Comorbidity: Concepts, claims and choices

Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 265-285

  Rutter, Michael ^a,b  

^a Child and Family Psychiatry Unit   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMORBIDITY; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYNDROME DELINEATION;

EID: 0031417839     PISSN: 09579664     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cbm.190     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. ACHENBACH, T.M. (1991). 'Comorbidity' in child and adolescent psychiatry: Categorical and quantitative perspectives. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1, 271-278.
2. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA.
3. ANDREWS, G. (1996). Comorbidity and the general neurotic syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry 168 (suppl. 30), 76-84.
4. ASBERG, M., NORDSTROM, P. & TRASKMAN-BENDZ, L. (1986). Cerebrospinal fluid studies in suicide. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 487, 248-255.
5. BAILEY, A., PHILLIPS, W. & RUTTER, M. (1996). Autism: towards an integration of clinical, genetic, neuropsychological and neurobiological perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37, 89-126.
6. BAILEY, A., LE COUTEUR, A., GOTTESMAN, I., BOLTON, P., SIMONOFF, E., YUZDA, E. & RUTTER, M. (1995). Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychological Medicine 25, 63-78.
7. BARON-COHEN, S., TAGER-FLUSBERG, H. & COHEN, D. (1993). Understanding other Minds: Perspectives from Autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8. BERKSON, J. (1946). Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics Bulletin 2, 47-53.
9. BLAIR, R.J. (1995) A cognitive developmental approach to morality: investigating the psychopath. Cognition 57, 1-29.
10. BLAIR, R.J., JONES, L., CLARK, C. & SMITH, M. (1997). The psychopathic individual: a lack of responsiveness to distress care? Psychophysiology 34, 192-198.
11. BOLTON, P., MACDONALD, H., PICKLES, A., RIOS, P., GOODE, S., CROWSON, M., BAILEY, A. & RUTTER, M. (1994). A case-control family history study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35, 877-900.
12. BOLTON, P., PICKLES, A., MURPHY, M. & RUTTER, M. (In press). Autism, affective and other psychiatric disorders: patterns of familial aggregation. Psychological Medicine.
13. BROWN, G.W., HARRIS, T.O. & EALES, M.J. (1996). Social factors and comorbidity of depressive and anxiety disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 168 (suppl. 30), 50-57.
14. CADORET, R. J., TROUGHTON, E., MERCHANT, L. M. & WHITTERS, A. (1990). Early life psychosocial events and adult affective symptoms. In L. Robins &. M. Rutter (Eds), Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood (pp. 300-313). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
15. CANTWELL, D. P. & RUTTER, M. (1994). Classification: conceptual issues and substantive findings. In M. Rutter, E. Taylor & L. Hersov (Eds), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches, 3rd edn (pp. 3-21). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
16. CARON, C. & RUTTER, M. (1991). Comorbidity in child psychopathology: concepts, issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 32, 1063-1080.
17. CHESS, S. (1977). Follow-up report on autism in congenital rubella. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 7, 68-81.
18. CHESS, S., KORN, S.J. & FERNANDEZ, P.B. (1971). Psychiatric Disorders of Children with Congenital Rubella. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
19. COHEN, D.J. & LECKMAN, J.F. (1994). Developmental psychopathology and neurobiology of Tourette's syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33, 2-15.
20. COMINGS, D.E. & COMINGS, B.G. (1991). Clinical and genetic relationships between autism, pervasive developmental disorder and Tourette syndrome: a study of 19 cases. American Journal of Medical Genetics 39, 180-191.
21. COOPER, P. J., & MURRAY, L. (1997). The impact of psychological treatments of postpartum depression on maternal mood and infant development. In L. Murray & P.J. Cooper (Eds), Postpartum Depression and Child Development (pp. 201-220). New York: Guilford Press.
22. DWYER, J.T. & DELONG, R.G. (1987). A family history of twenty probands with childhood manic-depressive illness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 26, 176-180.
