Sensory neuropeptides: Their role in inflammation and wound healing

Immunopharmacology

Volumn 37, Issue 2-3, 1997, Pages 133-152

  Brain, Susan D ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CGRP; Neurogenic inflammation; Neuropeptides; Substance P

Indexed keywords

2 [1 IMINO 2 (2 METHOXYPHENYL)ETHYL] 7,7 DIPHENYLPERHYDROISOINDOL 4 ONE; 2 BENZHYDRYL 3 (2 METHOXYBENZYLAMINO) 1 AZABICYCLO[2.2.2]OCTANE; 3 (2 METHOXY 5 TRIFLUOROMETHOXYBENZYLAMINO) 2 PHENYLPIPERIDINE; 3 (2 METHOXYBENZYLAMINO) 2 PHENYLPIPERIDINE; [2 METHOXY 5 (1 TETRAZOLYL)BENZYL](2 PHENYL 3 PIPERIDINYL)AMINE; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTOR; CAPSAICIN; GR 159897; HORMONE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; LANEPITANT; MEN 10930; N BENZYL N2 [4 HYDROXY 1 [(1 METHYL 1H INDOL 3 YL)CARBONYL]PROLYL] N METHYL 3 (2 NAPHTHYL)ALANINAMIDE; NEUROKININ 1 RECEPTOR; NEUROKININ 2 RECEPTOR; NEUROPEPTIDE; NOLPITANTIUM; OSANETANT; RP 100893; SAREDUTANT; SUBSTANCE P; TACHYKININ RECEPTOR; TACHYKININ RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VOFOPITANT;

ARTHRITIS; ASTHMA; CLINICAL TRIAL; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MICROVASCULATURE; MIGRAINE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORY NERVE; TREATMENT INDICATION; WOUND HEALING;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NEURONS, AFFERENT; NEUROPEPTIDES; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 0030831913     PISSN: 01623109     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0162-3109(97)00055-6     Document Type: Review

References (208)

