Endogenous antioxidants from oilseeds and edible oils

Food Reviews International

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 225-292

  Wanasundara, P K J P D ^a   Shahidi, F ^a,b   Shukla, V K S ^b  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^b International Food Science Centre   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Amino acids; Ascorbic acid; Carotenoids; Endogenous antioxidants; Flavonoids; Free radicals; Oils; Oilseeds; Peptides; Phenolics; Phospholipids; Stability; Sterols; Tocopherols

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACIDS; ANTIOXIDANTS; ASCORBIC ACID; CEREAL PRODUCTS; CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS; CONVERGENCE OF NUMERICAL METHODS; FLAVONOIDS; FREE RADICALS; LIPIDS; OILSEEDS; PEPTIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS;

CAROTENOIDS; OILS; PHENOLICS; STEROLS; TOCOPHEROLS;

OILS AND FATS;

EID: 0031285757     PISSN: 87559129     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/87559129709541106     Document Type: Article

References (348)

1. B. Halliwell, R. Aeschbach, J. Löliger, and O. I. Aruoma, Food Chem. Toxicol., 33, 601 (1995).
2. D. K. Salunkhe, J. K. Chavan, R. N. Adsule, and S. S. Kadam, "World Oilseeds: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization," Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992.
3. J. B. Ohlorgge and T.P. Kernan, Plant Physiol., 70, 791 (1982).
4. H. Chimi, A. Sadik, B. Le Tutor, and M. Rahmani, R. Fr. Des Crops. Gras., 35, 339 (1988).
5. J. Pokorny, in "Autoxidation of Unsaturated Lipids," (H. W.-S. Chan, ed.), Academic, London, 1987, p. 141.
6. M. E. Cuvelier, H. Richard, and C. Berset, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 56, 324 (1992).
7. W. Cort, Food Technol., 10, 60 (1974).
8. O. I. Aruoma, A. Murua, J. Butler, and B. Halliwell, J. Agric. Food Chem., 41, 1880 (1993).
9. K. Krygier, F. W. Sosulski, and L. Hogge, J. Agric. Food Chem., 30, 334 (1982).
10. K. J. Dabrowski and F. W. Sosulski, J. Agric. Food Chem., 32, 128 (1984).
11. F. W. Sosulski, K. Krygier, and L. Hogge, J. Agric. Food Chem., 30, 337 (1982).
12. C. Nergiz and K. Unal, Food Chem., 39, 237 (1991).
13. F. Shahidi and P. K. J. P. D. Wanasundara, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 32, 67 (1992).
14. D. E. Pratt, J. Food Sci., 37, 322 (1972).
15. D. E. Pratt, J. Food Sci., 30, 737 (1965).
16. D. E. Pratt and B. M. Watts, J. Food Sci., 29, 27 (1964).
17. D. E. Pratt and B. J. F. Hudson, in "Food Antioxidants," (B. J. F. Hudson, ed.), Elsevier, London, 1990, p. 171.
18. B. J. F. Hudson and J. I. Lewis, Food Chem., 10, 47 (1983).
19. S. Rafat Husain, J. Cillard, and P. Cillard, Phytochem., 26, 2489 (1987).
20. Y. Chen, X. Li, B. Zhao, R. Zheng, and W. Xin, Acta Biophys. Sinica., 5, 253 (1989).
21. J. Torel, J. Cillard and P. Cillard, Phytochem., 25, 383 (1986).
22. J. Robak and R. J. Gryglewski, Biochem. Pharmacol., 37, 837 (1988).
23. C. Yuting, Z. Rongliang, J. Zhongjian, and J. Young, Free Radical Biol. Med., 9, 19 (1990).
24. S. Z. Dziedzic and B. J. F. Hudson, Food Chem., 11, 161 (1983).
25. N. Uri, in "Autoxidation and Antioxidants," (W. O. Lundbert, ed.), Interscience, New York, 1961, p. 133.
26. S. Z. Dziedzic and B. J. F. Hudson, Food Chem., 12, 205 (1983).
27. D. Peterson, Cereal Chem., 71, 42 (1994).
28. R. G. Ackman, in "Canola and Rapeseed: Production, Chemistry, Nutrition and Processing Technology," (F. Shahidi, ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, 1990, p. 81.
29. H. D. Belitz and W. Grosch, "Food Chemistry," Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987.
30. D. M. Peterson, Cereal Chem., 72, 21 (1995).
31. P. J. Van Niekerk and A. E. C. Burger, J. Am. Oil Chem., 62, 531 (1985).
32. B. Tan, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 66, 770 (1989).
33. A. E. Clough, J. Am. Oil Chem., 69, 456 (1992).
34. N. Ramarathnam, T. Osawa, M. Namiki, and T. Tashiro, J. Sci. Food Agric., 37, 719 (1986).
35. W. J. Muller-Mulot, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 53, 732 (1976).
36. A. J. Speek, J. Schrijver and W. H. P. Schreurs, J. Food Sci., 50, 121 (1985).
37. J. D. Dziezak, Food Technol., 40, 9, 94 (1986).
38. Y. Ishikawa and E. Yuki, Agric. Biol. Chem., 39, 851 (1975).
39. P. Schuler, in "Food Antioxidants," (B. J. F. Hudson, ed.), Elsevier, London, 1990. p. 99.
40. L. Packer, in "Nutrition, Lipids, Health and Disease," (A. S. H. Ong, E. Niki, and L. Packer, eds.), American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, 1995, p. 8.