23. EAVES, L.J., SHILLADAY, L.L., MEYER, J.M., SIMONOFF, E., MAES, H., PICKLES, A., HEWITT, J.K., RUTTER, M. & SILBERG, J.L. (1997). Genetic and environmental causes of variation in interview assessments of disruptive behavior in adolescent twins. Submitted.
24. ERLENMEYER-KIMLING, L., SQUIRES-WHEELER, E., ADAMO, U.H., BASSETT, A.S., CORNBLATT, B.A., KESTENBAUM, C.J., ROCK, D., ROBERTS, S.A., & GOTTESMAN, I.I. (1995). The New York High-Risk Project: Psychoses and Cluster A personality disorders in offspring of schizophrenic parents at 23 years of follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 857-865.
25. FARRINGTON, D., LOEBER, R. & VAN KAMMEN, W. B. (1990). Long-term criminal outcomes of hyperactivity - impulsivity - attention deficit and conduct problems in childhood. In L. Robins & M. Rutter (Eds), Straight and Devious Pathways from Childhood to Adulthood (pp. 62-81). New York: Cambridge University Press.
26. FEINSTEIN, A.R. (1970). The pre-therapeutic classification of comorbidity in chronic disease. Journal of Chronic Diseases 23, 455-468.
27. FERGUSSON, D. M., HORWOOD, L. J., & LLOYD, M. T. (1991). Confirmatory factor models of attention deficit and conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 32, 257-274.
28. FLETCHER, P., HAPPÉ, F., FRITH, U., BAKER, S., DOLAN, R., FRACKOWIAK, R. & FRITH, C. (1995). Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of 'theory of mind' in story comprehension. Cognition 57, 109-128.
29. FOLSTEIN, S. & RUTTER, M. (1977a). Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 18, 297-321.
30. FOLSTEIN, S. & RUTTER, M. (1977b). Genetic influences and infantile autism. Nature 265, 726-728.
31. FOMBONNE, E., BOLTON, P., PRIOR, J., JORDAN, H. & RUTTER, M. (1997). A family study of autism: cognitive patterns and levels in parents and siblings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38, 667-683.
32. GILLBERG, C. (1992). Autism and autism-like conditions: Sub-classes among disorders of empathy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 33, 813-842.
33. GOLDBERG, D. (1996). A dimensional model for common mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 168 (suppl. 30), 44-49.
34. GOODYER, I. (1990). Life Experiences, Development and Childhood Psychopathology. Chichester: Wiley.
35. HARRINGTON, R.C., FUDGE, H., RUTTER, M., PICKLES, A. & HILL, J. (1990). Adult outcome of childhood and adolescent depression, I: Psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 465-473.
36. HARRINGTON, R.C., FUDGE, H., RUTTER, M., PICKLES, A. & HILL, J. (1991). Adult outcome of childhood and adolescent depression, II: Links with antisocial disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30, 434-439.
37. HARRINGTON, R. C., FUDGE, H., RUTTER, M. L., BREDENKAMP, D., GROOTHUES, C. & PRIDHAM, J. (1993). Child and adult depression: a rest of continuities with data from a family study. British Journal of Psychiatry 162, 627-633.
38. HARRINGTON, R.C., RUTTER, M. & FOMBONNE, E. (1996). Developmental pathways in depression: multiple meanings, antecedents and endpoints. Development and Psychopathology 8, 601-616.
39. HARRINGTON, R., RUTTER, M., WEISSMAN, M., FUDGE, H., GROOTHUES, C., BREDENKAMP, D., PICKLES, A., RENDE, R. & WICKRAMARATNE, P. (In press). Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of depressed prohands, I: Comparison of prepubertal, adolescent and early adult onset cases. Journal of Affective Disorders.
40. HINSHAW, S.P. (1992). Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin 111, 127-155.
41. HODGINS, S. (Ed.) (1993). Mental Disorder and Crime. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
42. HOLLAND, A.J. & OLIVER, C. (1995) Down's syndrome and the links with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 59, 111-114.
