study Group) (1994). Intravenous nimodipine in acute ischémie stroke. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 4, 194-196.
212. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators (1991). Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. New Fngl. J. Med. 325, 445-453.
213. Nowak, T. S., and JacewicJ., M. (1994). The heat/stress response in focal ischemia. Brain Palhol. 4, 67-76.
214. Nozaki, K., Finklestein, S. P., and Béai, M. F. (1993). Basic fibroblast growth factor protects against hypoxia-ischemia and NMDA neurotoxicitv in neonatal rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 221-228.
215. Okamoto, K., Yamori, Y., and Nagaoka, A. (1974). Establishment of the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Circul. Res. 34-35 (Suppl. I), 1-143-153.
216. Olney, J. W. (1969). Glutamate-induced retinal degeneration in neonatal mice. Electron microscopy of the acutely evolving lesion. J. Neuropalhol. Fxp. Neurol. 28, 455-474.
217. Ozyurt, E., Graham, D. I., Woodruff, G. N., and McCulloch, J. (1988). Protective effect of the glutamate antagonist, MK-801, in focal cerebral ischemia in the cat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8, 138-143.
218. Paczynski, M. D., Chung, Y. H., and Diringer, M. N. (1995). Pathophysiology of ischémie injury. In "Stroke Therapy" (M. Fisher, éd.), pp. 29-64. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.
219. Park, C. K., Nehls, D. G., Graham, D. L, Teasdale, G. M., and McCulloch, J. (1988). The glutamate antagonist MK-801 reduces focal ischémie damage in the rat. Ann. Neural. 24, 543-551.
220. Pazos, A.J., Green, E.J., Orezzoli, S. L., McCabe, P. M., and Dietrich, W. D. (1995). Recovery of a vibrissae-dependent behavioral response following barrel-field damage is not dependent upon the remaining somatosensory tissue. Brain Res. 689, 224-232.
221. Perez-Pinzon, M. A., Xu, G.-P., Dietrich, W. D., Rosenthal, M., and Sick, T. J. (1997). Rapid preconditioning protects rats against ischémie neuronal damage after 3 but not 7 days of reperfusion following global cerebral ischemia./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metabol. 17, 175-182.
222. Povlishock, J. T., and Dietrich, W. D. (1992). The blood-brain barrier in brain injury an overview. In "The Role of Neurotransmitters in Brain Injury" (M. Y.-T. Globus and W. D. Dietrich, eds.), pp. 265-269. Plenum Press, New York.
223. Prado, B. D., Watson, B. D., and Wester, P (1993). Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on cerebral blood flow following bilateral carotid artery occlusion and recirculation in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 720-723.
224. Prado, R., Watson, B. D., Zhao, W., Yao, H., Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1996). L-Arginine does not improve cortical perfusion or histopathological outcome in spontaneously hypertensive rats subjected to distal middle cerebral artery photothrombotic occlusion./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 612-622.
225. Przyklenk, K., Bauer, B., Ovize, M., Kloner, R. A., and Whittaker, P. (1993). Regional ischémie preconditioning remote virgin myocardium from subsequent sustained occlusion. Circulation 87, 893-899.
226. Pulsinelli, W. A., and Brierley, J. B. (1979). A new model of bilateral hemispheric ischemia in the unanesthetized rat. Stroke 10, 267-272.
227. Pulsinelli, W. A., Briefly, J. B., and Plum, F. (1982). Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischemia. Ann. Neural. 11, 491-498.
228. Pulsinelli, W. A., and Jacewicz, M. (1992). Animal models of brain ischemia. In "Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management" (H. J. M. Barnett,J. P. Mohr, B. M. Stein, and F. M. Yatsu, eds.), pp. 49-67. Churchill Livingstone, New York.
229. Rami, A., and Krieglstein, J. (1993). Protective effects of calpain inhibitors against neuronal damage caused by cytotoxic hypoxia in vitro and in vivo. Brain Res. 609, 67-70.
230. RANTTAS Investigators (1996). A randomized trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with acute stroke (RANTTAS). Stroke IT, 1453-1458.
231. Relton, J. K., Martin, D., and Russell, D. (1993). Effects of peripheral IL-lra treatment after focal ischemia in the rat. Sac. Neurosd. Abstr. 19, 673.2
232. Robinson, M. J., and Teasdale, G. M. (1990). Calcium antagonists in the management of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 2, 205-226.
233. Rod, M. R., and Auer, R. N. (1992). Combination therapy with nimodipine and dizocilpine in a rat model of transient forebrain ischemia. Stroke 23, 725-732.
234. Rousseaux, P., Scherpered, B., Bernard, M. H., Graftieaux,J. P., and Guyot,J. F. (1980). Fever and cerebral vasospasm in ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Surg. Neural. 14, 459-465.
235. Safar, P., Gisvold, S. E., Vaagenes, et al. (1982). Long-term animal models for the study of global ischemia. In "Protection of Tissues Against Hypoxia" (Wauquier, Borges, and Amery, eds.), pp. 147-170. Elsevier Biomédical Press, Amsterdam/New York/Oxford.
