Vacuum interrupters: The new technology for switching and protecting distribution circuits

IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications

Volumn 33, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 1501-1511

  Slade, Paul G ^a  

^a EATON CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Application; Capacitor; Chop; Current; Interrupter; Motor; Vacuum; Voltage

Indexed keywords

CAPACITORS; ELECTRIC LOADS; ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION; POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITS; SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS; VACUUM APPLICATIONS;

POWER DISTRIBUTION CIRCUITS; VACUUM INTERRUPTERS (VI);

ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0031276273     PISSN: 00939994     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/28.649962     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. T. H. Lee, A. N. Greenwood, D. W. Crouch, and C. H. Titus, "Development of power vacuum interrupters," Proc. IEEE, vol. 81, pp. 629-639, Feb. 1962.
2. M. P. Reece, "The vacuum switch, Part 1-Properties of the vacuum arc," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 110, no. 4, pp. 793-802, Apr. 1963.
3. M. P. Reece, "The vacuum switch, Part 2-Extinction of an AC vacuum arc," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 110, no. 4, pp. 803-811, Apr. 1963.
4. P. G. Slade, "Advances in material development for high power vacuum interrupter contacts," IEEE Trans Comp., Packag., Manufact. Technol. A, vol. 17, pp. 96-106, Mar. 1994.
5. A. Greenwood, Vacuum Switchgear. London, U.K.: IEE, 1994.
6. M. Farber, S. P. Harris, D. E. Cooper, and M. Khazei, "Mass spectrometric determination of S2F10 resulting from high-voltage arcing of SF6," J. Phys. D, Appl. Phys., vol. 22, pp. 233-234, 1989, and
7. "Health hazards that lurk in 'inert' gas," New Scientist, Feb. 16, 1991.
8. A. N. Greenwood, D. R. Kurtz, and J. C. Sofiarek, "A guide to the application of vacuum circuit breakers," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-90, pp. 1589-1597, July/Aug. 1971.
9. J. F. Perkins, "Evaluation of switching surge overvoltages on medium voltage power systems," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-101, pp. 1727-1734, June 1982.
10. J. F. Perkins and D. Bhasavanich, "Vacuum switchgear application study with reference to switching surge protection," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-19, pp. 879-888, Sept./Oct. 1983.
11. M. B. Schulman and P. G. Slade, "Sequencial modes of drawn vacuum arc between butt contacts for currents in the range 1 kA to 16 kA," IEEE Trans. Comp., Packag., Manufact. Technol. A, vol. 18, pp. 417-422, June 1995.
12. M. B. Schulman, P. G. Slade, and J. A. Bindas, "Effective erosion rates for selected contact materials in low-voltage contactors," IEEE Trans. Comp., Packag., Manufact. Technol. A, vol. 18, pp. 329-333, June 1995.
13. M. B. Schulman, "Separation of spiral contacts and the motion of vacuum arcs at high AC currents," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 16, pp. 342-347, June 1993.
14. P. G. Slade, "The vacuum interrupter contact," IEEE Trans. Comp., Hybrids, Manufact. Technol. vol. CHMT-7, pp. 25-32, Mar. 1984.
15. M. B. Schulman and R. K. Smith, "Vacuum arc research expands interpretation of test data from vacuum interrupters," in Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Electricity Distribution (CIRED), Brussels, Belgium, May 8-12, 1995, pp. 1.05.1-1.05.6.
16. A. Bereza, "Method of sealing and evacuating vacuum envelopes," U.S. Patent 3656225, Apr. 18, 1972, and Revision 27773, Aug. 14, 1973.
17. M. Okawa, T. Tsutsumi, and T. Aiyoshi, "Reliability and field experience of vacuum interrupters," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. PD-2, pp. 799-804, July 1987.
18. Basic Vacuum Practice, 3rd ed., Varian Associates, Lexington, MA, 1992, ch. 5, pp. 123-148.
19. F. R. Frontzek, D. Konig, and R. Heinemeyer, "Electrical methods for verifying internal pressure of vacuum interrupters after long-time service," IEEE Trans. Elec. Insul., vol. 28, pp. 635-641, Aug. 1993.
20. G. C. Danstra, R. P. P. Smeets, and H. B. F. Poulussen, "Vacuum state estimation of vacuum circuit breakers," in Proc. ISDEIV, 1994, vol. 2259, pp. 266-269.
21. F. M. Howe and S. Yin, "Leak sensor and indicating system for vacuum circuit interrupters," U.S. Patent 4 103 291, July 25, 1978 (manufactured as "Model VLD-768 leak detection system," I.E.M., Fremont, CA).