43. JESSOR, R., DONOVAN, L.E. & COSTA, J.M. (1991). Beyond Adolescence: Problem Behavior and Young Adult Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. JESSOR, R. & JESSOR, S.L. (1977). Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth. New York: Academic Press.
45. KENDLER, K.S. (1996). Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder. Same genes, (partly) different environments - revisited. British Journal of Psychiatry 168 (suppl. 30), 68-75.
46. KENDLER, K.S., NEALE, M.C., KESSLER, R.C., HEATH, A.C. & EAVES, L.J. (1992). Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder: same genes (partly) different environments? Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 716-722.
47. KENDLER, K.S. & WALSH, D. (1995). Gender and schizophrenia: results of an epidemiologically based family study. British Journal of Psychiatry 167, 184-192.
48. KENDLER, K.S., WALTERS, E.E., NEALE, M.C., KESSLER, R.C., HEATH, A.C. & EAVES, L.I. (1995). The structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for six major psychiatric disorders in women: phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, bulimia, major depression, and alcoholism. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 374-383.
49. KLEIN, M.H., KUPFER, D.J. & SHEA, M.T. (1993). Personality and Depression: A Current View. New York: Guildford Press.
50. LAHEY, B.B. & LOEBER, R. (1994). Framework for a developmental model of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In D.K. Routh (Ed.), Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Childhood (pp. 139-180). New York: Plenum Press.
51. LE COUTEUR, A., BAILEY, A., GOODE, S., PICKLES, A., ROBERTSON, S., GOTTESMAN, I. & RUTTER, M. (1996). A broader phenotype of autism: the clinical spectrum in twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37, 785-802.
52. LILIENFELD, S. O., WALDMAN, I. D. & ISRAEL, A. C. (1994). A critical examination of the use of the term and concept of comorbidity in psychopathology research. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 1, 71-83.
53. LORD, C. & RUTTER, M. (1994). Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. In M. Rutter, E. Taylor & L. Hersov (Eds), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches, 3rd edn (pp. 569-593). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
54. MAGUIN, E. & LOEBER, R. (1996). Academic performance and delinquency. Crime & Justice: A Review of Research 20, 145-264.
55. MASER, J.D. & CLONINGER, C.R. (Eds) (1990). Comorbidity of Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
56. MAUGHAN, B. & MCCARTHY, G. (1997) Childhood adversities and psychosocial disorders. British Medical Bulletin 53, 156-169.
57. MAUGHAN, B. & RUTTER, M. (1997). Retrospective reporting of childhood adversity: issues in assessing long-term recall. Journal of Personality Disorders 11, 19-33.
58. 3 receptor gene. British Journal of Psychiatry 170, 27-30.
59. MOFFITT, T.E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review 100, 674-701.
60. MOLDIN, S.O. (1994). Indicators of liability to schizophrenia: perspectives from genetic epidemiology. Schizophrenia Bulletin 20, 169-184.
61. MURPHY, M., BOLTON, P., PICKLES, A., FOMBONNE, E., PIVEN, J. & RUTTER, M. (1997). Personality traits of relatives of autistic probands. Submitted.
62. MURRAY, L. & COOPER, P.J. (1997). Postpartum Depression and Child Development. New York: Guilford Press.
63. NORDSTROM, P. & ASBERG, M. (1992). Suicide risk and serotonin. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 6 (suppl. 6), 12-21.
64. ORMEL, H., OLDEHINKEL, T., GOLDBERG, D., HODIAMONT, P.P.G. & WILMINK, F.W. (1995). The structure of common psychiatric symptoms: how many dimensions of neurosis? Psychological Medicine 25, 521-530.
65. PATRICK, C.J., ZEMPOLICH, K.A., LEVENSTON, G.K. (in press). Emotionality and violent behaviour in psychopaths: a biosocial analysis. In A. Raine, P. Brennan, D. Farrington & S. Mednick (Eds), Biosociol Bases of Violence. New York: Plenum Press.