41. K. H. Gustavson, "The Chemistry of Tanning Process," Academic Press, New York, 1956.
42. L. Y. Foo and L. J. Porter, Phytochem., 19, 1747 (1980).
43. E. Haslam, "Chemistry of Vegetable Tannins," Academic Press, New York, 1966.
44. D. G. Roux, D. Ferreira, and J. J. Botha, J. Agric. Food Chem., 28, 216 (1980).
45. E. Haslam, "Plant Polyphenols-Vegetable Tannins Revisited," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989.
46. L. J. Porter, in "The Flavonoids," (J. B. Harbone, ed.), Chapman and Hall, London, 1988, p.21.
47. S. Uchida, R. Edamatsu, M. Hiramatsu, A. Mori, G. Y. Nonaka, I. Nishioka, M. Niwa, and M. Ozaki, Med. Sci. Res., 15, 831 (1987).
48. T. Ariga, I. Koshiyama and D. Fukushima, J. Biol. Chem., 52, 2717 (1988).
49. T. Yoshida, K. Mori, T. Hatano, T. Okumura, I. Uchera, K. Komagoe, F. Yuzaburo, and T. Okuda, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 37, 1919 (1989).
50. T. Hatano, R. Edamatsu, M. Hiramatsu, A. Mori, Y. Fujita, T. Yasuhara, and T. Okuda, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 57, 2016 (1989).
51. H. Tanizawa, S. Toda, Y. Sazuka, T. Taniyamo, T. Hayashi, S. Arichi, and Y. Takino, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 32, 2011 (1984).
52. T. Matsuzaki and Y. Hara, Nippon Nôgeikagaku Kaishi, 59, 129 (1985).
53. Y. Hara, in "Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention II," (C.-T. Ho, T. Osawa, M.-T. Huang, and R. T. Rosen, eds.), ACS Symposium Series 547, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1994, p. 34.
54. J. Terao, M. Piskula, and Q. Yao, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 308, 278 (1994).
55. R. Amarowicz and F. Shahidi, J. Food Lipids, 2, 47 (1995).
56. U. N. Wanasundara and F. Shahidi, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 1183 (1996).
57. Z. Y. Chen, P. T. Chan, H. M. Ma, K. P. Fung, and J. Wang, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 375 (1996).
58. T. Tsuda, M. Watanabe, K. Ohshima, A. Yamamoto, S. Kawakishi, and T. Osawa, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 2671 (1994).
59. T. Ariga and M. Hamano, Agric Biol. Chem., 54, 2499 (1990).
60. J. M. R. da Silva, N. Darmon, Y. Fermandez, and S. Mitjavila, J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, 1549 (1991).
61. A. D. Muir, in "Natural Antioxidants," (F. Shahidi, ed.), American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, 1996, p. 204.
62. G. Mazza and E. Miniati, "Anthocyanins in Fruits, Vegetables and Grains," CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993.
63. J. Kühnau, Wld. Rev. Nutr. Diet., 24, 117 (1976).
64. T. Tsuda, Y. Makino, H. Kato, T. Osawa, and S. Kawakishi, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 57, 1606 (1993).
65. T. Tsuda. T. Osawa, T. Nakayama, S. Kawakishi, and K. Oshima, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 909 (1993).
66. T. Tsuda, M. Watanabe, K. Oshima, S. Nornoba, S.-W. Choi, S. Kawashima, and T. Osawa, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 2407 (1994).
67. T. Tsuda, K. Oshima, S. Kawakishi, and T. Osawa, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 248 (1994).
68. K. Igarashi, K. Takanashi, M. Makino, and T. Yasui, Jap. J. Food Sci. Technol., 36, 343 (1989).
69. R. D. Haworth, Ann. Rep. Prog. Chem., 33, 266 (1936).
70. W. D. McRae and G. H. N. Towers, Phytochem., 23, 1207 (1984).
71. R. L. Lester and F. L. Crane, J. Biol. Chem., 234, 2169 (1959).
72. F. L. Crane, Plant Physiol., 34, 128 (1959).
73. A. Mellors and A. L. Tappel, J. Biol. Chem., 241, 4353 (1966).
74. L. Packer, in "Lipid Soluble Antioxidants: Biochemistry and Clinical Applications," (A. S. H. Ong and L. Packer, eds.), Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1992, p. 1.
75. J. M. C. Gutteridge and B. Halliwell, "Antioxidants in Nutrition, Health and Disease," Oxford University, Oxford, 1994, p. 53.
76. M. Kamei, T. Fujita, K. Kanbe, K. Sasaki, S. Oshiba, I. Otani, I. Matsui-Yuasa, and S. Morisawa, Internat. J. Vit. Nutr. Res., 56, 57 (1985).
77. R. A. Larson, Phytochem., 27, 969 (1988).
78. K. G. Stern, J. Biol. Chem., 114, 473 (1936).
79. R. S. Dhindsa, P. Plumb-Dhindsa, and T. E. Thorpe, J. Expt. Bot., 126, 93 (1981).
80. A. K. Smith and S. J. Circle, in "Soybean: Chemistry and Technology," (A. K. Smith and S. J. Circle, eds.), AVI, Westport, 1972, p. 339.
