An overview of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae microtubule and microfilament cytoskeleton

Yeast

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 399-434

  Winsor, Barbara ^a   Schiebel, Elmar ^b  

^a INSTITUT DE BIOLOGIE MOLÉCULAIRE ET CELLULAIRE   (France)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF BIOCHEMISTRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

ABP; Actin; ARP; MAPS; Motor proteins; S. cerevisiae; SPB; Tublin

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; TUBULIN; FUNGAL PROTEIN;

CELL CYCLE; CYTOSKELETON; MICROFILAMENT; MICROTUBULE; MITOSIS; MUTANT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; REVIEW; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; CYTOLOGY;

CELL CYCLE; FUNGAL PROTEINS; MICROFILAMENTS; MICROTUBULES; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE;

EID: 0031110140     PISSN: 0749503X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(199704)13:5<399::AID-YEA126>3.0.CO;2-9     Document Type: Review

References (240)

1. Adams, A. E. M. and Botstein, D. (1989). Dominant suppressors of yeast actin mutations that are reciprocally suppressed. Genetics 121, 675-683.
2. Adams, A. E. M., Botstein, D. and Drubin, D. G. (1989). A yeast actin-binding protein is encoded by SAC6, a gene found by suppression of an actin mutation. Science 243, 231-233.
3. Adams, A. E. M., Botstein, D. and Drubin, D. G. (1991). Requirement of yeast fimbrin for actin organization and morphogenesis in vivo. Nature 354, 404-408.
4. Adams, A. E. M., Cooper, J. A. and Drubin, D. G. (1993). Unexpected combinations of null mutations in genes encoding the actin cytoskeleton are lethal in yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell 4, 459-468.
5. Adams, A. E. M., Johnson, D. I., Longnecker, R. M., Sloat, B. F. and Pringle, J. R. (1990). CDC42 and CDC43, two additional genes involved in budding and the establishment of cell polarity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Biol. 111, 131-142.
6. Adams, A. E. M. and Pringle, J. R. (1984). Relationship of actin and tubulin distribution to bud growth in wild-type and morphogenetic-mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 98, 934-945.
7. Amatruda, J. F., Cannon, J. F., Tatchell, K., Hug, C. and Cooper, J. A. (1990). Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in yeast capping protein mutants. Nature 344, 352-354.
8. Amatruda, J. F. and Cooper, J. A. (1992). Purification, characterization, and immunofluorescence localization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae capping protein. J. Cell Biol. 117, 1067-1076.
9. Amatruda, J. F., Gattermeir, D. J., Karpova, T. S. and Cooper, J. A. (1992). Effects of null mutations and overexpression of capping protein on morphogenesis, actin distribution and polarized secretion in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 119, 1151-1162.
10. Amberg, D. C., Basart, E. and Botstein, D. (1995). Defining protein interaction with yeast actin in vivo. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2, 28-35.
11. Archer, J. E., Vega, L. R. and Solomon, F. (1995). Rb12p, a yeast protein that binds to β-tubulin and participates in microtubule function in vivo. Cell 82, 425-434.
12. Balasubramanian, M. K., Hirani, B. R., Burke, J. D. and Gould, K. L. (1994). The Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc3+ gene encodes a profilin essential for cytokinesis. J. Cell Biol. 125, 1289-1301.
13. Barnes, G., Louie, K. A. and Botstein, D. (1992). Yeast proteins associated with microtubules in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Biol. Cell 3, 29-47.
14. Bauer, A. and Kölling, R. (1996). The SAC3 gene encodes a nuclear protein required for normal progression of mitosis. J. Cell Sci. 109, 1575-1583.
15. Bauer, F., Urdaci, M., Aigle, M. and Crouzet, M. (1993). Alteration of a yeast SH3 protein leads to conditional viability with defects in cytoskeletal and budding patterns. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 5070-5084.
16. 2+-binding proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 5512-5516.
17. Bénédetti, H., Raths, S., Crausaz, F. and Riezman, H. (1994). The END3 gene encodes a protein that is required for the internalization step of endocytosis and for actin cytoskeleton organisation in yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell 5, 1023-1037.
18. Bergez, P., Doignon, F. and Crouzet, M. (1995). The sequence of a 44 420 bp fragment located on the left arm of chromosome XIV from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 11, 967-974.
19. Berlin, V., Styles, C. A. and Fink, G. R. (1990). BIK1, a protein required for microtubule function during mating and mitosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, colocalizes with tubulin. J. Cell Biol. 111, 2573-2586.
20. Biggins, S., Ivanovska, I. and Rose, M. D. (1996). Yeast ubiquitin genes are involved in duplication of the microtubule organizing center. J. Cell Biol. 133, 1331-1346.
21. Biggins, S. and Rose, M. D. (1994). Direct interaction between yeast spindle pole body components: Kar1p is required for Cdc31p localization to the spindle pole body. J. Cell Biol. 125, 843-852.
22. Bobola, N., Jansen, R. P., Shin, T. H. and Nasmyth, K. (1996). Asymmetric accumulation of Ash1p in postanaphase nuclei depends on a myosin and restricts yeast mating-type switching to mother cells. Cell 84, 699-709.
23. Bremer, A., Millonig, R. C., Sütterlin, R., Engel, A. and Pollard, T. D. (1991). The structural basis for the intrinsic disorder of the F-actin filament: the lateral slipping model. J. Cell Biol. 115, 689-703.
24. Brockerhoff, S. E. and Davis, T. N. (1992). Calmodulin concentrates at regions of cell growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 118, 619-629.
25. Brockerhoff, S. E., Stevens, R. C. and Davis, T. N. (1994). The unconventional myosin, Myo2p, is a calmodulin target at sites of cell growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 124, 315-323.
26. Burke, D., Gasdaska, P. and Hartwell, L. (1989). Dominant effects of tubulin overexpression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 3, 1049-1059.