22. K. J. Cornick, "Current-chopping performance of distribution circuit breakers," in Proc. 2nd IEE Conf. on Developments in Distribution Switchgear, May 1986, pp. 12-16.
23. E. Kaneko, R. Yokokura, M. Homma, Y. Satoh, M. Okawa, M. Okutomi, and I. Oshima, "Possibility of high current interruption of vacuum interrupter with low surge contact material: Improved Ag-WC," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 10, pp. 797-803, Apr. 1995.
24. T. Itoh, Y. Murai, T. Ohkura, and T. Takani, "Voltage escalation in switching of motor control circuit by vacuum contactor," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-91, pp. 1897-1903, Sept./Oct. 1972.
25. M. Murano, T. Fujii, H. Nishikawa, S. Nishiwaki, and M. Okawa, "Three phase simultaneous interruption in interrupting inductive current using vacuum switches," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-93, pp. 264-271, Jan./Feb. 1974.
26. H. Ohashi, H. Koike, M. Okawa, and Y. Imajyo, "Switching surge and application of vacuum contactors and vacuum circuit breakers," presenterd at the IEEE-PES Winter Meeting and Tesla Symp., New York, NY, Jan. 1976, Paper A76 173-5.
27. Y. Murai, H. Toya, and T. Nitta, "Statistical property of the breakdown of vacuum circuit breakers and its influence on the surge generation in capacitive and reactive current interruption," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-98, pp. 232-238, Jan./Feb. 1979.
28. S. H. Telander, M. R. Wilhelm, and K. B. Stump, "Surge limiters for vacuum circuit breaker," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 24, pp. 1672-1677, Oct. 1998.
29. A. Greenwood and M. Glinkowski, "Voltage escalation in vacuum switching operations," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. PD-3, pp. 1698-1706, Oct. 1988.
30. Y. Matsui, T. Yokoyama, and E. Nmeya, "Reignition current interruption characteristics of the vacuum interrupter," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 3, pp. 1672-1677, Oct. 1988.
31. R. Pretorius, Guide for the Application of Switching Surge Suppressors to Medium Voltage Motors, South African Electric Power Coordinating Committee, 1992.
32. IEEE Standard Requirements for Overhead, Pad Mounted, Dry Vault, and Submersible Automatic Circuit Reclosers and Fault Interrupters for AC Systems, ANSI/IEEE Standard C37.60 -1981.
33. M. B. Schulman, "Behavior of vacuum arcs between spiral contacts with reduced spacing," in Proc. XVI Int. Symp. Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, May 1994, pp. 179-182.
34. C. Ennis, R. Clarke, and J. S. Stewart, "Automation of overhead line distribution systems" and B. McKean, "The changing face of distribution switchgear-A designers view," in Proc. IEE Conf. Trends in Distribution Switchgear, Nov. 1994, pp. 90-94, 150-156.
35. M. Glinkowski, A. Greenwood, J. Hill, R. Mauro, and V. Varneckes, "Capacitance switching with vacuum circuit breakers-A comparative study," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 6, pp. 1088-1095, July 1991.
36. A. Sabot, C. Morin, C. Guillaume, A. Pons, J. P. Taisne, G. LoPizzo, and H. U. Morf, "A unique multipurpose damping circuit for shunt capacitor bank switching," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 8, pp. 1173-1183, July 1993.
37. B. K. Gupta, N. E. Nilsson, and D. K. Sharma, "Protection of motors against high voltage switching surges," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 7, pp. 139-147, Mar. 1992.
38. M. N. Jackson, G. M. Richards, D. Kadwa, and K. J. Cornick, "Transients associated with distribution circuit breakers during induction motor switching," in Proc. IEE Conf. Developments in Distribution Switchgear, May 1986.
39. D. Paul and S. I. Venugopalan, "Power distribution system equipment overvoltage protection," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 30, pp. 1290-1297, SeptVOct. 1994.
40. R. K. Smith, "Tests show ability of vacuum circuit breaker to interrupt fast transient recovery voltage rates of rise of transformer secondary faults," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 10, pp. 266-273, Jan. 1995.
41. B. Kulicke and H. H. Schramm, "Application of vacuum circuit breaker to clear faults with delayed current zeros," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 3, pp. 1714-1723, Oct. 1988.