New insights into the ontogeny of breathing from genetically engineered mice

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 433-439

  Katz, David M ^a   Balkowiec, Agnieszka ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ANIMAL; BREATHING DISORDER; BREATHING MECHANICS; GENE DELETION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE THERAPY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HOMEOBOX; HUMAN; INNERVATION; MOUSE; NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; PHYSIOLOGY; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; REVIEW; TRANSGENIC MOUSE;

ANIMALS; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GENE DELETION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL; GENE THERAPY; GENES, HOMEOBOX; HUMANS; MICE; MICE, TRANSGENIC; NERVOUS SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY; RESPIRATION DISORDERS; RESPIRATORY MECHANICS; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS;

EID: 0031263386     PISSN: 10705287     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00063198-199711000-00009     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. de Vries JIP, Visser GHA, Prechtl HFR: The emergence of fetal behaviour: II: quantitative aspects. Early Hum Dev 1985, 12:99-120.
2. Rigatto H: Regulation of fetal breathing. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996, 8:23-33.
3. Blanco CE: Maturation of fetal breathing activity. Biol Neonate 1994, 65:182-188.
4. Grylack LJ, Williams AD: Apparent life-threatening events in presumed healthy neonates during the first three days of life. Pediatrics 1996, 97:349-351. This study shows that apneas and hypopneas are observed in the early newborn period even in a low-risk group of full-term infants. The likelihood of recurrent life-threatening events is greater during the first week than during the next 2 months.
5. Wilkinson MH, Cranage S, Berger PJ, Blanch N, Adamson TM: Changes In the temporal structure of periodic breathing with postnatal development In preterm infants. Pediatr Res 1995, 38:533-538.
6. Gaultier C: Apnea and sleep state in newborns and infants. Biol Neonate 1994, 65:231-234.
7. Jansen AH, Chernick V: Fetal breathing and development of control of breathing. J Appl Physiol 1991, 70:1431-1446.
8. Walker DW: Peripheral and central chemoreceptors in the fetus and newborn. Annu Rev Physiol 1984, 46:687-703.
9. Eden GJ, Hanson MA: Maturation of the respiratory response to acute hypoxia in the newborn rat. J Physiol (Lond) 1987, 392:1-9.
10. Haddad GG, Mellins RB: Hypoxia and respiratory control in early life. Annu Rev Physiol 1984, 46:629-643.
11. Martin-Body RL, Johnston BM: Central origin of the hypoxic depression of breathing in the newborn. Respir Physiol 1988, 71:25-32.
12. Schwieler GH: Respiratory regulation during postnatal development in cats and rabbits and some of its morphological substrate. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1968, 304:1-123.
13. Fidone SJ, Gonzalez C: Initiation and control of chemoreceptor activity in the carotid body. In Handbook of Physiology: The Respiratory System, edn. 2. Edited by Fishman AP, Chemiack NS, Widdicombe JG. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1986:247-312.
14. Fitzgerald RS, Lahiri S: Reflex responses to chemoreceptor stimulation. In Handbook of Physiology: The Respiratory System, edn. 2. Edited by Fishman AP, Cherniack NS, Widdicombe JG. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1986:313-362.
15. Blanco CE, Dawes GS, Hanson MA, McCooke HB: The response to hypoxia of arterial chemoreceptors in fetal sheep and new-born lambs. J Physiol (Lond) 1984, 351:25-37.
16. Hanson MA: Maturation of the peripheral chemoreceptor and CNS component in perinatal life. In Neurobiology of the Control of Breathing. Edited by von Euler C, Lagercrantz H. New York: Raven Press; 1987:59-65.
17. Bellusci S, Furuta Y, Rush MG, Henderson R, Winnier G, Hogan BL: Involvement of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in mouse embryonic lung growth and morphogenesis. Development 1997, 124:53-63.
18. Zhou L, Dey CR, Wert SE, Whitsett JA: Arrested lung morphogenesis in transgenic mice bearing an SP-C-TGF-β1 chimeric gene. Dev Biol 1996, 175:227-238.