27. Burns, R. G. (1995). Analysis of the γ-tubulin sequences: Implications for the functional properties of γ-tubulin. J. Cell Sci. 108, 2123-2130.
28. Burns, R. G. and Farrell, K. W. (1996). Getting to the heart of β-tubulin. Trends Cell Biol. 6, 297-303.
29. Byers, B. (1981a). Multiple roles of the spindle pole bodies in the life cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Wettstein, D., Stenderup, A., Kielland-Brandt, M. and Friis, J. (Eds), Molecular Genetics in Yeast. Alfred Benzon Symp., pp. 119-133.
30. Byers, B. (1981b). Cytology of the Yeast Life Cycle. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
31. Byers, B. and Goetsch, L. (1974). Duplication of spindle plaques and integration of the yeast cell cycle. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 123-131.
32. Byers, B. and Goetsch, L. (1975). Behavior of spindles and spindle plaques in the cell cycle and conjugation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 124, 511-523.
33. Byers, B., Shriver, K. and Goetsch, L. (1978). The role of spindle pole bodies and modified microtubule ends in the initiation of microtubule assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Sci. 30, 331-352.
34. Carlier, M.-F., Didry, D., Erk, I., et al. (1996). Tβ4 is not a simple G-actin sequestering protein and interacts with F-actin at high concentration. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 9231-9239.
35. Carlier, M.-F., Jean, C., Rieger, K. J., Lenfant, M. and Pantaloni, D. (1993). Modulation of the interaction between G-actin and thymosin β4 by the ATP/ADP ratio: possible implication in the regulation of actin dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 5034-5038.
36. Chalfie, M., Tu, Y., Euskirchen, G., Ward, W. W. and Prasher, D. C. (1994). Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science 263, 802-805.
37. Chen, X., Cook, R. K. and Rubenstein, P. A. (1993). Yeast actin with a mutation in the hydro-phobic plug between subdomains 3 and 4 (L266D) displays a cold-sensitive polymerization defect. J. Cell Biol. 123, 1185-1195.
38. Chen, X., Sullivan, D. S. and Huffaker, T. C. (1994). Two yeast genes with similarity to TCP-1 are required for microtubule and actin function in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9111-9115.
39. Cheney, R. E., Riley, M. A. and Mooseker, M. S. (1993). Phylogenetic analysis of the myosin superfamily. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 24, 215-223.
40. Chowdhury, S., Smith, K. W. and Gustin, M. C. (1992). Osmotic stress and the yeast cytoskeleton: phenotype-specific suppression of an actin mutation. J. Cell Biol. 118, 561-571.
41. Clark, S. W. and Meyer, D. I. (1994). ACT3: a putative centractin homolog in S. cerevisiae is required for proper orientation of the mitotic spindle. J. Cell Biol. 127, 129-138.
42. Cleves, A. E., Novick, P. J. and Bankaitis, V. A. (1989). Mutation in the SAC1 gene suppresses defects in yeast Golgi and yeast actin functions. J. Cell Biol. 109, 2939-2950.
43. Conde, J. and Fink, G. R. (1976). A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective for nuclear fusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3651-3655.
44. Cook, R. K., Blake, W. T. and Rubenstein, P. A. (1992). Removal of the amino-terminal acidic residues of yeast actin. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 9430-9436.
45. Cook, R. K., Root, D., Miller, C., Reisler, E. and Rubenstein, P. A. (1993). Enhanced stimulation of myosin sub-fragment I ATPase activity by addition of negatively charged residues to the yeast actin NH2 terminus. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 2410-2415.
46. Cooper, J. A., and Kiehart, D. P. (1996). Septins may form a ubiquitous family of cytoskeletal filaments. J. Cell Biol. 134, 1345-1348.
47. Cope, M. J., Whisstock, J., Rayment, I. and Kendrick-Jones, J. (1996). Conservation within the myosin motor domain: implications for structure and function. Structure 4, 969-987.
48. Crouzet, M., Urdaci, M., Dulau, L. and Aigle, M. (1991). Yeast mutant affected for viability upon nutrient starvation: characterization and cloning of the RVS161 gene. Yeast 7, 727-743.
49. Cubitt, A. B., Heim, R., Adams, S. R., Boyd, A. E., Gross, L. A. and Tsien, R. Y. (1995). Understanding, improving and using green fluorescent proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 448-455.
50. 1 cyclins CLN1 and CLN2 and a GAP-like protein have a role in bud formation. EMBO J. 12, 5277-5286.
51. Crvcková. F., Virgilio, C. D., Manser, E., Pringle, J. R. and Nasmyth, K. (1995). Ste20-like protein kinases are required for normal localization of cell growth and for cytokinesis in budding yeast. Genes Dev. 9, 1817-1830.
52. Davis, A., Sage, C. R., Dougherty, C. A. and Farrell, K. W. (1994). Microtubule dynamics modulated by guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis activity of β-tubulin. Science 264, 839-842.
53. Dick, T., Surana, U. and Chia, W. (1996). Molecular and genetic characterization of SLC1, a putative Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog of the metazoan cytoplasmic dynein light chain 1. Mol. Gen. Genet. 251, 38-43.
54. Donaldson, A. D. and Kilmartin, J. V. (1996). Spc42p: A phosphorylated component of the S. cerevisiae spindle pole body (SPB) with an essential function during SPB duplication. J. Cell Biol. 132, 887-901.
55. Donnelly, S. F. H., Pickington, M. J., Pallotta, D. and Orr, E. (1993). A prolin-rich protein, verprolin, involved in cytoskeletal organization and cellular growth in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Microbiol. 10, 585-596.
56. Doyle, T. and Botstein, D. (1996). Movement of yeast cortical actin cytoskeleton visualized in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 3886-3891.
57. Drees, B., Brown, C., Barrell, B. G. and Bretscher, A. (1995). Tropomyosin is essential in yeast, yet the TPM1 and TPM2 products perform distinct functions. J. Cell Biol. 128, 383-392.