81. R. Marcuse, Nature, 186, 866 (1960).
82. R. Marcuse, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 39, 97 (1962).
83. J. Siechowski, Rev. Ital. Sostanze Grasse, 48, 502 (1971).
84. M. I. Soboleva, I. V. Sirokhman, and A. V. Troyan, Pishch. Technologiya, 1, 35 (1972).
85. G. D. Revankar, J. Food Sci. Tech., 11,10 (1974).
86. M. M. Ahmed, S. Al-Hakim, and A. A. Y. Shehata, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 60, 837 (1983).
87. K. Kawashima and S. Kawakishi, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 27, 1912 (1979).
88. H.-M. Chen, K. Muramoto, and F. Yamaguchi, J. Agric. Food Chem., 43, 574 (1995).
89. S. J. Bishov and A. S. Henick, J. Food Sci., 37, 873 (1972).
90. S. J. Bishov and A. S. Henick, J. Food Sci., 40, 345 (1975).
91. K. Uchida and S. Kawakishi, J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, 13 (1992).
92. H. Murase, A. Nagao, and J. Terao, J. Agric. Food Chem., 41, 1601 (1993).
93. T. A. Dahl, W. R. Midden, and P. E. Hartman, Photochem. Photobiol., 47, 357 (1988).
94. R. Kohen, Y. Yamamoto, K. C. Cundy, and B. Ames, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 3175 (1988).
95. E. A. Decker, A. D. Crum, and J. T. Calvert, J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, 756 (1992).
96. K. Tajima, M. Sakamoto, K. Okada, K. Mukai, K. Ishizu, H. Sakurai, and H. Mori, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commiun., 125, 1002 (1983).
97. X. Shi, N. S. Dalal, and A. C. Jain, Food Chem. Toxic., 29, 1 (1991).
98. J. Nagai, M. Tanaka, H. Hibasami, and T. Ikeda, J. Biochem. (Tokyo), 89, 1143 (1981).
99. F. Terce, J. F. Tocanne, and G. Laneele, Eur. J. Biochem., 125, 203 (1982).
100. J. A. Howard and T. Yamada, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 103, 7102 (1981).
101. Y. Endo, R. Usuki, and T. Kaneda, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 62, 1375 (1985).
102. K. Sakata, K. Yamamoto, and H. Ishikawa, Tetrachedron Lett., 31, 1165 (1990).
103. S. Nishibori and K. Namika, Nippon Kaseigaku Kaishi, 39, 1174 (1988).
104. A. H. Cahyana, Y. Shuto, and Y. Kinoshita, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 56, 1533 (1992).
105. M. Nishikimi, Biosci. Biophys. Res. Commun., 63, 463 (1975).
106. E. Koch, Tetrahedron, 24, 6295 (1968).
107. E. Niki, T. Saito, and Y. Kamiya, Chem. Lett., 631, 150 (1983).
108. E. W. Kellogg III and I. Fridovich, J. Biol. Chem., 250, 8812 (1975).
109. A. H. Clements, R. H. Van den Engh, D. T. Frost, and K. Hoogenhout, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 50, 325 (1973).
110. J. Pokorny, Trends Food Sci. Tech., No 1, 3, 223 (1991).
111. J. A. Olson, in "Lipid Soluble Antioxidants: Biochemistry and Clinical Applications," (A. S. H. Ong and L. Packer, eds.), Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1992, p. 1.
112. L. Packer, in "Proceedings of the International Symposium on Natural Antioxidants, Molecular Mechanisms and Health Effects," (L. Packer, M. G. Taber, and W. Xin, eds.), American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, 1996, p. 8.
113. M. Cheryan, CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 13, 296 (1980).
114. E. Graf and J. W. Eaton, Free Radical Biol. Med., 8, 61 (1990).
115. R. Barre, J. E. Courtois, and G. Wormser, Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol., 36, 455 (1954).
116. E. Graf, J. R. Mahony, R. G. Bryant, and J. W. Eaton, J. Biol. Chem., 259, 3620 (1984)
117. E. Graf, K. L. Empson, and J. W. Eaton, J. Biol. Chem., 262, 11647 (1987).
118. J. J. Scott and F. A. Loewus, in "Phytic Acid: Chemistry and Applications," (E. Graf, ed.), Pilatus, Minneapolis, 1986, p. 23.
119. A. J. St. Angelo, J. R. Vercellotti, H. P. Dupuy, and A. M. Spanier, Food Technol., 6, 133 (1988).
120. K. L. Empson, T. P. Labuza, and E. Graf, J. Food Sci., 56, 560 (1991).
121. L. U. Thompson, in "Canola and Rapeseed: Production, Chemistry, Nutrition and Processing Technology," (F. Shahidi, ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990, p. 173.
122. P. K. J. P. D. Wanasundara and F. Shahidi, Food Chem., 49, 39 (1994).
123. P. Brandt, E. Hollstein, and C. Franzke, Lebensmittel Ind., 20, 31 (1973).
124. M. H. Gordon, in "Food Antioxidants," (B. J. F. Hudson, ed.), Elsevier, London, 1990, p. 1.
125. B. J. F. Hudson and M. Ghavami, Lebensm. Wiss. u. Technol., 17, 191 (1984).
126. P. T. Tai, J. Pokorny, and G. Janicek, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 156, 257 (1974).
127. J. Pokorny, H. Poskocilova and J. Davidek, Nahrung., 25, K29 (1981).
128. J. L. Harwood and N. J. Russel, "Lipids in Plants and Microbes," George Allen and Unwin, London, 1984. p. 24.
129. R. J. Sims, J. A. Fioriti, and M. J. Kanuk, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 49, 298 (1972).
130. D. Boskou and I. D. Morton, J. Sci. Food Agric., 27, 928 (1976).
131. M. H. Gordon and P. Magos, Food Chem., 10, 141 (1983).
132. P. S. Yan and P. J. White, J. Agric. Food Chem., 38, 1904 (1990).
133. L. L. Tian and P. J. White, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, 1084 (1994).
134. T. Itoh, T. Tamura, and T. Matsumoto, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 50, 122 (1973).
135. F. B. Padley, F. D. Gunstone, and J. L. Harwood. in "The Lipid Handbook," (F. D. Gunstone, J. L. Harwood, and F. B. Padley, eds.), Second edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 1994, p. 47.