66. PAYKEL, E.S. (1992). Handbook of Affective Disorders. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
67. PLITZKA, S.R. (1989). Effect of anxiety on cognition, behavior, and stimulant response in ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 28, 882-887.
68. PLOMIN, R. & RUTTER, M. (In press). Child development, molecular genetics and what to do with genes once they are found. Child Development.
69. QUIGGLE, N. L., GARBER, J., PANAK, W. F. & DODGE, K. A. (1992). Social information processing in aggressive and depressed children. Child Development 63, 1305-1320.
70. QUINTON, D., GULLIVER, L. & RUTTER, M. (1995). A 15-20 year follow-up of adult psychiatric patients: psychiatric disorder and social functioning. British Journal of Psychiatry 167, 315-323.
71. QUINTON, D., PICKLES, A., MAUGHAN, B. & RUTTER, M. (1993). Partners, peers, and pathways: assortative pairing and continuities in conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology 5, 763-783.
72. ROBINS, L. (1966). Deviant Children Grown Up. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins.
73. ROBINS, L. (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: replications from longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine 8, 611-622.
74. ROBINS, L. (1986). The consequences of conduct disorder in girls. In D. Olweus, J. Block & M. Radke-Yarrow (Eds), Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviour: Research, Theories, and Issues (pp. 385-414). Orlando: Academic Press.
75. RUTTER, M. (1989). Psychiatric disorder in parents as a risk factor for children. In D. Shaffer, I. Philips &. N. B. Enzer (Eds), Prevention of Mental Disorders, Alcohol and Other Drug Use in Children and Adolescents (pp. 157-189). Rockville, MD: Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services.
76. RUTTER, M. (1990). Commentary: some focus and process considerations regarding effects of parental depression on children. Developmental Psychology 26, 60-67.
77. RUTTER, M. (1994) Comorbidity: meanings and mechanisms. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 1, 100-103.
78. RUTTER, M. (1995). Relationship between mental disorders in childhood and adulthood. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 91, 73-85.
79. RUTTER, M. (1997). Afterword: Maternal depression and infant development: cause and consequence; sensitivity and specificity. In L. Murray & P.J. Cooper (Eds), Postparturn Depression and Child Development (pp. 295-315). New York: Guilford Press.
80. RUTTER, M., BAILEY, A., BOLTON, P. & LE COUTEUR, A. (1994). Autism and known medical conditions: myth and substance. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35, 311-322.
81. RUTTER, M., BAILEY, A., SIMONOFF, E. & PICKLES, A. (1997). Genetic influences and autism. In D. Cohen & F. Volkmar (Eds), Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, 2nd edn (pp. 370-387). New York: Wiley.
82. RUTTER, M., HARRINGTON, R., QUINTON, D. & PICKLES, A. (1994). Adult outcome of conduct disorder in childhood: implications for concepts and definitions of patterns of psychopathology. In R. D. Ketterlinus & M. Lamb (Eds), Adolescent Problem Behaviors: Issues and Research (pp. 57-80). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
83. RUTTER, M., MAUGHAN, B., MEYER, J., PICKLES, A., SILBERG, J., SIMONOFF, E. & TAYLOR, E. (In press). Heterogeneity of antisocial behavior: causes, continuities, and consequences. In R. Dienstbier & D.W. Osgood (Eds), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 44: Motivation and Delinquency. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
84. RUTTER, M. & PICKLES, A. (1991). Person-environment interactions: concepts, mechanisms, and implications for data analysis. In T.D. Wachs &. R. Plomin (Eds), Conceptualization and Measurement of Organism-Environment Interaction (pp. 105-141). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
85. RUTTER, M. & PLOMIN, R. (1997). Opportunities for psychiatry from genetic findings. British Journal of Psychiatry 171, 209-219.