58. Drubin, D. G. (1990). Actin and actin-binding proteins in yeast. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 15, 7-11.
59. Drubin, D. G., Jones, H. D. and Wertman, K. F. (1993). Actin structure and function: roles in mitochondrial organization and morphogenesis in budding yeast and identification of the phalloidin-binding site. Mol. Biol. Cell 4, 1277-1294.
60. Drubin, D. G., Miller, K. G. and Botstein, D. (1988). Yeast actin-binding proteins: evidence for a role in morphogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 107, 2551-2561.
61. Drubin, D. G., Mulholland, J., Zhu, Z. and Botstein, D. (1990). Homology of a yeast actin-binding protein to signal transduction proteins and myosin - I. Nature 343, 288-290.
62. Dunn, T. M. and Shortle, D. (1990). Null alleles of SAC7 suppress temperature-sensitive actin mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 2308-2314.
63. Endow, S. A., Kang, S. J., Satterwhite, L. L., Rose, M. D., Skeen, V. P. and Salmon, E. D. (1994). Yeast Kar3 is a minus-end microtubule motor protein that destabilizes microtubules preferentially at the minus ends. EMBO J. 13, 2708-2713.
64. Eshel, D., Urrestarazu, L. A., Vissers, S., Jauniaux, J.-C. and Vliet-Reedijk, J. C. v. (1993). Cytoplasmic dynein is required for normal nuclear segregation in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11172-11176.
65. Fields, S. and Song, O. (1989). A novel genetic system to detect protein-protein interactions. Nature 340, 245-246.
66. Fitch, I., Dahman, C., Surana, U., Amon, A., Goetsch, L., Byers, B. and Futcher, B. (1992). Characterization of four B-type cyclin genes of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell 3, 805-818.
67. Ford, S. K. and Pringle, J. R. (1991). Cellular morphogenesis in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle: localization of the CDC11 gene product and the timing of the events at the budding site. Dev. Genet. 12, 281-292.
68. Frankel, S. and Mooseker, M. S. (1996). The actin-related proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8, 30-37.
69. Gehrung, S. and Snyder, M. (1990). The SPA2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for pheromone-induced morphogenesis and efficient mating. J. Cell Biol. 111, 1451-1464.
70. Geier, B., Wiech, H. and Schiebel, E. (1996). Binding of centrins and yeast calmodulin to synthetic peptides corresponding to binding sites in the spindle pole body component Kar1p and Spc110p. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 28366-28374.
71. Geiser, J. R., Sundberg, H. A., Chang, B. H., Muller, E. G. D. and Davis, T. N. (1993). The essential mitotic target of calmodulin is the 110-kilodalton component of the spindle pole body in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 7913-7924.
72. Geissler, S., Pereira, G., Spang, A., et al. (1996). The spindle pole body component Spc98p interacts with the γ-tubulin-like Tub4p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the sites of microtubule attachment. EMBO J. 15, 3899-3911.
73. Geli, M. I. and Riezman, H. (1996). Role of type I myosins in receptor-mediated endocytosis in yeast. Science 272, 533-535.
74. Georgatos, S. D., Maroulakou, I. and Blobel, G. (1989). Lamin A, lamin B, and lamin B receptor analogues in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 108, 2069-2082.
75. Gibbons, I. R. (1988). Dynein ATPases as microtubule motors. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 15837-15840.
76. Gimenco, C. J., Ljungdahl, P. O., Styles, C. A. and Fink, G. R. (1992). Unipolar cell divisions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae lead to filamentous growth: regulation by starvation and RAS. Cell 68, 1077-1090.
77. Goldschmidt-Clermont, P. J., Furman, M. I., Wachsstock, D., Safer, D., Nachmias, V. T. and Pollard, T. D. (1992). The control of actin nucleotide exchange by thymosin-beta4 and profilin. A potential regulatory mechanism for actin polymerization. Mol. Biol. Cell 3, 1015-1024.
78. 2 and inhibits its hydrolysis by phospholipase C. Science 247, 1575-1578.
79. Goldschmidt-Clermont, P. J., Machesky, L. M., Doberstein, S. K. and Pollard, T. D. (1991). Mechanism of the interaction of human platelet profilin with actin. J. Cell Biol. 113, 1081-1089.
80. Goldstein, L. S. B. (1993). Functional redundancy in mitotic force generation. J. Cell Biol. 120, 1-3.
81. Goodson, H. V., Anderson, B. L., Warrick H. M., Pon, L. A. and Spudich, J. A. (1996). Synthetic lethality screen identifies a novel yeast myosin I gene (MYO5): myosin I proteins are required for polarization of the actin cytoskeleton. J. Cell Biol. 133, 1277-1291.
82. Goodson, H. V. and Spudich, J. A. (1995). Identification and molecular characterization of a yeast myosin I. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 30, 73-84.
83. Govindan, B., Bowser, R. and Novick, P. (1995). The role of Myo2, a yeast class V myosin, in vesicular transport. J. Cell Biol. 128, 1055-1068.
84. Haarer, B. K., Lillie, S. H., Adams, A. E. M., Magdolen, V., Bandlow, W. and Brown, S. S. (1990). Purification of profilin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and analysis of profilin-deficient cells. J. Cell Biol. 110, 105-114.
85. Haarer, B. K., Lillie, S. H. and Brown, S. S. ( 1994). Identification of MYO4, a second class V myosin gene in yeast. J. Cell Sci. 107, 1055-1064.
86. Haarer, B. K., Petzold, A. S. and Brown, S. S. (1993). Mutational analysis of yeast profilin. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 7864-7873.
87. Harata, M., Karwan, A. and Wintersberger, U. (1994). An essential gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae coding for an actin-related protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 8258-8262.
88. Hasek, J., Rupes, I., Svobodova, J. and Streiblova, E. (1987). Tubulin and actin topology during zygote formation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133, 3355-3363.
