Transcriptional control of globin gene switching during vertebrate development

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Gene Structure and Expression

Volumn 1351, Issue 1-2, 1997, Pages 51-72

  Baron, Margaret H ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Erythroid transcription factor; Gene regulation; Hemoglobin switching; Locus control region

Indexed keywords

CHROMATIN; DEVELOPMENT; DNA CONFORMATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE STRUCTURE; GENE SWITCHING; GLOBIN GENE; GLOBIN SYNTHESIS; HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; VERTEBRATE;

ANIMALS; CHROMATIN; ERYTHROPOIESIS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; GENES, SWITCH; GLOBINS; REGULATORY SEQUENCES, NUCLEIC ACID; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; VERTEBRATES;

VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0031579661     PISSN: 01674781     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0167-4781(96)00195-9     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. [1] Aladjem, M., Groudine, M., Brody, L., Dieken, E., Fournier, R.E.K., Wahl, G. and Epner, E. (1995) Science 270, 815-819.
2. [2] Amrolia, P.J., Cunningham, J.M., Ney, P., Nienhuis, A.W. and Jane, S.M. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 12892-12898.
3. [3] Amrolia, P.J., Jane, S.M. and Cunningham, J.M. (1995) Blood (Abstract) 86, 248a.
4. [4] Andrews, N., Kotkow, K., Ney, P., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Tempst, P. and Orkin, S. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11488-11492.
5. [5] Andrews, N.C., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Davidson, M.B., Tempst, P. and Orkin, S.H. (1993) Nature 362, 722-728.
6. [6] Andrews, N.C. and Orkin, S.H. (1994) Curr. Opin. Hematol. 1, 119-124.
7. [7] Aplan, P.D., Nakahara, K., Orkin, S.H. and Kirsch, I.R. (1992) EMBO J. 11, 4073-4081.
8. [8] Arber, S. and Caroni, P. (1996) Genes and Development 10, 289-300.
9. [9] Armstrong, J.A. and Emerson, B.M. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol., in press.
10. [10] Baer, R. (1993) Seminars in Cancer Biology 4, 341-347.
11. [11] Baron, M.H. (1993) Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5, 1050-1056.
12. [12] Baron, M.H. and Farrington, S.M. (1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 3108-3114.
13. [13] Baron, M.H. and Maniatis, T. (1986) Cell 46, 591-602.
14. [14] Baron, M.H. and Maniatis, T. (1991) Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 1239-1247.
15. [15] Barton, M.C. and Emerson, B.M. (1994) Genes and Dev. 8, 2453-2465.
16. [16] Barton, M.C., Madani, N. and Emerson, B.M. (1993) Genes and Dev. 7, 1796-1809.
17. [17] Begley, C.G., Aplan, P.D., Denning, S.M., Haynes, B.F., Waldmann, T.A. and Kirsch, I.R. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 10128-10132.
18. [18] Behringer, R.R., Ryan, T.M., Palmiter, R.D., Brinster, R.L. and Townes, T.M. (1990) Genes and Dev. 4, 380-389.
19. [19] Benezra, R., Davis, R.L., Lockshon, D., Turner, D.L. and Weintraub, H. (1990) Cell 61, 49-59.
20. [20] Berg, P.E., Williams, D.M., Qian, R.-L., Cohen, R.B., Cao, S.-X., Mittelman, M. and Schechter, A.N. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 8833-8852.
21. [21] Bieker, J. and Southwood, C. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 852-860.
22. [22] Blau, H.M. (1992) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61, 1213-1230.
23. [23] Blobel, G.A., Simon, M.C. and Orkin, S.H. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 626-633.
24. [24] Bowerman, B., Eaton, B.A. and Priess, J.R. (1992) Cell 68, 1061-1075.
25. [25] Boyles, J. and Felsenfeld, G. (1996) EMBO J. 15, in press.
26. [26] Bresnick, E.M. and Felsenfeld, G. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 1314-1317.
27. [27] Briegel, K., Lim, K.-C., Plank, C., Beug, H., Engel, J.D. and Zenke, M. (1993) Genes and Development 7, 1097-1109.