236. Schumer, M., Colombel, M. C., Sawezuk, I. S., Gobe, G., Conner, J., O'Toole, K. M., Olsson, C. A., Wise, G. J., and Buttyan, R. (1992). Morphologic, biochemical and molecular evidence of apoptosis during the reperfusion phase after brief periods of renal ischemia. Am.J. Pathol. 140, 831-838.
237. Schwab, S., Spranger, M., Aschoff, A., Steiner, T., and Hacke, W. (1997). Brain temperature monitoring and modification in patients with severe MCA infarction. Neurology 48, 762-767.
238. Seubert, P., Lee, K., and Lynch, G. (1989). Ischemia triggers NMDA receptor-linked cytoskeletal proteolysis in hippocampus. Brain Res. 492, 366-370.
239. Shigeno, T., Teasdale, J., McCulloch, J., and Graham, D. I. (1985). Recirculation model following MCA occlusion in rats. Cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular permeability and brain edema./ Neurosurg. 63, 272-277.
240. Shigeno, T., Mimi, T., Takakura, T., et al. (1991). Amelioration of delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus by nerve growth factor. J. Nmrosci. 11, 2914-2919.
241. Siesjo, B. K. (1981). Cell damage in the brain: A speculative synthesis. J. Cereb. Blood Row Metab. 1, 155-185.
242. Siesjo, B. D., and Bengtsson, F. (1989). Calcium fluxes, calcium antagonists and calcium related pathology in brain ischemia, hypoglycemia and spreading depression: A unifying hypothesis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9, 127-140.
243. Siesjo, B. K., Agardh, C.-D., and Bengtsson, F. (1989). Free radicals and brain damage. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 1, 165-211.
244. Simon, R., and Shiraishi, K. (1990). jV-Methyl-n-aspartate antagonist reduces stroke size and regional glucose metabolism. Ann. Neural. 27, 606-611.
245. Slooter, A. J., Tang, M.-X., van Duijin, C. M., et al. (1997). Apolipoprotein E4 and the risk of dementia with stroke./ Am. Med. Assoc. 277, 818-821.
246. Smith, M., Auer, R., and Siesjo, K. (1984). The density and distribution of ischémie brain injury in the rat following 2-10 minutes of forebrain ischemia. Acta Neuropathol. 64, 319-332.
247. Springer, T. A. (1994). Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: The multistep paradigm. Cell 76, 301-314.
248. Stagliano, N. E., Dietrich, W. D., Prado, R., Green, E. J., and Busto, R. (1997). The role of nitric oxide in the pathophysiology of thromboembolic stroke in the rat. Brain Res. (in press).
249. STIPAS Investigators (1994). Safety study of tirilazad mesylate in patients with ischémie stroke (STIPAS). Stroke 25, 418-423.
250. Svennerholm, L. (1984). Biological significance of gangliosides. In "Cellular and Pathological Aspects of Glycoconjugate Metabolism" (H. Dreyfus, et al., eds.), pp. 21-44. INSERM, Paris.
251. Takagi, K., Ginsberg, M. D., Globus, M. Y.-T., et al. (1993). Changes in amino acid neurotransmitters and cerebral blood flow in the ischémie penumbral region following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: Correlation with histopathology. / Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 575-585.
252. Tamura, A., Graham, D. I., McCulloch,}., and Teasdale, G. M. (1981 ). Focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: Description of technique and early neuropathological consequences following middle cerebral artery occlusion./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1, 53-60.
253. Tominaga, T., Kure, S., Narisawa, K., and Yoshimoto, T. (1993). Endonuclease activation following focal ischémie injury in the rat brain. Brain Rfs. 608, 21-26.
254. Traystman, R. J., Kirsch,J. R., and Koehler, R. C. (1991). Oxygen radical mechanisms of brain injury following ischemia and reperfusion./ Appl. Physiol. 71, 1185-1195.
255. Tsukahara, T., Yonekawa, Y., Tanaka, K., et al. (1994). The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in transient forebrain ischemia in the rat brain. Neurosurgery 34, 323-331.
256. Uematsu, D., Greenberg, J. H., Hickey, W. F., and Reivich, M. (1989). Nimodipine attenuates both increase in cytosolic free calcium and histologie damage following focal cerebral ischaemia and reperfusion in cats. Stroke 20, 1531-1537.
257. Van Reempts, J., Van Deuren, B., Van de Ven, M., Cornelissen, F., and Borgers, M. (1987). Flunarizine reduces cerebral infarct size after photochemically induced thrombosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke 18, 1113-1119.
258. Wahlgren, N. G. (1995). Cytoprotective therapy for acute ischémie stroke. In "Stroke Therapy" (M. Fisher, Ed.), pp. 315-350. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.
259. Watson, B. D., Busto, R., Goldberg, W.J., Santiso, M., Yoshida, S., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1984). Lipid peroxidation in vivo induced by reversible global ischemia in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 42, 268-274.
260. Watson, B. D., Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R., Wachtel, M. S., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1985). Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated thrombosis. Ann. Neural. 17, 497-504.