89. Holmes, K. C., Pop, D., Gebhard, W. and Kabsch, W. (1990). The most detailed model of the actin filament available at present. Nature 347, 44-49.
90. Holtzman, D. A., Wertman, K. F. and Drubin, D. G. (1994). Mapping actin surfaces required for functional interactions in vivo. J. Cell Biol 126, 423-432.
91. Holtzman, D. A., Yang, S. and Drubin, D. G. (1993). Synthetic-lethal interactions identify two novel genes, SLA1 and SLA2, that control membrane cytoskeleton assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 122, 635-644.
92. Honts, J. E., Sandrock, T. S., Brower, S. M., O'Dell, J. L. and Adams, A. E. M. (1994). Actin mutations that show suppression with fimbrin mutations identify a likely fimbrin-binding site on actin. J. Cell Biol. 126, 413-422.
93. Hoyt, M. A., He, L., Loo, K. K. and Saunders, W. S. (1992). Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-related gene products required for mitotic spindle assembly. J. Cell Biol. 118, 109-120.
94. Hoyt, M. A., He, L., Totis, L. and Saunders, W. S. (1993). Loss of function of Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-related CIN8 and KIP1 is suppressed by KA R3 motor domain mutations. Genetics 135, 35-44.
95. Hoyt, M. A., Stearns, T. and Botstein, D. (1990). Chromosome instability mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are defective in microtubule-mediated processes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 223-234.
96. Hoyt, M. A., Totis, L. and Roberts, B. T. (1991). S. cerevisiae genes required for cell-cycle arrest in response to loss of microtubule function. Cell 66, 507-517.
97. Huang, M.-E., Souciet, J.-L., Chuat, J.-C. and Galibert, F. (1996). Identification of ACT4, a novel essential actin-related gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 12, 839-848.
98. Huffaker, T. C., Hoyt, M. A. and Botstein, D. (1987). Genetic analysis of the yeast cytoskeleton. Ann. Rev. Genet. 21, 259-284.
99. 2+]i rise in maintaining viability of yeast cells late in the mating pheromone response pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 13391-13399.
100. Iida, K., Moriyama, K., Matsumoto, S., Kawasaki, H., Nishida, E. and Yahara, I. (1993). Isolation of a yeast essential gene, COF1, that encodes a homologue of mammalian cofilin, a low-M(r) actin-binding and polymerizing protein. Gene 124, 115-120.
101. Jacobs, C. W., Adams, A. E. M., Szaniszlo, P. J. and Pringle, J. R. (1988). Functions of microtubules in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. J. Cell Biol. 107, 1409-1426.
102. Jansen, R.-P., Dowzer, C., Michaelis, C., Galova, M. and Nasmyth, K. (1996). Mother cell-specific HO expression in budding yeast depends on the unconventional myosin Myo4p and other cytoplasmic proteins. Cell 84, 687-697.
103. Jiang, Y. W. and Stillman, D. J. (1996). Epigenetic effects on yeast transcription caused by mutations in an actin-related protein present in the nucleus. Gen. Dev. 10, 604-619.
104. Johannes, F.-J. and Gallwitz, D. (1991). Sitedirected mutagenesis of the yeast actin gene: a test for actin function in vivo. EMBO J. 10, 3951-3958.
105. Johnston, G. C., Prendergast, J. A. and Singer, R. A. (1991). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae MYO2 gene encodes an essential myosin for vectorial transport of vesicles. J. Cell Biol. 113, 539-551.
106. Kabsch, W. and Holmes, K. G. (1995). The actin fold. FASEB J. 9, 167-174.
107. Kabsch, W., Mannherz, H. G., Suck, D., Pai, E. F. and Holmes, K. C. (1990). Atomic structure of the actin: DNaseI complex. Nature 347, 37-44.
108. Karpova, T. S., Lepetit, M. M. and Cooper, J. A. (1993). Mutations that enhance the cap2 null phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae affect the actin cytoskeleton, morphogenesis and pattern of growth. Genetics 135, 693-709.
109. Karpova, T. S., Tatchell, K. and Cooper, J. A. (1995). Actin filaments in yeast are unstable in the absence of capping protein or fimbrin. J. Cell Biol. 131, 1483-1493.
110. Kelleher, J. F., Atkinson, S. J. and Pollard, T. D. (1995). Sequences, structural models and cellular localization of the actin-related proteins Arp2 and Arp3 from Acanthamoeba. J. Cell Biol. 131, 385-397.
111. Kilmartin, J. V. and Adams, A. E. M. (1984). Structural rearrangements of tubulin and actin during the cell cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces. J. Cell Biol. 98, 922-933.
112. Kilmartin, J. V., Dyos, S. L., Kershgaw, D. and Finch, J. T. (1993). A spacer protein in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spindle pole body whose transcription is cell-cycle regulated. J. Cell Biol. 123, 1175-1184.
113. Kilmartin, J. V. and Goh, P.-Y. (1996). Spc110p: Assembly properties and role in the connection of nuclear microtubules to the yeast spindle pole body. EMBO J. 15, 4592-4602.
114. King, R. W., Peters, J.-M., Tugendreich, S., Rolfe, M., Hieter, P. and Kirschner, M. W. (1995). A 2OS complex containing CDC27 and CDC16 catalyzes the mitosis-specific conjugation of ubiquitin to cyclin B. Cell 81, 279-288.
115. Kölling, R., Nguyen, T., Chen, E. Y. and Botstein, D. (1993). A new yeast gene with a myosin-like heptad repeat structure. Mol. Gen. Genet. 237, 359-369.
116. Kübler, E. and Riezman, H. (1993). Actin and fimbrin are required for the internalization step of endocytosis in yeast. EMBO J. 12, 2855-2862.
117. Kübler, E., Schimmöller, F. and Riezman, H. (1994). Calcium-independent calmodulin requirement for endocytosis in yeast. EMBO J. 13, 5539-5546.