19. Bianchi AL, Denavit-Saubié M, Champagnat J: Central control of breathing in mammals: neuronal circuitry, membrane properties, and neurotransmitters. Physiol Rev 1995, 75:1-45.
20. Duffin J, Ezure K, Lipski J: Breathing rhythm generation: focus on the rostral ventrolateral medulla. News Physiol Sci 1995, 10:133-140.
21. Funk GD, Feldman JL: Generation of respiratory rhythm and pattern in mammals: insights from developmental studies. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1995, 5:778-785.
22. Ramirez JM, Richter DW: The neuronal mechanisms of respiratory rhythm generation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1996, 6:817-825. This review evaluates the experimental evidence underlying current models of respiratory rhythm generation.
23. Schwarzacher SW, Smith JC, Richter DW: Pre-Bötzinger complex in the cat. J Neurophysiol 1995, 73:1452-1461.
24. Smith JC, Ellenberger HH, Ballanyi K, Richter DW, Feldman JL: Pre-Bötzinger complex: a brainstem region that may generate respiratory rhythm in mammals. Science 1991, 254:726-729.
25. Dillon GH, Waldrop TG: Responses of feline caudal hypothalamic cardiorespiratory neurons to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Exp Brain Res 1993, 96:260-272.
26. Lowry TF, Forster HV, Pan LG, Ohtake PJ, Epshteyn I, Korducki MJ, Franciosi RA: Effect on breathing of ventral medullary surface cooling in neonatal goats. J Appl Physiol 1996, 80:1949-1957.
27. Morin-Surun MP, Boudinot E, Schafer T, Denavit-Saubie M: Localization of chemosensitive structures in the isolated brainstem of adult guinea-pig. J Physiol (Lond) 1995, 485:203-212.
28. Hertzberg T, Hellstrom S, Lagercrantz H, Pequignot JM: Development of the arterial chemoreflex and turnover of carotid body catecholamines in the newborn rat. J Physiol (Lond) 1990, 425:211-225.
29. Denavit-Saubie M, Kalia M, Pierrefiche O, Schweitzer P, Foutz AS, Champagnat J: Maturation of brain stem neurons involved in respiratory rhythmogenesis: biochemical, bioelectrical and morphological properties. Biol Neonate 1994, 65:171-175.
30. Paton JFR, Richter DW: Maturational changes in the respiratory rhythm generator of the mouse. Pflugers Arch 1995, 430:115-124.
31. Fratacci MD, Levame M, Rauss A, Bousbaa H, Allan C: Rat diaphragm during postnatal development. I: changes in distribution of muscle fibre type and in oxidative potential. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996, 8:391-398.
32. Fratacci MD, Levame M, Rauss A, Atlan G: Rat diaphragm during post-natal development: II: resistance to low- and high-frequency fatigue. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996, 8:399-407.
33. Oppenheim RW: Cell death during development of the nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 1991, 14:453-501.
34. Acheson A, Lindsay RM: Non target-derived roles of the neurotrophins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1996, 351:417-422.
35. Thoenen H, Barde YA: Physiology of nerve growth factor. Physiol Rev 1980, 60:1284-1335.
36. Conover JC, Erickson JT, Katz DM, Bianchi LM, Poueymirou WT, McClain J, Pan L, Helgren M, Ip NY, Boland P, et al.: Neuronal deficits, not involving motor neurons, in mice lacking BDNF and/or NT4. Nature 1995, 375:235-238.
37. Erickson JT, Conover JC, Borday V, Champagnat J, Barbacid M, Yancopoulos G, Katz DM: Mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor exhibit visceral sensory neuron losses distinct from mice lacking NT4 and display a severe developmental deficit in control of breathing. J Neurosci 1996, 16:5361-5371. This study demonstrates that the neuronal growth factor BDNF is required for development of normal breathing behavior in mice. Targeted disruption of the bdn/ gene leads to death of peripheral chemoafferent neurons, depressed ventilation, loss of the ventilatory response to hyperoxia, and neonatal death.