261. Watson, B. D., Prado, R., Dietrich, W. D., Busto, R., Scheinberg, P., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1987a). Mitigation of evolving cortical infarction in rats by recombinant tissue plasminogen activator following photochemically induced thrombosis. In "Fifteenth Research Princeton on Cerebrovascular Disease" (M. Raichle and W. J. Powers, eds.), pp. 317-339. Raven Press, New York.
262. Watson, B. D., Dietrich, W. D., Prado, R., and Ginsberg, M. D. (1987b). Argon laser-induced arterial photothrombosis. J. Neurosurg. 66, 748-754.
263. Watson, B. D., Dietrich, W. D., Prado, R., Nakayama, H., Kanemitsu, H., Futrell, N. N., Yao, H., Markgraf, C. G., and Wester, P. (1995). Concepts and techniques of experimental stroke induced by cerebrovascular photothrombosis. In "Central Nervous System Trauma" (S. T. Ohnishi and T. Ohnishi, eds.), pp. 169-194. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
264. Welin, I., Svardsudd, K., Wilhelmsen, L., et al. (1987). Analysis of risk factors for stroke in a cohort of men born in 1913. New Engl. J. Med. 317, 521-526.
265. Whisnant, J. P. (1992). Changing incidence and mortality rates for stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2, 42-44.
266. WHO/MNH Task Force on Stroke and Other Cerebrovascular Disorders (1989). Recommendations on stroke prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Stroke 20, 1407-1431.
267. Wiebers, D. O., Adams, H. P., and Whisnant, J. P. (1990). Editorial: Animal models of stroke: Are they relevant to human disease. Stroke 21, 1-3.
268. Wilhelmsen, L., Svardsudd, K., Korban-Bengsten, K., et al. (1984). Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. New Engl. J. Med. 311, 501-505.
269. Wolf, P. A. (1986). Cigarettes, alcohol and stroke. New Engl. J. Med. 315, 1087-1089.
270. Wolf, P. A., Kannel, W. B., and McGee, D. L. (1986). Epidemiology of strokes in North America. In "Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management" (H. J. Barnett, J. P. Mohr, B. M. Stein, and F. M. Yatsu, eds.), pp. 19-29. Churchill Livingstone, New York.
271. Wolf, P. A., D'Agostino, R. B., Kannel, W. B., Bonita, R., and Belanger, A. J. (1988). Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke: The Framingham study./ Am. Med. Assoc. 259, 1025-1029.
272. Wolf, P. A., Cobb, J. L., and D'Agostino, R. B. (1992). Epidemiology of stroke. In "Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management" (H. J. Barnett, J. P. Mohr, B. M. Stein, and F. M. Yatsu, eds.), pp. 3027. Churchill Livingstone, New York.
273. Wong, E. H., Kemp, J. A., Priestly, T., Knight, A. R., Woodruff, G. N., and Iversen, L. L. (1986). The anticonvulsant MK-801 is a potent A'-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sä. USA 83, 7104-7108.
274. Xue, D., Slivka, A., and Buchan, A. M. (1992). Tirilazad reduces cortical infarction after temporary but not permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 23, 894-899.
275. Yamamato, S., Golanov, E. V., Berger, S. B., and Reis, D. J. (1992). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis increases focal ischémie infarction in rat./ Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 717-726.
276. Yamasaki, Y, Suzuki, T., Matsuura, N., Onadera, H., and Kogure, K. (1992). Possible involvement of interleukin-1 in ischémie brain edema formation. Neurosti. Lett. 142, 45-47.
277. Yang, G., Chan, P. H., Chen, J., et al. (1994). Human copper-zinc Superoxide dismutase transgenic mice are highly resistant to reperfusion injury after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroked, 165-170.
278. Zea Longa, E. L., Weinstein, P. R., Carlson, S., and Cummins, R. (1989). Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke 20, 84-91.
279. Zhang, R.,Chopp, M., Li, Y., Zaloga, C.Jiang, N., Jones, M., Miyasaka, M., and Ward, P. (1994a). Anti-ICAM-1 antibody reduces ischémie cell damage after transient middle cerebral arteny occlusion in the rat. Neurology 44, 1747-1751.
280. Zhang, F., White, J. C., and ladecola, C. (1994b). Nitric oxide donors increase blood flow and reduce brain damage in focal ischemia: Evidence that nitric oxide is beneficial in the early stages on cerebral ischemia.J. Cereb. Rlood Flow Melab. 14, 217-226.
281. Zhang, Z., Zhang, R. L., Jiang, Q., Raman, S. B. K., Cantwell, L., and Chopp, M. (1997). A new rat model of thrombotic focal cerebral ischemia./ Cereb. Blood Flow Melab. 17,123-135.
282. Zivin.J. A. (1989). Therapy of embolie stroke with tissue plasminogen activator plus a glutamate antagonist. Neurology 39 (Suppl. 1), 372.
283. Zivin, J. A., and Grotta, J. C. (1990). Editorial: Animal stroke models: They are relevant to human disease. Stroke 21, 981-983.