118. Lamb, J. R., Michaud, W. A., Sikorski, R. S. and Hieter, P. (1994). Cdcl6p, Csc23p and Cdc27p form a complex essential for mitosis. EMBO J. 13, 4321-4328.
119. Lauzé, E., Stoelcker, B., Luca, F. C., Weiss, E., Schutz, A. R. and Winey, M. (1995). Yeast spindle pole body duplication gene MPS1 encodes an essential dual specificity protein kinase. EMBO J. 14, 1655-1663.
120. Lazzarino, D., Boldogh, I., Smith, M. G., Rosand, J. and Pon, L. A. (1994). Yeast mitochondria contain ATP-sensitive, reversible actin-binding activity. Mol. Biol. Cell 5, 807-818.
121. Lees-Miller, J. P., Helfman, D. M. and Schroer, T. A. (1992). A vertebrate actin-related protein is a component of a multisubunit complex involved in microtubule-based vesicle motility. Nature 359, 244-246.
122. Leeuw, T., Fourest-Lieuvin, A., Wu, C., et al. (1995). Pheromone response in yeast: association of Bem1p with proteins of the MAP kinase cascade and actin. Science 270, 1210-1213.
123. Lew, D. J. and Reed, S. I. (1993). Morphogenesis in the yeast cell cycle: regulation by Cdc28 and cyclins. J. Cell Biol. 120, 1305-1320.
124. Lew, D. J. and Reed, S. I. (1995). Cell cycle control of morphogenesis in budding yeast. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5, 17-23.
125. Li, R., Havel, C., Watson, J. A. and Murray, A. W. (1993). The mitotic feedback-control gene MAD2 encodes the alpha-subunit of a phenyltransferase. Nature 366, 82-84.
126. Li, R. and Murray, A. W. (1991). Feedback control of mitosis in budding yeast. Cell 66, 519-531.
127. Li, R., Zheng, Y. and Drubin, D. G. (1995). Regulation of cortical actin cytoskeleton assembly during polarized cell growth in budding yeast. J. Cell Biol. 128, 599-615.
128. Li, Y.-Y., Yeh, E., Hays, T. and B loom, K. (1993). Disruption of mitotic spindle orientation in a yeast dynein mutant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10096-10100.
129. Lillie, S. H. and Brown, S. S. (1992). Suppression of a myosin defect by a kinesin-related gene. Nature 356, 358-361.
130. Lillie, S. H. and Brown, S. S. (1994). Immunofluorescence localization of the unconventional myosin, Myo2p, and the putative kinesin-related protein, Smy1p, to the same regions of polarized growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 125, 825-842.
131. Liu, H. and Bretscher, A. (1989). Disruption of the single tropomyosin gene in yeast results in the disappearance of actin cables from the cytoskeleton. Cell 57, 233-242.
132. Liu, H. and Bretscher, A. (1992). Characterization of TPM1 disrupted yeast cells indicates an involvement of tropomyosin in directed vesicular transport. J. Cell Biol. 118, 285-299.
133. Longtime, M. S., DeMarini, D. J., Valencik, M. L., et al. (1996). The septins: roles in cytokinesis and other processes. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8, 106-119.
134. Machesky, L. M., Atkinson, S. J., Ampe, C., Vandekerckhove, J. and Pollard, T. D. (1994). Purification of a cortical complex containing two unconventional actins from Acanthamoaba by affinity chromatography on profilin-agarose. J. Cell Biol. 127, 107-115.
135. Magdolen, V., Drubin, D. G., Mages, G. and Bandlow, W. (1993). High levels of profilin suppress the lethality caused by overproduction of actin in yeast cells. FEBS 316, 41-47.
136. Magdolen, V., Oechsner, U., Müller, G. and Bandlow, W. (1988). The intron-containing gene for yeast profilin (PFY) encodes a vital function. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 5108-5115.
137. Marschall, L. G., Jeng, R. L., Mulholland, J. and Stearns, T. (1996). Analysis of Tub4p, a yeast γ-tubulin-like protein: Implications for microtubule-organizing center function. J. Cell Biol. 134, 443-454.
138. Matsui, Y. and Toh-e, A. (1992a). Isolation and characterization of two novel ras superfamily genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 114, 43-49.
139. Matsui, Y. and Toh-e, A. (1992b). Yeast RHO3 and RHO4 ras superfamily genes are necessary for bud growth, and their defect is suppressed by a high dose of bud formation genes CDC42 and BEM1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 5690-5699.
140. Mazzoni, C., Zarzov, P., Rambourg, A. and Mann, C. (1993). The SLT2 (MPK1) MAP kinase homologue is involved in polarized cell growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 6, 1821-1833.
141. McMillan, J. N. and Tatchell, K. (1994). The JNMI gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for nuclear migration and spindle orientation during the mitotic cell cycle. J. Cell Biol. 125, 143-158.
142. Melki, R., Vainberg, I. E., Chow, R. L. and Cowen, N. J. (1993). Chaperonin-mediated folding of vertebrate actin-related protein and γ-tubulin. J. Cell Biol. 127, 1301-1310.
143. Meluh, P. B. and Rose, M. D. (1990). KAR3, a kinesin-related gene required for yeast nuclear fusion. Cell 60, 1029-1041.
144. Middleton, K. and Carbon, J. (1994). KAR3-encoded kinesin is a minus-end-directed motor that functions with centromere binding proteins (CBF3) on an in vitro yeast kinetochore. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7212-7216.
145. Milligan, R. A., Whittaker, M. and Safer, D. (1990). Molecular structure of F-actin and location of surface binding sites. Nature 217-221.
146. Mirabito, P. M. and Morris, N. R. (1993). BimA, a TPR-containing protein required for mitosis, localizes to the spindle pole body in Aspergillus nidulans. J. Cell Biol. 120, 959-968.