136. H. Lingnert, J. Food Process. Preserv., 4, 219 (1980).
137. K. Eichner, Prog. Food Nutr. Sci., 5, 441 (1981).
138. H. Lingnert and C. E. Eriksson, J. Food Process., Preserv. 4, 1 (1980).
139. H. Lingnert and C. E. Eriksson, Progress. Food Nutr. Sci., 5, 453 (1981).
140. H. Lingnert and B. Lundgren, J. Food Process. Preserv., 4,235 (1980).
141. H. Lingnert and G. R. Waller, J. Agric. Food Chem., 31, 27 (1983).
142. M. Anese, M. C. Nicoli, and C. R. Lerici, Ital. J. Food Sci., 3, 339 (1994).
143. N. Yamaguchi, Y. Koyama, and M. Fujimaki, Prog. Food Nutr. Sci., 5, 429 (1981).
144. M. Namiki, CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 29, 273 (1990).
145. N. Kirigaya, M. Kato, and M. Fujimaki, Agric. Biol. Chem., 32, 287 (1968).
146. W. O. Lundberg, "Autoxidation and Antioxidants Vol. 1," Interscience, New York, 1961.
147. T. Gomyo and M. Horikosshi, Agric. Biol. Chem., 40, 33 (1976).
148. G. Kajimoto and H. Yoshida, Yukagaku, 24, 297 (1975).
149. K. Kawashima, H. Itoh, and I. Chibata, J. Agric. Food Chem., 25, 202 (1977).
150. M. Namiki, A. Shigeta, and T. Hayashi, Agric. Biol. Chem., 46, 1199 (1982).
151. M. Alaiz, R. Zamora and F. J. Hidalgo, J. Agric. Food Chem., 43, 795 (1995).
152. M. Alaiz, R. Zamora, and F. J. Hidalgo, J. Agric. Food Chem., 44, 795 (1996).
153. T. Kato, M. Murakami, H. Tanimura, A. Mimura, and Y. Takahara, Proc. Ann. Mtg. Soc. Fermentat. Technol. (Japan), 1992, p. 213.
154. J. Kanner, J. B. German, and J. E. Kinsella, CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 25, 317 (1987).
155. J. I. Gray, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 55, 539 (1978).
156. J. I. Gray and F.J. Monohan, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 3, 315 (1992).
157. F. Shahidi and U. N. Wanasundara, in "Natural Antioxidants," (F. Shahidi, ed.), American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, 1996, p. 397.
158. F. Shahidi and U.N. Wanasundara, Food Sci. Technol. Int., 2, 73 (1996).
159. L. Packer, "Methods in Enzymology-Vol 233," Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, p. 163.
160. S. Musher, Food Ind., 7, 167 (1935).
161. A. M. El-Sokkary and M. A. Ghoneim, Indian J. Dairy Sci., 4, 123 (1951).
162. A. Overman, Food Res., 12, 365 (1947).
163. A. F. Morgan and B. M. Watts, US Patent 2,457,063 (1948).
164. J. E. Neil and L. Page, Food Technol., 10, 315 (1956).
165. G. M. Bookwalter, W. F. Knolek, L. T. Black, and E. L. Griffin, J. Food Sci., 36, 1026 (1971).
166. S. Arai, H. Suzuki, M. Fujimaki, and Y. Sakurai, Agric. Biol. Chem., 30, 364 (1966).
167. E. Walz, Chem. Abs., 25, 5675 (1931).
168. E. D. Walter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 63, 3273 (1941).
169. M. Naim, B. Gestetner, I. Kirson, Y. Birk, and A. Bondi, Phytochem., 12, 169 (1973).
170. S. Kudou, Y. Fleury, D. Welti, D. Magnolato, T. Uchida, K. Kitamura, and K. Okubo, Agric. Biol. Chem., 55, 2227 (1991).
171. K. Okubo, S. Kudou, T. Uchida, Y. Yoshiki, M. Yushikoshi, and M. Tonomura, in "Food Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention, I," (C.-T. Ho, T. Osawa, M.-T. Huang and R.-T. Rosen, eds.), American Chemical Society Series 546, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1994, p. 330.
172. M. Naim, B. Gestetner, S. Zilkah, Y. Birk, and A. Bondi, J. Agric. Food Chem., 22, 806 (1974).
173. A. C. Eldridge and W. F. Kwolek, J. Agric. Food. Chem., 31, 394 (1983).
174. H. Murakami, T. Asakawa, J. Terao, and S. Matsushita, Agric. Biol. Chem., 48, 2971 (1984).
175. D. E. Pratt, C. D. Pietor, W. L. Porter, and J. W. Giffee, J. Food Sci., 47, 24 (1981).
176. R. E. Hayes, G. N. Bookwalter, and E. B. Bagley, J. Food Sci., 42, 1527 (1977).
177. H. Esaki, H. Onozaki and T. Osawa, in "Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention, I," (M.-T. Huang, T. Osawa, C.-T. Ho, and R. T. Rosen, eds.), American Chemical Society Series 546, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1994, p. 353.