38. Lefcort F, Clary DO, Rusoff AC, Reichardt LF: Inhibition of the NT-3 receptor TrkC, early in chick embryogenesis, results in severe reductions in multiple neuronal subpopulations in the dorsal root ganglia. J Neurosci 1996, 16:3704-3713.
39. Maisonpierre PC, Belluscio L, Friedman B, Alderson RF, Wiegand SJ, Furth ME, Lindsay RM, Yancopoulos GD: NT-3, BDNF, and NGF in the developing rat nervous system: parallel as well as reciprocal patterns of expression. Neuron 1990, 5:501-509.
40. Barde YA: Trophic factors and neuronal survival. Neuron 1989, 2:1525-1534.
41. Ibanez CF, Ernfors P, Timmusk T, Ip NY, Arenas E, Yancopoulos GD, Persson H: Neurotrophin-4 is a target-derived neurotrophic factor for neurons of the trigeminal ganglion. Development 1993, 117:1345-1353.
42. Ip NY, Ibanez CF, Nye SH, McClain J, Jones PF, Gies DR, Belluscio L, Le Beau MM, Espinosa R III, Squinto SP: Mammalian neurotrophin-4: structure, chromosomal localization, tissue distribution, and receptor specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992, 89:3060-3064.
43. Thoenen H: The changing scene of neurotrophic factors. Trends Neurosci 1991, 14:165-170.
44. Meakin SO, Shooter EM: The nerve growth factor family of receptors. Trends Neurosci 1992, 15:323-331.
45. Ip NY, Stitt TN, Tapley P, Klein R, Glass DJ, Fandl J, Greene LA, Barbacid M, Yancopoulos GD: Similarities and differences in the way neurotrophins interact with the Trk receptors in neuronal and nonneuronal cells. Neuron 1993, 10:137-149.
46. Klein R, Lamballe F, Bryant S, Barbacid M: The trkB tyrosine protein kinase is a receptor for neurotrophin-4. Neuron 1992, 8:947-956.
47. Hertzberg T, Fan G, Finley JCW, Erickson JT, Katz DM: BDNF supports mammalian chemoafferent neurons in vitro and following peripheral target removal in vivo. Dev Biol 1994, 166:801-811.
48. Finley JCW, Katz DM: The central organization of carotid body afferent projections to the brainstem of the rat. Brain Res 1992, 572:108-116.
49. Kerbl R, Litscher H, Grubbauer HM, Reiterer F, Zobel G, Trop M, Urlesberger B, Eber E, Kurz R: Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (Ondine's curse syndrome) in two siblings: delayed diagnosis and successful noninvasive treatment. Eur J Pediatr 1996, 155:977-980.
50. Di Pasquale E, Tell F, Monteau R, Hilaire C: Perinatal developmental changes in respiratory activity of medullary and spinal neurons: an in vitro study on fetal and newborn rats. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1996, 91:121-130. The authors demonstrate that key events in the maturation of the medullary respiratory network occur during the last few days of fetal development in rats. After birth, most of the medullary inspiratory neurons are already able to generate a stable firing pattern, whereas phrenic motoneurons continue to undergo maturational changes in electrophysiologic characteristics.
51. Ramirez JM, Quellmalz UJA, Richter DW: Postnatal changes in the mammalian respiratory network as revealed by the transverse brainstem slice of mice. J Physiol (Lond) 1996, 491:799-812. An analysis of postnatal changes in respiratory rhythmic activity recorded from hypoglossal motoneurons in a mouse brain stem slice preparation. Blockade of glycinergic transmission by strychnine abolished rhythmic activity in expiratory, but not inspiratory, neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex of neonatal and older animals.