147. Mirzayan, C., Copeland, C. S. and Snyder, M. (1992). The NUF1 gene encodes an essential coiled-coil related protein that is a potential component of the yeast nucleoskeleton. J. Cell Biol. 116, 1319-1332.
148. Moon, A. and Drubin, D. G. (1995). The ADF/ cofilin proteins: stimulus-responsive modulators of actin dynamics. Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 1423-1431.
149. Moon, A. L., Janmey, P. A., Louie, K. A. and Drubin, D. G. (1993). Cofilin is an essential component of the yeast cortical cytoskeleton. J. Cell Biol. 120, 421-435.
150. Moreau, V., Madania, A., Martin, R. P. and Winsor, B. (1996). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae actin-related protein Arp2 is involved in the actin cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol. 134, 117-132.
151. Muhua, L., Karpova, T. S. and Cooper, J. A. (1994). A yeast actin-related protein homologous to that in the vertebrate dynactin complex is important for spindle orientation and nuclear migration. Cell 78, 669-679.
152. Mulholland, J., Preuss, D., Moon, A., Wong, A., Drubin, D. and Botstein, D. (1994). Ultrastructure of the actin cytoskeleton and its association with the plasma membrane. J. Cell Biol. 125, 381-391.
153. Mullins, R. D., Kelleher, J. F. and Pollard, T. D. (1996). Actin' like actin? Trends Cell Biol. 6, 208-212.
154. Munn, A. L., Stevenson, B. J., Geli, M. I. and Riezman, H. (1995). end5, end6, end7: mutations that cause actin delocalization and block the internalization step of endocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 1721-1742.
155. Murgia, I., Maciver, S. K. and Morandini, P. (1995). An actin-related protein from Dictyostelium discoideum is developmentally regulated and associated with mitochondria. FEBS Letters 360, 235-241.
156. Murray, A. W. (1992). Creative blocks: Cell-cycle checkpoints and feedback controls. Nature 359, 599-604.
157. +-ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6815-6823.
158. Neff, N. F., Thomas, J. H., Grisafi, P. and Botstein, D. (1983). Isolation of the β-tubulin gene from yeast and demonstration of its essential function in vivo. Cell 33, 211-219.
159. Novick, P. and Botstein, D. (1985). Phenotypic analysis of temperature-sensitive yeast actin mutants. Cell 40, 405-416.
160. Novick, P., Osmond, B. C, Botstein, D. (1989). Suppressors of yeast actin mutations. Genetics 121, 659-674.
161. Oakley, B. R. (1992). γ-Tubulin: The microtubule organizer? Trends Cell Biol. 2, 1-5.
162. Oakley, B. R., Oakley, E., Yoon and Jung, M. K. (1990). γ-Tubulin is a component of the spindle pole body that is essential for microtubule function in Aspergillus nidulans. Cell 61, 1289-1301.
163. Ohya, Y. and Botstein, D. (1994). Diverse essential functions revealed by complementing yeast calmodulin mutants. Science 263, 963-966.
164. Osborne, M. A., Schlenstedt, G., Jinks, T. and Silver, P. A. (1994). Nuf2, a spindle pole body-associated protein required for nuclear division in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 125, 853-866.
165. Page, B. D. and Snyder, M. (1992). CIK1: a developmentally regulated spindle pole body-associated protein important for microtubule functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 6, 1414-1429.
166. Page, B. D., Satterwhite, L. L., Rose, M. D. and Snyder, M. (1994). Localization of the KAR3 kinesin heavy chain-like protein requires the CIK1 interacting protein. J. Cell Biol. 124, 507-519.
167. Palmer, R. E., Sullivan, D. S., Huffaker, T. and Koshland, D. (1992). Role of astral microtubules and actin in spindle orientation and migration in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 119, 583-593.
168. Pasqualone, D. and Huffaker, T. C. (1994). STU1, a suppressor of a β-tubulin mutation, encodes a novel and essential component of the yeast mitotic spindle. J. Cell Biol. 127, 1973-1984.
169. Pawson, T. (1992). SH2 and SH3 domains. Curr. Opin. Struc. Biol. 2, 432-437.
170. Pellman, D., Bagget, M., Tu, H. and Fink, G. R. (1995). Two microtubule-associated proteins required for anaphase spindle movement in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 130, 1373-1385.
171. Poch, O., Schwob, E., Fraipont, F. D., Carnasses, R., Bordonné, R. and Martin, R. P. (1994). RPK1, an essential yeast protein kinase involved in the regulation of the onset of mitosis, shows homology to mammalian dual-specificity kinases. Mol, Gen. Genet. 243, 641-653.
172. Pollard, T. D. (1990). Actin. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2, 33-40.
173. Pollard, T. D. (1993). Actin and actin-binding proteins. In Kreis, T. and Vale, R. (Eds), Guide to the Cytoskeletal and Motor Proteins. Oxford University Press, pp. 3-11.
174. Pollard, T. D. and Cooper, J. A. (1986). Actin and actin-binding proteins. A critical evaluation of mechanisms and functions. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 55, 987-1035.
175. Raths, S., Rohrer, J., Crausaz, F. and Riezman, H. (1993). end3 and end4: two mutants defective in receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 120, 55-65.
176. Rickard, J. E. and Kreis, T. E. (1996). CLIPs for organelle-microtubule interactions. Trends Cell Biol. 6, 178-183.
177. Ridley, A. J. (1995). Rho-related proteins: actin cytoskeleton and cell cycle. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 5, 24-30.
178. Roberts, B. T., Farr, K. A. and Hoyt, M. A. (1994). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae checkpoint gene BUB1 encodes a novel protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 8282-8291.
179. Rodriguez, J. R. and Paterson, B. M. (1990). Yeast myosin heavy chain mutant: maintenance of the cell type specific budding pattern and the deposition of chitin and cell wall components requires an intact myosin heavy chain gene. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 17, 301-308.