178. K. Murata, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 65, 799 (1988).
179. H. Esaki, H. Onozaki, S. Kawakishi, and T. Osaka, J. Agric. Food Chem., 44, 696 (1996).
180. P. György, K. Murata, and Y. Sugimoto, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 51, 377 (1974).
181. H. D. Stahl and R. J. Sims, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 63, 555 (1986).
182. N. Yamaguchi and M. Fujimaki, Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi. 20, 507 (1973).
183. M. Okamoto, S. Homma, and M. Fujimaki, Kaseigaku Zashi., 33, 585 (1982).
184. H. Esaki, Y. Nohara, H. Onozaki, and T. Osawa, Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkashi., 37, 474 (1990).
185. C. R. Scholfield, in "Lecithin," (B. F. Szuhaj and G. R. List, eds.), American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, 1985, p. 2.
186. M. Y. Jung, S. H. Yoon, and D. B. Min, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 66, 118 (1989).
187. H. S. Olcott and H. A. Matill, Oil and Soap., 13, 98 (1936).
188. K. Warner and T. L. Mounts, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 67, 827 (1990).
189. N. Yamaguchi, Y. Yokoo, and M. Fujimaki, Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi., 22, 431 (1975).
190. B. F. Harland and D. Oberleas, Cereal Chem., 54, 827 (1977).
191. Y. M. Choo, Food Nutr. Bull., 15, 130 (1994).
192. S. -H. Goh, Y. -M. Choo, and A. S. H. Ong, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 62, 237 (1985).
193. B. Jacobsberg, P. Deldime, and A. B. Gapor, Oleagineux, 28, 25 (1978).
194. Y.-M. Choo, S.-C. Yap, C.-K. Ooi, A.-N. Ma, A.-H. Goh, and A. S. H. Ong, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 599 (1996).
195. K. Nesaratnam, T. P. A. Devasaugayam, B. B. Singh, and Y. Basiron, Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 30, 159 (1993).
196. B. Tan, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 66, 770 (1989).
197. E. Bernidini, "Oils and Fats Refining, Vol. II," B. E. Publishing House, Rome, 1984.
198. M. L. Wong, R. E. Timms, and E. M. Goh, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 65, 258 (1988).
199. H. B. W. Patterson, "Handling and Storage of Oilseeds, Oils, Fats and Meals," Elsevier, London, 1989.
200. Y. Basiron and A. Ibrahim, Inform., 5, 977 (1994).
201. E. M. Goh and P. T. Gee, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 63, 226 (1986).
202. B. Tan, C. M. Gardy, and A. M. Gawienowski, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 63, 1175 (1986).
203. J. H. Ng and B. Jan, J. Chromgraph. Sci., 26, 463 (1988).
204. E. Serbinova, M. Choo, and L. Packer, Biochem. Intent., 28, 881 (1992).
205. Y.-M. Choo, S. C. Yap, C. K. Ooi, A. S. H. Ong, and S. H. Goh, in "Lipid Soluble Antioxidants: Biochemistry and Clinical Applications," (A. S. H. Ong and L. Packer, eds.), Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1992. p. 243.
206. E. A. Serbinova, S. Khwaja, D. Cadudioc, and L. Packer, Nutr. Res. 12 Supp.1, S203 (1992)
207. H. A. Hamid, Y.-M. Choo, H.-T. Khor and S.-H. Goh. in "Nutrition, Lipids, Health and Disease," A. S. H. Ong, E. Niki, and L. Packer, eds.), American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, 1995, p. 122.
208. H. Kozlowzka, D. A. Rotkiewicz, R. L. Zadernowski, and F. W. Sosulski, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 60, 1119 (1983).
209. M. Naczk and F. Shahidi, Food Chem., 31, 159 (1989).
210. R. Blair and R. D. Reichard, J. Sci. Food Agric., 35, 29 (1984).
211. M. Naczk, T. Nichols, D. Pink, and F. W. Sosulski, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 2196 (1994).
212. J. Leung, T. W. Fenton, M. M. Meuller, and D. R. Clandinin, J. Food Sci., 44, 1313 (1979).
213. H. Nowak, K. Kujawa, R. Zadernowski, B. Roczniak, and H. Kozlowska, Fat Sci. Technol., 94, 149 (1992).
214. U. N. Wanasundara, R. Amarowicz, and F. Shahidi, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 1285 (1994).
215. U. N. Wanasundara and F. Shahidi, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, 817 (1995).
216. E. Yuki and Y. Ishikawa, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 53, 673 (1976).
217. S. S. Koseoglu and E. W. Lusas, in "Canola and Rapeseed: Production, Chemistry, Nutrition and Processing Technology," (F. Shahidi, ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990, p. 123.
218. B. Alford, G. U. Leipa, and A. D. Van Beber, Inform., 5, 1151 (1994).
219. K. S. Rhee, Y. A. Ziprin, and K. C. Rhee, J. Food Sci., 46, 75 (1981).
220. C. C. Whittern, E. E. Miller, and D. E. Pratt, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 61, 1075 (1984).