86. RUTTER, M., TIZARD, J. & WHITMORE, K. (Eds) (1970). Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longman.
87. SALLEE, F.R., RICHMAN, H., BEACH, K., SETHURAMAN, G. & NESBITT, L. (1996). Platelet serotonin transport in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35, 1647-1658.
88. SCHACHAR, R., RUTTER, M. & SMITH, A. (1981). The characteristics of situationally and pervasively hyperactive children: implications for syndrome definition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 22, 375-392.
89. SHEPHERD, M., OPPENHEIM, B. & MITCHELL, S. (1971). Childhood Behaviour and Mental Health. London : University of London Press.
90. SILBERG, J., MEYER, J., PICKLES, A., SIMONOFF, E., EAVES, L., HEWITT, J., MAES, H. & RUTTER, M. (1996a). Heterogeneity among juvenile antisocial behaviors: findings from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioural Development. In G. Bock & J. Goode (Eds), Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviour, Ciba Symposium 194 (pp. 76-86). Chichester & New York: Wiley.
91. SILBERG, J. L., RUTTER, M. L., MEYER, J., MAES, H., HEWITT, J., SIMONOFF, E., PICKLES, A., LOEBER, R. & EAVES, L. (1996b). Genetic and environmental influences on the covariation between hyperactivity and conduct disturbance in juvenile twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37, 803-816.
92. SKUSE, D. & BENTOVIM, A. (1994). Physical and emotional maltreatment. In M. Rutter, E. Taylor & L. Herzov (Eds), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modem Approaches, 3rd edn (pp. 209-229). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
93. SLOMAN, L. (1991). Use of medication in pervasive developmental disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 14, 165-182.
94. TAYLOR, E.A. (1994). Development and psychopathology of attention. In M. Rutter & D.F. Hay (Eds), Development Through Life: A Handbook for Clinicians (pp.185-211). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
95. TAYLOR, E.A., CHADWICK, O., HEPTINSTALL, E. & DANCKAERTS, M. (1996). Hyperactivity and conduct problems as risk factors for adolescent development. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35, 1213-1226.
96. TAYLOR, E.A., EVERITT, B., THORLEY, G., SCHACHAR, R., RUTTER, M. & WEISELBERG, H.M. (1986). Conduct disorder and hyperactivity II. A cluster analytic approach to the identification of a behavioural syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry 149, 768-777.
97. TAYLOR, E.A., SANDBERG, S., THORLEY, G., GILES, S. (1991). The Epidemiology of Childhood Hyperactivity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
98. VAN PRAAG, H.M. (1996). Comorbidity (psycho) analysed. British Journal of Psychiatry 168 (suppl. 30), 129-134.
99. VIRKKUNEN, M., GOLDMAN, D. & LINNOILA, M. (1996). Serotonin in alcoholic violent offenders. In G.R. Bock & J.A. Goode (Eds), Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviour, Ciba Foundation Symposium 194 (pp.168-192) Chichester and New York: Wiley.
100. WEATHERALL, D.J., LEDINGHAM, J.G.G. & WARRELL, D.A. (Eds) (1996). Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
101. WITTCHEN, H.-U. (1996). Critical issues in the evaluation of comorbidity of psychiatric disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 168 (suppl. 30), 9-16.
102. WOODHOUSE, W., BAILEY, A., RUTTER, M., BOLTON, P., BAIRD, G. & LE COUTEUR, A. (1996). Head circumference and other pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37, 665-671.
103. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (1992). The Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). Geneva: WHO.
104. ZEANAH, C.H. & EMDE, R.N. (1994). Attachment disorders in infancy and childhood. In M. Rutter, E. Taylor & L. Herzov (Eds), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches, 3rd edn (pp. 490-504). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
105. ZOCCOLILLO, M., PICKLES, A., QUINTON, D. & RUTTER, M. (1992). The outcome of childhood conduct disorder: implications for defining adult personality disorder and conduct disorder. Psychological Medicine 22, 971-986.