180. Roof, D. M., Meluh, P. B. and Rose, M. D. (1991). Multiple kinesin-related proteins in yeast mitosis. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 693-703.
181. Roof, D. M., Meluh, P. B. and Rose, M. D. (1992). Kinesin-related proteins required for assembly of the mitotic spindle. J. Cell Biol. 118, 95-108.
182. Rose, M. D. and Fink, G. R. (1987). KAR1, a gene required for function of both intranuclear and extranuclear microtubules in yeast. Cell 48, 1047-1060.
183. Rout, M. P. and Kilmartin, J. V. (1990). Components of the yeast spindle and spindle pole body. J. Cell Biol. 111, 1913-1927.
184. Rout, M. P. and Kilmartin, J. V. (1991). Yeast spindle pole body components. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 687-692.
185. Sachs, A. B. and Deardoff, J. A. (1992). Translation initiation requires the PAB-dependent poly(A) ribonuclease in yeast. Cell 70, 961-973.
186. Sachs, A. B. and Deardoff, J. A. (1995). Erratum. Cell 83, 1059.
187. Sage, C. R., Davis, A. S., Dougherty, C. A., Sullivan, K. and Farrell, K. W. (1995). β-Tubulin mutation suppresses microtubule dynamics in vitro and slows mitosis in vivo. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 30, 285-300.
188. Saunders, W. S., Hoshland, D., Eshel, D., Gibbson, I. R. and Hoyt, M. A. (1995). Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin- and dynein-related proteins required for anaphase chromosome segregation. J. Cell Biol. 128, 617-624.
189. Saunders, W. S. and Hoyt, M. A. (1992). Kinesinrelated proteins required for structurai integrity of the mitotic spindle. Cell 70, 451-458.
190. Schafer, D. A., Hug, C. and Cooper, J. A. (1995). Inhibition of CapZ during myofibrillogenesis alters assembly of actin filaments. J. Cell Biol. 128, 61-70.
191. Schmatz, P. J., Pillus, L., Grisafi, P., Solomon, F. and Botstein, D. (1986). Two functional α-tubulin genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encode divergent proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 3711-3721.
192. Schatz, P. J., Solomon, F. and Botstein, D. (1986). Genetically essential and nonessential α-tubulin genes specify functionally interchangeable proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 3722-3733.
193. Schiebel, E. and Bornens, M. (1995). Centrin, conserved centrosomal proteins: A search for their functions. Trends Cell Biol. 5, 197-201.
194. Schroer, T. A., Bingham, J. B. and Gill, S. R. (1996). Actin-related protein 1 and cytoplasmic dynein-based motility - what's the connection? Trends Cell Biol. 6, 212-215.
195. Schroer, T. A., Fyrberg, E., Cooper, J. A., et al. (1994). Actin-related protein nomenclature and classification. J. Cell Biol. 127, 1777-1778.
196. Schutt, C. E., Myslik, J. C., Rozycki, M. D., Goonesekere, N. C. W. and Lindberg, U. (1993). The structure of crystalline profilin-β-actin. Nature 365, 810-816.
197. Schwob, E. (1988). Méthionyl-tRNA synthétase mitochondriale de S. cerevisiae: purification et tentative de clonage de son gene. Caractérisation des gènes RPK1 codant pour une protéine-kinase et ACT2 codant pour une nouvelle forme d'actine. Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg.
198. Schwob, E. and Martin, R. P. (1992). New yeast actin-like gene required late in the cell cycle. Nature 355, 179-182.
199. Simon, V. R., Swayne, T. C. and Pon, L. A. (1995). Actin-dependent mitochondrial motility in mitotic yeast and cell-free systems: identification of a motor activity on the mitochondrial surface. Mol. Biol. Cell. 130, 345-354.
200. Sivadon, P., Bauer, F., Aigle, M. and Crouzet, M. (1995). Actin cytoskeleton and budding pattern are altered in the yeast rvs161 mutant: the Rvs161 protein shares common domains with the brain protein amphiphysin. Mol. Gen. Genet. 246, 485-495.
201. Sizonenko, G. I., Karpova, T. S., Gattermeir, D. J. and Cooper, J. A. (1996). Mutational analysis of capping protein function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell 7, 1-15.
202. Smith, S. and Blobel, G. (1994). Colocalization of vertebrate lamin B and lamin B receptor (LBR) in nuclear envelopes and in LBR-induced membrane stacks of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 10124-10128.
203. Sobel, S. G. and Snyder, M. (1995). A high divergent γ-tubulin gene is essential for cell growth and proper microtubule organization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 131, 1775-1788.
204. Solomon, F. (1991). Analyses of the cytoskeleton in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 7, 633-662.
205. Spang, A., Courtney, I., Fackler, U., Matzner, M. and Schiebel, E. (1993). The calcium-binding protein cell division cycle 31 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a component of the half bridge of the spindle pole body. J. Cell Biol. 123, 405-416.
206. Spang, A., Courtney, I., Grein, K., Matzner, M. and Schiebel, E. (1995). The Cdc31p-binding protein Kar1p is a component of the half-bridge of the yeast spindle pole body. J. Cell Biol. 128, 863-877.
207. Spang, A., Geissler, S., Grein, K. and Schiebel, E. (1996). γ-Tubulin-like Tub4p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is associated with the spindle pole body substructures that organize microtubules and is required for mitotic spindle formation. J. Cell Biol. 134, 429-441.
208. Spang, A., Grein, K. and Schiebel, E. (1996). The spacer protein Spc110p targets calmodulin to the central plaque of the yeast spindle pole body. J. Cell Sci. 109, 2229-2237.
209. Stearns, T., Hoyt, A. M. and Botstein, D. (1990). Yeast mutants sensitive to antimicrotubule drugs define three genes that affect microtubule function. Genetics 124, 251-262.
210. Stearns, T. and Kirschner, M. (1994). In vitro reconstitution of centrosome assembly and function: The central role of γ-tubulin. Cell 76, 623-637.