28. [28] Bungert, J., Dave, U., Lim, K.C., Lieuw, K.H., Shavit, J.A., Liu, Q. and Engel, J.D. (1995) Genes Dev. 9, 3083-3096.
29. [29] Cao, S., Gutman, P., Dave, H. and Schechter, A. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5306-5309.
30. [30] Carlson, M. and Laurent, B.C. (1994) Current Biol. 6, 396-402.
31. [31] Caterina, J.J., Donze, D. Sun, C.W. Ciavatta, D.J. and Towns, T.M. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 2383-2391.
32. [32] Chan, J.Y., Han, X.-L. and Kan, Y.W. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11371-11375.
33. [33] Charnay, P., Treisman, R., Mellon, P., Chao, M., Axel, R. and Maniatis, T. (1984) Cell 38, 251-263.
34. [34] Chen, X. and Bieker, J.J. (1996) EMBO J., in press.
35. [35] Choi, O.-R. and Engel, J.D. (1988) Cell 55, 17-26.
36. [36] Chung, J.H., Whiteley, M. and Felsenfeld, G. (1993) Cell 74, 505-514.
37. [37] Craddock, C.F., Vyas, P., Sharpe, J.A., Ayyub, H., Wood, W.G. and Higgs, D.R. (1995) EMBO J. 14, 1718-1726.
38. [38] Craig, J.E., Rochette, J., Fisher, C.A., Weatherall, D.J., Marc, S., Lathrop, G.M., Demenais, F. and Thein, S. (1996) Natl. Genet. 12, 58-64.
39. [39] Crossley, M., Merika, M. and Orkin, S. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 2448-2456.
40. [40] Crossley, M., Whitelaw, E., Perkins, A., Williams, G., Fujiwara, Y. and Orkin, S.H. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 1695-1705.
41. [41] Cunningham, J.M., Amrolia, P.J. and Jane, S.M. (1995) Blood (Abstract) 86, 248a.
42. [42] Dillon, N. and Grosveld, F. (1991) Nature 350, 252-254.
43. [43] Donze, D., Townes, T.M. and Bieker, J.J. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1955-1959.
44. [44] Drapkin, R., Sancar, A. and Reinberg, D. (1994) Cell 77, 9-12.
45. [45] Dyer, M.A., Hayes, P., Wattanga, H. and Baron, M.H. (1996) unpublished data.
46. [46] Dyer, M.A., Naidoo, R., Hayes, P., Larson, C.J., Verdine, G.L. and Baron, M.H. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 829-838.
47. [47] Efstratiadis, A., Posakony, J.W., Maniatis, T., Lawn, R.M., O'Connell, C., Spritz, R., DeRiel, J., Forget, B.G., Weissman, S.M., Slightom, J.L., Blechl, A.E., Smithies, O., Baralle, F.E., Shoulders, C.C. and Proudfoot, N.J. (1980) Cell 21, 653-668.
48. [48] Elgin, S.C.R. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 19259-19262.
49. [49] Ellis, J., Talbot, D., Dillon, N. and Grosveld, F. (1993) EMBO J. 12, 127-134.
50. [50] Ellis, J., Tan-Un, K., Harper, A., Michalovich, D., Yannoutsos, N., Philipsen, S. and Grosveld, F. (1996) EMBO J. 15, 562-568.
51. [51] Emerson, B. and Felsenfeld, G. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 95-99.
52. [52] Emerson, B., Lewis, C. and Felsenfeld, G. (1985) Cell 41, 21-30.
53. [53] Emerson, B., Nickol, J. and Fong, T. (1989) Cell 57, 1189-1200.
54. [54] Enver, T., Raich, N., Ebens, A.J., Papayannopoulou, T., Costantini, F. and Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (1990) Nature 344, 309-313.
55. [55] Evans, T. and Felsenfeld, G. (1989) Cell 58, 877-885.
56. [56] Felsenfeld, G, (1992) Nature 355, 219-224.
57. [57] Feng, W.C., Southwood, C.M. and Bieker, J.J. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1493-1500.
58. [58] Fiering, S., Epner, E., Robinson, K., Zhuang, Y., Telling, A., Hu, M., Martin, D.I.K., Enver, T., Ley, T. and Groudine, M. (1995) Genes and Dev. 9, 2203-2213.