221. W. Wachs, Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel., 59, 318 (1957).
222. D. E. Pratt and E. E. Miller, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 61, 1064 (1984).
223. P. D. Duh, D.-B. Yeh, and G.-C. Yen, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 69, 814 (1992).
224. G. C. Yen, P.-D. Duh, and C.-L. Tsai, J. Agric. Food Chem., 41, 67 (1993).
225. G. C. Yen and P.-D. Duh, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 383 (1993).
226. G. C. Yen and P.-D. Duh, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 629 (1994).
227. D. J. Daigle, E. J. Conkerton, T. H. Sanders, and A. C. Mixon, J. Agric. Food Chem., 36, 1179 (1988).
228. T. H. Sanders, Peanut Sci., 4, 51 (1977).
229. J. Karchesy and R. W. Hemingway, J. Agric. Food Chem., 34, 966 (1986).
230. V. Pirronen, E. L. Syväoja, P. Varo, K. Salminen, and P. Koivistooinen, J. Agric. Food Chem., 34, 742 (1986).
231. E. R. Chase Jr., C. C. Akoh, and R. R. Eitenmiler, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, 877 (1994).
232. A. G. Gopalakrishna and J. V. Prabhakar, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77, 1245 (1994).
233. A. Seo and C. V. Morr, J. Food Sci., 50, 262 (1985).
234. R. Y.-Y. Chiou, J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, 1598 (1992).
235. IOOC, International Olive Oil Council, 715/NC n1/Riv 6 (1993).
236. U. Pallotta, Ital. J. Food Sci., 6, 259 (1994).
237. M. T. Satue, S. W. Huang, and E. N. Frankel, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72, 1131 (1995).
238. A. Fleuriet, J. J. Macheix, C. Y. Andary, and P. Villemur, Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. Ser. III, 299, 253 (1984).
239. C. Andary, R. Wylde, C. Laffite, and G. Privat, Phytochem., 21, 1123 (1982).
240. L. Panizzi, M. L. Scarpeti, and E. G. Oriente, Gazz. Chim. Ital., 90, 1449 (1960).
241. E. Ragazzi, G. Veronese, and A. y Guiotto, Ann. Chim., 63, 13 (1973).
242. A. Vazquez Roncero, E. Gracinai Constante, and R. y Maestro Duran, Grasas y Aceites, 25, 269 (1974).
243. M.-J. Amiot, A. Fleuriet, and J. J. Macheix, J. Agric. Food Chem., 34, 823 (1986).
244. M.-J. Amiot, A. Fleuriet, and J.-J. Macheix, Phytochem., 28, 67 (1989).
245. P. Gariboldi, G. Jommi, and L. Verotta, Phytochem., 25, 865 (1986).
246. H. Kuwajima, T. Uemura, K. Takaishi, K. Inoue, and H. Inouye, Phytochem., 27, 1757 (1988).
247. M. Akasbi, D. W. Shoeman, and A. Saari Csallany, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 367 (1993).
248. G. Montedoro, M. Servili, M. Baldioli and E. Miniati, J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, 1571 (1992).
249. M. Tsimidou, G. Papadopoulos, and D. Boskou, Food Chem., 45, 141 (1992).
250. G. Montedoro, M. Servili, M. Baldioli, R. Selvaggini, and E. Miniati, J. Agric. Food Chem., 41, 2228 (1993).
251. H. Chimi, J. Cillard, P. Cillard, and M. Rahmani, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 68, 307 (1991).
252. C. Nergiz, Riv. H. Sost. Grasse, 68, 553 (1991).
253. G. Papadopoulos and D. Boskou, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 68, 669 (1991).
254. B. Le Tutour and D. Guedon, Phytochem., 31, 1173 (1992).
255. G. Blekas, M. Tsimidou, and D. Boskou, Food Chem., 52, 289 (1995).
256. B. Stancher, F. Zonta, and P. Bogoni, J. Micronutr. Anal., 3, 97 (1987).
257. N. Frega, F. Bocci, and G. Lercker, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 919 (1993).
258. H. T. Slover, Lipids,. 6, 291 (1970).
259. A. Vazquez Roncero and R. Maestro Duran, Grasas Aceites (Seville), 21, 208 (1970).
260. B. S. Luh and G. Mahecha, J. Chin. Agric. Chem. Soc., Special December issue (1971).
261. T. Ohta, S. Yamasaki, Y. Egashira, and H. Sanada, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 653 (1994).
262. D. Classen, J. T. Arnason, J. A. Serratos, J. D. H. Lambert, C. Nozzolilla, and B. J. R. Philogéne, J. Chem. Ecol., 16, 301 (1990).
263. G. W. Grams, C. W. Blessin, and G. E. Inglett, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 47, 337 (1970).
264. S. B. Combs and G. F. Combs, Jr., J. Agric. Food Chem., 33, 815 (1985).
265. P. B. Price and J. G. Parsons, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 52, 490 (1975).
266. E. J. Weber, in "Corn, Chemistry and Technology," (S. A. Wadson and P. E. Ramstod, eds.), Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem. Inc., St. Paul, 1987, p. 311.
267. O. K. Chung, in "Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology," (K. J. Lorenz and K. Kulp, eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991, p. 497.
268. C. D. Dybing and C. Lay, in "Handbook of Biosolar Resources, Vol. II," (O. R. Zaborsky, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1981, p. 71.