211. Stirling, D. A., Welch, K. A. and Stark, M. J. R. (1994). Interaction with calmodulin is required for the function of Spc110p, an essential component of the yeast spindle pole body. EMBO J. 13, 4329-4342.
212. Sullivan, D. S. and Huffaker, T. C. (1992). Astral microtubules are not required for anaphase B in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 119, 379-388.
213. Sundberg, H. A., Goetsch, L., Byers, B. and Davis, T. N. (1996). Role of calmodulin and Spc110p interaction in the proper assembly of spindle pole body components. J. Cell Biol. 133, 111-124.
214. Tang, H. Y. and Cai, M. (1996). The EH-domain-containing protein Pan1 is required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 4897-4914.
215. Thomas, J. H. and Botstein, D. (1986). A gene required for the separation of chromosomes on the spindle apparatus in yeast. Cell 44, 65-76.
216. Tian, G., Huang, Y., Rommelaere, H., Vandekerckhove, J., Ampe, C. and Cowan, N. J. (1996). Pathway leading to correctly folded β-tubulin. Cell 86, 287-296.
217. Tugendreich, S., Tomkiel, J., Earnshaw, W. and Hieter, P. (1995). CDC27Hs colocalizes with CDC16Hs to the centrosome and mitotic spindle and is essential for the metaphase to anaphase transition. Cell 81, 261-268.
218. Vallen, E. A., Hiller, M. A., Scherson, T. Y. and Rose, M. D. (1992). Separate domains of KAR1 mediate distinct functions in mitosis and nuclear fusion. J. Cell Biol. 117, 1277-1287.
219. Vallen, E. A., Ho, W., Winey, M. and Rose, M. D. (1994). Genetic interactions between CDC31 and KAR1, two genes required for duplication of the microtubule organizing center in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 137, 407-422.
220. Vinh, D. B. N. and Drubin, D. G. (1994). A yeast TCP-1-like protein is required for actin function in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9116-9120.
221. Vinh, D. B. N., Welch, M. D., Corsi, A. K., Wertman, K. F. and Drubin, D. G. (1993). Genetic evidence for functional interactions between actin noncomplementing (Anc) gene products and actin cytoskeletal proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 135, 275-286.
222. Vojtek, A., Haarer, B., Field, J., et al. (1991). Evidence for a functional link between profilin and CAP in the yeast S. cerevisiae. Cell 66, 497-505.
223. Waddle, J. A., Karpova, T. S., Waterson, R. H. and Cooper, J. A. (1996). Movement of cortical actin patches in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 132, 861-870.
224. Watkins, J. F., Sung, P., Prakash, L. and Prakash, S. (1993). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA repair gene RAD23 encodes a nuclear protein containing a ubiquitin-like domain required for biological function. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 7757-7765.
225. Watts, F. Z., Shiels, G. and Orr, E. (1987). The yeast MYO1 gene encoding a myosin-like protein required for cell division. EMBO J. 6, 3499-3505.
226. Weber, V., Harata, M., Hauser, H. and Wintersberger, U. (1995). The actin-related protein Act3p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is located in the nucleus. Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 1263-1270.
227. Welch, M. D. and Drubin, D. G. (1994). A nuclear protein with sequence similarity to proteins implicated in human acute leukemias is important for cellular morphogenesis and actin cytoskeletal function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell 5, 617-632.
228. Welch, M. D., Holtzman, D. A. and Drubin, D. G. (1994). The yeast actin cytoskeleton. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 6, 110-119.
229. Welch, M. D., Vinh, D. B. N., Okamura, H. H. and Drubin, D. G. (1993). Screens for extragenic mutations that fail to complement act1 alleles identify genes that are important for actin function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 135, 265-274.
230. Wertman, K. F. and Drubin, D. G. (1992). Actin constitution: guaranteeing the right to assemble. Science 258, 759-760.
231. Wertman, K. F., Drubin, D. G. and Botstein, D. (1992). Systematic mutational analysis of the yeast ACT1 gene. Genetics 132, 337-350.
232. Whitters, E. A., Cleves, A. E., McGee, T. P., Skinner, H. B. and Bankaitis, V., A. (1993). Sac1p is an integral membrane protein that influences the cellular requirement for phospholipid transfer protein function and inositol in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 122, 79-94.
233. Winey, M., Baum, P., Goetsch, L. and Byers, B. (1991). Genetic determinants of spindle pole body duplication in budding yeast. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 705-708.
234. Winey, M., Goetsch, L., Baum, P. and Byers, B. (1991). MPS1 and MPS2: Novel yeast genes defining distinct steps of spindle pole body duplication. J. Cell Biol. 114, 745-754.
235. Winey, M., Hoyt, M. A., Chan, C., Goetsch, L., Botstein, D. and Byers, B. (1993). NDC1: A nuclear periphery component required for yeast spindle pole body duplication. J. Cell Biol. 122, 743-751.
236. Winey, M., Mamay, C. L., O'Toole, E. T., et al. (1995). Three-dimensional ultrastructural analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitotic spindle. J. Cell Biol. 129, 1601-1615.
237. Wright, A. F. and Jackson, I. (1996). Myosin diversity and disease. Trends in Gen. 12, 206-209.
238. Yamochi, W., Tanaka, K., Nonaka, H., Maeda, A., Musha, T. and Takai, Y. (1994). Growth site localization of Rho1 and small GTP-binding protein and its involvement in bud formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 125, 1077-1093.
239. Zheng, Y., Wong, M. L., Alberts, B. and Mitchison, T. (1995). Nucleation of microtubule assembly by a γ-tubulin-containing ring complex. Nature 378, 578-583.
240. Zoladek, T., Vaduva, G., Hunter, L. A., et al. (1995). Mutations altering the mitochondrial-cytoplasmic distribution of Mod5p implicate the actin cytoskeleton and mRNA 3′ ends and/or protein synthesis in mitochondrial delivery. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 6884-6894.