59. [59] Foley, K.P. and Engel, J.D. (1992) Genes and Dev. 6, 730-744.
60. [60] Foley, K.P., Pruzina, S., Winick, J.D., Engel, J.D., Grosveld, F. and Fraser, P. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7252-7256.
61. [61] Fong, T.C. and Emerson, B.M. (1992) Genes and Dev. 6, 521-532.
62. [62] Forrester, W.C., Epner, E., Driscoll, M.C., Enver, T., Brice, M., Papayannopoulou, T. and Groudine, M. (1990) Genes and Dev. 4, 1637-1649.
63. [63] Fraser, P., Pruzina, S., Antoniou, M. and Grosveld, F. (1993) Genes and Dev. 7, 106-113.
64. [64] Furukawa, T., Zitnik, G., Leppig, K., Papayannopoulou, T. and Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (1994) Blood 83, 1412-1419.
65. [65] Gallarda, J.L., Foley, K.P., Yang, and Engel, J.D. (1989) Genes and Dev. 3, 1845-1859.
66. [66] Gibbons, R.J., Picketts, D.J., Villard, L. and Higgs, D.R. (1995) Cell 80, 837-845.
67. [67] Gibbons, R.J., Suthers, G.K., Wilkie, A.O.M., Buckle, V.J. and Higgs, D.R. (1992) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51, 1136-1149.
68. [68] Gong, Q. and Dean, A. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol., in press.
69. [69] Green, A.R., Salvaris, E. and Begley, C.G. (1991) Oncogene 6, 475-479.
70. [70] Gregory, R.C., Taxman, D.J., Seshasayee, D., Kensinger, M.H., Bieker, J.J. and Wojchowski, D.M. (1996) Blood 87, 1793-1801.
71. [71] Grosschedl, R., Giese, K. and Pagel, J. (1994) Trends Genet. 10, 94-100.
72. [72] Grosveld, F., Antoniou, M., Berry, M., De Boer, E., Dillon, N., Ellis, J., Fraser, P., Hurst, J., Imam, A., Meijer, D., Philipsen, S., Pruzina, S., Strouboulis, J. and Whyatt, D. (1993) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 58, 7-13.
73. [73] Grosveld, F., Van Assendelft, G.B., Greaves, D. and Kollias, G. (1987) Cell 51, 975-985.
74. [74] Gumucio, D.L., Heilstedt-Williamson, H., Gray, T.A., Tarle, S.A., Shelton, D.A., Tagle, D.A., Slightom, J.L., Goodman, M. and Collins, F.S. (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 4919-4929.
75. [75] Hanscombe, O., Whyatt, D., Fraser, P., Yannoutsos, N., Greaves, D., Dillon, N. and Grosveld, F. (1991) Genes and Dev. 5, 1387-1394.
76. [76] Hartzog, G.A. and Myers, R.M. (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 44-56.
77. [77] Henthorn, P., Kiledjian, M. and Kadesch, T. (1990) Science 247, 467-470.
78. [78] Higgs, D.R., Wood, W.G., Jarman, A.P., Sharpe, J., Lida, J., Pretorius, I.-M. and Ayyub, H. (1990) Genes and Dev. 4, 1588-1601.
79. [79] Hsu, H.-L., Huang, L., Tsan, J.T., Funk, W., Wright, W.E., Hu, J.-S., Kingston, R.E. and Baer, R. (1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 1256-1265.
80. [80] Hsu, H.-L., Wadman, I. and Baer, R. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3181-3185.
81. [81] Hu, J.-S., Olson, E.N. and Kingston, R.E. (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 1031-1042.
82. [82] Hug, B.A., Wesselschmidt, R.L., Fiering, S., Bender, M.A., Epner, E., Groudine, M. and Ley, T.J. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 2906-2912.
83. [83] Igarashi, K., Itoh, K., Motohashi, H., Hayashi, N., Matuzaki, Y., Nakauchi, H., Nishizawa, M. and Yamamoto, M. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 7615-7624.