269. Z. O. Saleemi, P. K. J. P. D. Wanasundara, and F. Shahidi, J. Agric. Food Chem., 41, 641 (1993).
270. R. Amarowicz, U. N. Wanasundara, J. Wanasundara, and F. Shahidi, J. Food Lipids, 1, 111 (1993).
271. F. Shahidi, U.N. Wanasundara and R. Amarowicz, in "Food Flavors, Generation, Analysis and Process Influence," (G. Charalambous, ed.), Elsevier, London, 1995, p. 1087.
272. R. Amarowicz, P. K. J. P. D. Wanasundara, F. Shahidi, and M. Karamac, in "Proceedings of the International Euro Food Tox IV," (H. Kozlowska, J. Fornal, and Z. Zdunczyk, eds.), Polish Academy of Science, Olysztyn, 1994, p. 166.
273. R. Amarowicz, P. K. J. P. D. Wanasundara, and F. Shahidi, Nahrung, in press (1997).
274. R. Amarowicz, P. K. J. P. D. Wanasundara, and F. Shahidi, Nahrung, 38, 520 (1994).
275. J. E. Brekke and H. J. Klosterman, Proc. North Dakora Agric. Sci., 10, 18 (1956).
276. S. P. Borreillo, K. D. Setchell, M. Axelson, and A. M. Lawson, J. Appl. Bacteriol., 58, 37 (1985).
277. L. S. Conte, G. Lercker, P. Capella, and M. Catena, Riv. It. Sost. Grasse., 56, 339 (1979).
278. R. S. Bhatty and P. Cherdkiatgumchai, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 67, 79 (1990).
279. R. K. Harris and W. J. Haggerty, Cereal Foods World, 38, 147 (1993).
280. C. K. Lyon, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 49, 245 (1992).
281. P. Budowski, F. G. T. Menezenes, and F. G. Doller, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 27, 377 (1950).
282. P. Budowski, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 41, 260 (1964).
283. Y. Fukuda, T. Osawa, M. Namiki, and T. Ozaki, Agric. Biol. Chem., 49, 301 (1985).
284. H. Katsuzaki, M. Kawasumi, S. Kawakishi, and T. Osawa, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 56, 2087 (1992).
285. H. Katsuzaki, S. Kawakishi, and T. Osawa, Heterocycles, 36, 933 (1993).
286. H. Katsuzaki, S. Kawakishi, and T. Osawa, Phytochem., 35, 773 (1994).
287. T. Osawa, M. Nagata, M. Namiki, and Y. Fukuda, Agric. Biol. Chem., 49, 3351 (1985).
288. M. Nagata, T. Osawa, M. Namiki, and Y. Fukuda, Agric. Biol. Chem., 51, 1285 (1987).
289. F. Shahidi, R. Amarowicz, H.-A. Abu Gharbia, and A. A. Y. Shehata, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 143 (1997).
290. Y. Fukuda, M. Nagata, T. Osawa, and M. Namiki, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 63, 1027 (1986).
291. Y. Fukuda, T. Osawa, and M. Namiki, Nippon Shokuhi Kogyo Gakkaishi., 28, 461 (1981).
292. Y. Fukuda, M. Isobe, M. Nagata, T. Osawa, and M. Namiki, Heterocycles, 24, 923 (1986).
293. T. Osawa, H. Kumon, M. Namiki, S. Kawakishi, and Y. Fukuda, in "Mutagens and Carcinogens in the Diet," (M. W. Pariza, H. U. Aeschbacher, J. S. Felton, and S. Sato, eds.), Wiley-Liss., New York, 1990, p. 223.
294. Y. Fukuda, T. Osawa, S. Kawakishi, and M. Namiki, in "Food Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention II," (C.-T. Ho, T. Osawa, M.-T. Huang and R. T. Rosen, eds.), American Chemical Society, Series 547, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1994, p. 264.
295. Y. Fukuda, M. Nagata, T. Osawa, and M. Namiki, Agric. Biol. Chem., 50, 857 (1986).
296. Y. Fukuda, T. Osawa, S. Kawakishi, and M. Namiki, Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkashi, 35, 483 (1988).
297. T. Osawa, A. Ide, J. De Sue, and M. J. Namiki, J. Agric. Food Chem., 35, 808 (1987).
298. A. Mimura, K. Takebayashi, M. Niwano, Y. Takahara, T. Osawa, and H. Tokuda, in "Food Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention II," (C.-T. Ho, T. Osawa, M.-T. Huang, and R.-T. Rosen, eds.), American Chemical Society, Series 547, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1994, p. 281.
299. A. R. De Boland, G. B. Garner, and B. L. O'Dell, J. Agric. Food Chem., 23, 1186 (1975).
300. E. Fedeli, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 60, 404 (1983).
301. H. Taira, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 66, 1326 (1989).
302. A. Tanaka, A. Kato, and Tsuchiya, T. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 48, 95 (1971).
303. E. J. Rogers, S. M. Rice, R. J. Nicolosi, D. R. Darpenter, C. A. McClelland, and C.J. Romanczy Jr., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 301 (1993).
304. N. Hettiarachchy, U. Kalapathy, and K. Griffin. Research Series, University of Arkansas Agriculture Experimental Station, 439, 218 (1994).