52. Jacquin TD, Borday V, Schneider-Maunoury S, Topilko P, Ghilini G, Kato F, Charnay P, Champagnat J: Reorganization of pontine rhythmogenic neuronal networks in Krox-20 knockout mice. Neuron 1996, 17:747-758. Krox-20-null mutant mice, in which hindbrain segmentation is perturbed, exhibit abnormally slow respiratory rhythm and apneas of 10 times longer duration than wild-type animals. These ventilatory deficits appear to be due specifically to morphologic reorganization of the caudal pontine reticular formation.
53. Krumlauf R: Hox genes in vertebrate development. Cell 1994, 78:191-201,
54. Nonchev S, Vesque C, Maconochie M, Seitanidou T, Ariza-McNaughton L, Frain M, Marshall H, Sham MH, Krumlauf R, Charnay P: Segmental expression of Hoxa-2 in the hindbrain is directly regulated by Krox-20. Development 1996, 122:543-554.
55. Champagnat J, Fortin G: Primordial respiratory-like rhythm generation in the vertebrate embryo. Trends Neurosci 1997, 20:119-124. This review focuses on specification of respiratory rhythm and pattern in vertebrates by genes controlling hindbrain segmentation during embryogenesis.
56. Schneider-Maunoury S, Seitanidou T, Charnay P, Lumsden A: Segmental and neuronal architecture of the hindbrain of Krox-20 mouse mutants. Development 1997, 124:1215-1226.
57. Greer JJ, Carter JE, Al-Zubaidy Z: Opioid depression of respiration in neonatal rats. J Physiol (Lond) 1995, 485:845-855.
58. Bermingham JR Jr, Scherer SS, O'Connell S, Arroyo E, Kalla KA, Powell FL, Rosenfeld MG: Tst-1/Oct-6/SCIP regulates a unique step in peripheral myelination and is required for normal respiration. Genes Dev 1996, 10:1751-1762. This study reveals an unexpected role for Tst-1/Oct-6/SCIP, a transcriptional regulator, in development of phrenic motoneurons. Tst-1/Oct-6/SCIP-null mutants exhibit morphologic disruption of the phrenic motoneuron pool and depressed ventilation, and most die soon after birth.
59. Monuki ES, Kuhn P, Weinmaster G, Trapp BD, Lemke G: Expression and activity of the POU transcription factor SCIP. Science 1990, 249:1300-1303.
60. Campbell KP: Three muscular dystrophies: loss of cytoskeleton-extracellular matrix linkage. Cell 1995, 80:675-679.
61. Pasternak C, Wong S, Elson EL: Mechanical function of dystrophin in muscle cells. J Cell Biol 1995, 128:355-361.
62. Boland BJ, Silbert PL, Groover RV, Wollan PC, Silverstein MD: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle failure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Pediatr Neurol 1996, 14:7-12.
63. Blake DJ, Tinsley JM, Davies KE: Utrophin: a structural and functional comparison to dystrophin. Brain Pathol 1996, 6:37-47.
64. Tinsley JM, Potter AC, Phelps SR, Fisher R, Trickett JI, Davies KE: Amelioration of the dystrophic phenotype of mdx mice using a truncated utrophin transgene. Nature 1996, 384:349-353. Using mdx-transgenic mice, which provide an experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, this study shows for the first time that overexpression of utrophin leads to the restoration of all of the components of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and can effectively rescue dystrophin-deficient muscle in vivo.
65. Stedman HH, Sweeney HL, Shrager JB, Maguire HC, Panettieri RA, Petrof B, Narusawa M, Leferovich JM, Sladky JT, Kelly AM: The mdx mouse diaphragm reproduces the degenerative changes of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nature 1991, 352:536-539.
66. Tankersley CG, Fitzgerald RS, Kleeberger SR: Differential control of ventilation among Inbred strains of mice. Am J Physiol 1994, 267:R1371-R1377.
67. Beall CM, Blangero J, Williams-Blangero S, Goldstein MC: Major gene for percent of oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin in Tibetan highlanders. Am J Phys Anthropol 1994, 95:271-276.