84. [84] Igarashi, K., Kataoka, K., Itoh, K., Hayashi, N., Nishizawa, M. and Yamamoto, M. (1994) Nature 367, 568-572.
85. [85] Jackson, J.D., Petrykowska, H., Philipsen, S., Miller, W. and Hardison, R. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 11871-11878.
86. [86] Jane, S.M., Ney, P.A., Vanin, E.F., Gumucio, D.L. and Nienhuis, A.W. (1992) EMBO J. 11, 2961-2969.
87. [87] Jane, S.M., Nienhuis, A.W. and Cunningham, J.M. (1995) EMBO J. 14, 97-105.
88. [88] Jen, Y., Weintraub, H. and Benezra, R. (1992) Genes and Dev. 6, 1466-1479.
89. [89] Keller, G., Kennedy, M., Papayannopoulou, T. and Wiles, M.V. (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 473-486.
90. [90] Kennison, J. (1993) Trends in Genet. 9, 75-79.
91. [91] Kingston, R.E., Bunker, C.A. and Imbalzano, A.N. (1996) Genes and Dev. 10, 905-920.
92. [92] Kotkow, K.J. and Orkin, S.H. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 4640-4647.
93. [93] Kotkow, K.J. and Orkin, S.H. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press,
94. [94] Lee, J.-S., Galvin, K.M. and Shi, Y. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90, 6145-6149.
95. [95] Leonard, M.W., Lim, K.-C. and Engel, J.D. (1993) Development 119, 519-531.
96. [96] Li, Q. and Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (1994) Blood 84, 1399-1401.
97. [97] Li, Q. and Stamatoyannopoulos, J. (1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 6087-6096.
98. [98] Liebhaber, S.A., Wang, Z., Cash, F.E., Monks, B. and Russell, J.E. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 2637-2646.
99. [99] Lim, L.C., Fang, L., Sendeman, S.L. and Sheffery, M. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 18008-18017.
100. [100] Lister, J., Forrester, W.C. and Baron, M.H. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 17939-17946.
101. [101] Lister, J.A. and Baron, M.H. (1996) manuscript in preparation.
102. [102] Lloyd, J.A., Krakowsky, J.M., Crable, S.C. and Lingrel, J.B. (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 1561-1567.
103. [103] Lowrey, C.H., Bodine, D.M. and Nienhuis, A.W. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 1143-1147.
104. [104] Lu, S.-J., Rowan, S., Bani, M.R. and Ben-David, Y. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 8398-8402.
105. [105] Manak, J.R. and Scott, M.P. (1994) Dev. Suppl., 61-71.
106. [106] Martin, D.I.K. and Orkin, S.H. (1990) Genes and Dev. 4, 1886-1898.
107. [107] Medvinsky, A.L., Samoylina, N.L., Muller, A.M. and Dzierzak, E.A. (1993) Nature 364, 64-67.
108. [108] Merika, M. and Orkin, S. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 2437-2447.
109. [109] Miller, I.J. and Bieker, J.J. (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 2776-2786.
110. [110] Mohler, J., Vani, K., Leung, S. and Epstein, A. (1991) Mech. Dev. 34, 3-10.
111. [111] Moi, P., Chan, K., Asunis, I., Cao, A. and Kan, Y.W. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9926-9930.
112. [112] Muller, A.M., Medvinsky, A., Strouboulis, J., Grosveld, F. and Dzierzak, E. (1994) Immunity 1, 291-301.
113. [113] Nakano, T., Kodama, H. and Honjo, T. (1996) Science 272, 722-724.
114. [114] Ney, P., Andrews, N., Jane, S., Safer, B., Purucker, M., Weremowicz, S., Morton, C., Goff, S., Orkin, S. and Nienhuis, A. (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 5604-5612.
115. [115] Nuez, B., Michalovich, D., Bygrave, A., Ploemacher, R. and Grosveld, F. (1995) Nature 375, 316-318.
116. [116] Omichinski, J.G., Clore, G.M., Schaad, O., Felsenfeld, G., Trainor, C., Appella, E., Stahl, S.J. and Gronenborn, A.M. (1993) Science 261, 438-446.
117. [117] Orkin, S.H. (1995) Eur. J. Biochem. 231, 271-281.