305. K. Tanabe, M. Yamaoka, A. Tanaka, A. Kato, and J. Amemiya, Yukaguku, 31, 205 (1982).
306. J. Hemavathy and J. V. Prabhakar, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 64, 1016 (1987).
307. E. M. Gaydou and R. Raonizafinimanana, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 57, 141 (1980).
308. T. Osawa, N. Ramarathnam, S. Kawakshi, K. M. Namiki, and T. Tashiro, Agric. Biol. Chem., 49, 3085 (1985).
309. N. Ramarathnam, T. Osawa, M. Namiki, and S. Kawakishi, J. Agric. Food Chem., 36, 732 (1988).
310. N. Ramarathnam, T. Osawa, M. Namiki, and S. Kawakishi, J. Agric. Food Chem., 37, 316 (1989).
311. N. Ramarathnam, T. Osawa, M. Namiki, and S. Kawakishi, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 66, 105 (1989).
312. F. Shahidi, P. K. J. P. D. Wanasundara, and C. Hong, in "Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health I," (C.-T. Ho, C. Y. Leu, and M.-T. Huang, eds.), American Chemical Society Series 506, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1992, p. 214.
313. N. Yamaguchi, M. Kandoo, K. Ikeda, and I. Kijima, Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaishi. 31, 114 (1984).
314. F. Shahidi, U. N. Wanasundara, and R. Amarowicz, Food Research Int., 27, 489 (1994).
315. S. Musher, Food Ind., 7, 167 (1935).
316. B. A. Knights, Phytochem., 4, 857 (1965).
317. D. G. H. Daniels and H. F. Martin, J. Sci. Food Agric., 18, 589 (1967).
318. D. G. H. Daniels and H. F. Martin, J. Sci. Food Agric., 19, 710 (1968).
319. F. W. Collins, J. Agric. Food Chem., 37, 60 (1989).
320. J. P. Delvin and K. D. Hargrave, in "Pulmonary and Antiallergic Drugs" (J. P. A. Delvin, ed.), Wiley, Chichester, 1985, p. 25.
321. H. Kakegawa, N. Mitsuo, H. Matsumoto, T. Satoh, M. Adagi, and K. Tasaka, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 33, 3738 (1985).
322. T. Wakabayashi, Y. Kumonaka, H. Ichikawa, and S. Murota, Japaneese Patent 60 152 454. Chem Abstr. 1986. 104: 68618d.
323. F. W. Collins, in "Oats: Chemistry and Technology," (F. H. Webster, ed.), American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Pauls, 1986, p. 227.
324. P. Forssell, M. Cetin, G. Wirtanen, and Y. Mälkki, Fat Sci. Technol., 92, 319 (1990).
325. K. J. Duve and P. J. White, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 68, 365 (1991).
326. L. L. Tian and P. J. White, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, 1079 (1994).
327. B. J. F. Hudson, Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 61, 540 (1984).
328. F. Lu and L. Y. Foo, in "Nutrition, Lipids, Health and Disease," (A. S. H. Ong, E. Niki, and L. Packer, eds.), American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, 1995, p. 86.
329. F. Shahidi, M. Wettasinghe, R. Amarowicz, and Y. He, M. Wettasinghe, J. Food Lipids, 1997, in press.
330. E. Malini, J. Puranaik, S. Shiva Shankar, and E. S. Nambudar, J. Food Sci. Technol., 24, 49 (1987).
331. W. S. Mueller, J. Dairy Sci., 37, 754 (1954).
332. V. K. S. Shukla and O. H. Jensen, J. Food Lipids, 3, 149 (1996).
333. M. S. Taga, E. E. Miller, and D. E. Pratt, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 61, 928 (1984).
334. J. B. Cloughley, Tropical Agric. (Trinidad), 60 C, 139 (1983).
335. R. Ravichandran, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 28, 639 (1993).
336. C.-I. Wang, H.-W. Yin, W.-Y. Lin, Bulletin Taiwan Forestry Research Institute-New Series 9, 73 (1994).
337. R. S. Farag, M. N. A. Hassan, G. S. A. El-Boroty, and N. M. Abd El-Aziz, Chem. Mikrobiol. Technol. Lebensm., 13, 7 (1991).
338. S. N. Onyeneho and N. S. Hettiarachchy, J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, 1701 (1991).
339. T. Nishiyama, Y. Hagiwara, H. Hagiwara, and H. Shibamoto, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 811 (1993).
340. T. Shibamoto, Y. Hagiwara, H. Hagiwara, and T. Osawa, in "Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention, II" (M.-T. Huang, T. Osawa, C.-T. Ho, and R.T. Rosen, eds.), American Chemical Society Series 547, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1994, p. 154.
341. M. J. Werman and I. Neeman, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 64, 229 (1987).
342. M. Wettasinghe and F. Shahidi, Unpublished data
343. H. T. Thippeswamy and P. L. Raina, J. Food Sci. Technol., 26, 322 (1989).
344. H. T. Thippeswamy and P. L. Raina, J. Food Sci. Technol., 28 ,195 (1991).
345. N. V. Biringi, in "Non-Traditional Oilseeds and oils of India," Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. 1987.
346. S. G. Shah, V. V. R. Subrahmaniyam, and D. V. Rege, J. Oil Technol. Assoc. India, 16, 20 (1983).
347. T. Nasirullah, T. Malika, S. Rajalakshmi, K. S. Pashipathi, K. N. Ankaiah, S. Vibhakas, M. N. Krishnamurthy, M. N. Nagarajah, and O. P. Kapur, J. Food Sci. Technol., 19, 147 (1982).
348. K. Rathnam and S. S. Sail, J. Dairying Foods Home Sci., 13, 43 (1994).