118. [118] Osada, H., Grutz, G., Axelson, H., Forster, A. and Rabbitts, T.H. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 9585-9589.
119. [119] Pandolfi, P.P., Roth, M.E., Karis, A., Leonard, M.W., Dzierzak, E., Grosveld, F.G., Engel, J.D. and Lindenbaum, M.H. (1995) Nature Genet. 11, 40-44.
120. [120] Patterton, D. and Wolffe, A.P. (1996) Dev. Biol. 173, 2-13.
121. [121] Pawlik, K.M. and Townes, T.M. (1995) Dev. Biol. 169, 728-732.
122. [122] Perkins, A.C., Sharpe, A.H. and Orkin, S.H. (1995) Nature 375, 318-322.
123. [123] Peters, B., Merezhinskaya, N., Diffley, J.F.X. and Noguchi, C.T. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3430-3437.
124. [124] Peterson, K. and Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 4836-4843.
125. [125] Peterson, K.R., Clegg, C.H., Huxley, C., Josephson, B.M., Haughen, H.S., Furukawa, T. and Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 7593-7597.
126. [126] Pevny, L., Lin, C-S., D'Agati, V., Simon, M.C., Orkin S.H. and Costantini, F. (1995) Development 121, 163-172.
127. [127] Pevny, L., Simon, M.C., Robertson, E., Klein, W.H., Tsai, S.-F., D'Agati, V., Orkin, S.H. and Costantini, F. (1991) Nature 349, 257-260.
128. [128] Philipsen, S., Pruzina, S. and Grosveld, F. (1993) EMBO J. 12, 1077-1085.
129. [129] Ptashne, M. (1988) Nature 335, 683-689.
130. [130] Quinn, J., Fyrberg, A.M., Ganster, R.W., Schmidt, M.C. and Peterson, C.L. (1996) Nature 379, 844-847.
131. [131] Raich, N., Clegg, C.H., Grofti, J., Roméo, P.-H. and Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (1995) EMBO J. 14, 801-809.
132. [132] Raich, N., Enver, T., Nakamoto, B., Josephson, B., Papayannopoulou, T. and Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (1990) Science 250, 1147-1149.
133. [133] Raich, N., Papayannopoulou, T., Stamatoyannopoulos, G. and Enver, T. (1992) Blood 79, 861-864.
134. [134] Robb, L., Lyons, I., Li, R., Hartley, L., Köntgen, F., Harvey, R.P., Metcalf, D. and Begley, C.G. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7075-7079.
135. [135] Roberts, S. and Green, M. (1995) Nature 375, 105-106.
136. [136] Sanchez-Garcia, I., Axelson, H. and Rabbitts, T.H. (1995) Oncogene 10, 1301-1306.
137. [137] Sanchez-Garcia, I. and Rabbitts, T.H. (1993) LIM domain proteins in leukaemia and development. Seminars in Cancer Biol. 4, 349-358.
138. [138] Sanchez-Garcia, I. and Rabbitts, T.H. (1994) Trends Genet. 10, 315-320.
139. [139] Shih, D.M., Wall, R.J. and Shapiro, S.G. (1990) Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 5465-5472.
140. [140] Shivdasani, R., Rosenblatt, M., Zucker-Franklin, D., Jackson, C., Hunt, P., Saris, C. and Orkin, S. (1995) Cell 81, 695-704.
141. [141] Shivdasani, R.A., Mayer, E.L. and Orkin, S.H. (1995) Nature 373, 432-437.
142. [142] Shoji, W., Yamamoto, R. and Obinata, M. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 5078-5084.
143. [143] Srivastava, A. and Calame, K. (1994) Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 5151-5155.
144. [144] Stamatoyannopoulos, G. and Nienhuis, A. (1994) Hemoglobin Switching, 107-155. in The Molecular Basis of Blood Diseases (G. Stamatoyannopoulos, A.W. Nienhuis, P. Leder and P.W. Majerus, eds.), W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
145. [145] Stamatoyannopoulos, J.A., Goodwin, A., Joyce, T. and Lowrey, C.H. (1995) EMBO J. 14, 106-116.
146. [146] Starck, J., Sarkar, R., Romana, M., Bhargava, A., Scarpa, A.L., Tanaka, M., Chamberlain, J.W., Weissman, S.M. and Forget, B.G. (1994) Blood 84, 1656-1665.
147. [147] Strauss, E.C. and Orkin, S.H. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5809-5813.
148. [148] Strouboulis, J., Dillon, N. and Grosveld, F. (1992) Genes and Dev. 6, 1857-1864.
149. [149] Stuvé, L.L. and Myers, R.M. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 972-981.
150. [150] Stuvé, L.L. and Myers, R.M. (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 4311-4322.
151. [151] Trainor, C.D., Omichinski, J.G., Vandergon, T.L., Gronenborn, A.M., Clore, G.M. and Felsenfeld, G. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 2238-2247.
152. [152] Trepicchio, W.L., Dyer, M.A. and Baron, M.H. (1993) Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 7457-7468.
153. [153] Trepicchio, W.L., Dyer, M.A. and Baron, M.H. (1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 3763-3771.
154. [154] Tsai, F.-Y., Keller, G., Kuo, F.C., Weiss, M., Chen, J., Rosenblatt, M., Alt, F.W. and Orkin, S.H. (1994) Nature 371, 221-226.
155. [155] Tsai, S.-F., Martin, D.I.K., Zon, L.I., D'Andrea, A.D., Wong, G.G. and Orkin, S.H. (1989) Nature 339, 446-451.
156. [156] Uv, A.B., Thompson, C.R.L. and Bray, S.J. (1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 4020-4031.
157. [157] Valge-Archer, V.E., Osada, H., Warren, A.J., Forster, A., Li, J., Baer, R. and Rabbitts, T.H. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 8617-8621.
158. [158] Visvader, J., Begley, and Adams, J.M. (1991) Oncogene 6, 187-194.
159. [159] Voronova, A.F. and Lee, F. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5952-5956.
160. [160] Vyas, P., Vickers, M.A., Simmons, D.L., Ayyub, H., Craddock, C.F. and Higgs, D.R. (1992) Cell 69, 781-793.
161. [161] Wadman, I., Li, J., Bash, R.O., Forster, A., Osada, H., Rabbitts, T.H. and Baer, R. (1994) EMBO J. 13, 4831-4839.
162. [162] Walters, M.C., Magis, W., Fiering, S., Eidemiller, J., Scalzo, D., Groudine, M. and Martin, D.I.K. (1996) Genes Dev. 10, 185-195.
163. [163] Warren, A.J., Colledge, W.H., Carlton, M.B.L., Evans, M.J., Smith, A.J.H. and Rabbitts, T.H. (1994) Cell 78, 45-57.
164. [164] Weatherall, D.J, (1994) in Molecular Basis of Blood Diseases (G. Stamatoyannopoulos, A.W. Nienhuis, P. Leder and P.W. Majerus, ed.), Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 157-205.
165. [165] Weiss, M.J., Keller, G. and Orkin, S.H. (1994) Genes and Dev. 8, 1184-1197.
166. [166] Weiss, M.J. and Orkin, S.H. (1995) Exp. Hematol. 23, 99-107.
167. [167] Whyatt, D.J., deBoer, E. and Grosveld, F. (1993) EMBO J. 12, 4993-5005.
168. [168] Wijgerde, M., Grosveld, F. and Fraser, P. (1995) Nature 377, 209-213.
169. [169] Yamamoto, M., Ko, L.J., Leonard, M.W., Beug, H. Orkin, S.H. and Engel, J.D. (1990) Genes and Dev. 4, 1650-1662.
170. [170] Yang, H. and Evans, T. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 1353-1363.
171. [171] Yang, H.-Y. and Evans, T. (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 4562-4570.
172. [172] Yang, Z. and Engel, J.D. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 10079-10087.
173. [173] Yant, S.R., Zhu, W., Millinoff, D., Slightom, J.L., Goodman, M. and Gumucio, D.L. (1995) Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 4353-4362.
174. [174] Zhuang, Y., Cheng, P. and Weintraub, H. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 2898-2905.
175. [175] Zhuang, Y., Soriano, P. and Weintraub, H. (1994) Cell 79, 875-884.