1. Abbadie C., Brown J.L., Mantyh P.W., Basbaum A.I. Spinal cord substance P receptor immunoreactivity increases in both inflammatory and nerve injury models of persistent pain. Neuroscience. 70:1996;201-209.
2. Advenier C., Girard V., Naline E., Vilain P., Emonds-Alt X. Antitussive effect of SR 48968, a non-peptide tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 250:1993;169-171.
3. Ahluwalia A., Perretti M. Calcitonin gene-related peptides modulate the acute inflammatory response induced by interleukin-1 in the mouse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 264:1994;407-415.
4. Ahmed M., Bjurholm A., Schultzberg M., Theodorsson E., Kreicbergs A. Increased levels of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat adjuvant arthritis. A combined immunohistochemical and radioimmunoassay analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 38:1995;699-709.
5. Aiyar N., Rand K., Elshourbagy N.A., Zeng Z., Adamou J.E., Bergsma D.J., Li Y. A cDNA encoding the calcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;11325-11329.
6. Amann R., Schuligoi R., Herzeg G., Donnerer J. Intraplantar injection of nerve growth factor into the rat hind paw: Local edema and effects on thermal nociceptive threshold. Pain. 64:1996;323-329.
7. Amara S.G., Arriza J.L., Leff S.E., Swanson L.W., Evans R.M., Rosenfeld M.G. Expression in brain of a messenger RNA encoding a novel neuropeptide homologous to calcitonin gene-related peptide. Science. 229:1985;1094-1097.
8. Ansel J.C., Kaynard A.H., Armstrong C.A., Olerud J., Bunnett N., Payan D. Skin-nervous system interactions. J. Invest. Dermatol. 106:1996;198-204.
9. Asahina A., Hosoi J., Grabbe S., Granstein R.D. Modulation of Langerhans cell function by epidermal nerves. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 96:1995;1178-1182.
10. Bai T.R., Zhou D., Weir T., Walker B., Hegele R., Hayashi S., McKay K., Bondy G.P., Fong T. Substance P (NK1)- and neurokinin A (NK2)-receptor gene expression in inflammatory airway diseases. Am. J. Physiol. 269:1995;L309-L317.
11. Baluk P., Bertrand C., Geppetti P., McDonald D.M., Nadel J.A. NK1 receptors mediate leukocyte adhesion in neurogenic inflammation in the rat trachea. Am. J. Physiol. 268:1995;L263-L269.
12. Barber A. Mu- and kappa-opioid receptor agonists produce peripheral inhibition of neurogenic plasma extravasation in rat skin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 236:1993;113-120.
13. Barnes P.J. Neurogenic inflammation and asthma. J. Asthma. 29:1992;165-180.
14. Barnes P.J. Neuroeffector mechanisms: The interface between inflammation and neuronal responses. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 98:1996;S73-S81.
15. Barnes P.J., Belvisi M.G., Rogers D.F. Modulation of neurogenic inflammation: Novel approaches to inflammatory disease [see comments]. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11:1990;185-189.
16. Bayliss W.M. On the origin from the spinal cord of the vasodilator fibres of the hind limb, and on the nature of these fibres. J. Physiol. 26:1901;173-209.
17. Bennett G.S., Brain S.D. Nerve growth factor induces an immediate and also a late phase of oedema formation in rat skin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 119:1996;55P.
18. Benrath J., Eschenfelder C., Zimmerman M., Gillardon F. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and nitric oxide are involved in cutaneous inflammation following ultraviolet irradiation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 293:1995;87-96.
19. Benrath J., Zimmermann M., Gillardon F. Substance P and nitric oxide mediate would healing of ultraviolet photodamaged rat skin: Evidence for an effect of nitric oxide on keratinocyte proliferation. Neurosci. Lett. 200:1995;17-20.
20. Berkowitz-Balshayi C., Becker Y. Immunomodulation by OK-432 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and IL-1β gene expression and of HSV-1 pathogenicity in mouse skin langerhans cells. In Vivo. 9:1995;447-453.
21. Bernstein J.E. Capsaicin in dermatologic disease. Semin. Dermatol. 7:1988;304-309.
22. Bernstein J.E., Korman N.J., Bickers D.R., Dahl M.V., Millikan L.E. Topical capsaicin treatment of chronic postherpetic neuralgia. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 21:1989;265-270.
23. Bevan S., Szolcsanyi J. Sensory neuron-specific actions of capsaicin: Mechanisms and applications. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11:1990;330-333.
24. Bienenstock J., Tomioka M., Matsuda H., Stead R.H., Quinonez G., Simon G.T., Coughlin M.D., Denburg J.A. The role of mast cells in inflammatory processes: Evidence for nerve/mast cell interactions. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 82:1987;238-243.
25. Bountra C., Gale J.D., Gardner C.J., Jordan C.C., Kilpatrick G.J., Twissell D.J., Ward P. Towards understanding the aetiology and pathophysiology of the emetic reflex: Novel approaches to antiemetic drugs. Oncology. 53 (Suppl. 1):1996;102-109.
26. Bozic C.R., Lu B., Hopken U.E., Gerard C., Gerard N.P. Neurogenic amplification of immune complex inflammation. Science. 273:1996;1722-1725.
27. Brain, S.D., 1996. Sensory neuropeptides in the skin. In: Geppetti, P., Holzer, P. (Eds.), Neurogenic Inflammation. CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, pp. 231-246.
28. Brain S.D., Cambridge H. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: Vasoactive effects and potential therapeutic role. Gen. Pharmacol. 27:1996;607-611.
29. Brain S.D., Williams T.J. Interactions between the tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide lead to the modulation of oedema formation and blood flow in rat skin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 97:1989;77-82.
30. Brain S.D., Williams T.J., Tippins J.R., Morris H.R., MacIntyre I. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator. Nature. 313:1985;54-56.
31. Brain S.D., Cambridge H., Hughes S.R., Wilsoncroft P. Evidence that calcitonin gene-related peptide contributes to inflammation in the skin and joint. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 657:1992;412-419.
32. Bruce A.N. Vasodilator axon reflexes. Q. J. Physiol. 6:1913;339-354.
33. Brunelleschi S., Vanni L., Ledda F., Giotti A., Maggi C.A., Fantozzi R. Tachykinins activate guinea-pig alveolar macrophages: Involvement of NK2 and NK1 receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 100:1990;417-420.
34. Buckley T.L., Nijkamp F.P. Mucosal exudation associated with a pulmonary delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the mouse. Role for the tachykinins. J. Immunol. 153:1994;4169-4178.
35. Buckley T.L., Brain S.D., Collins P.D., Williams T.J. Inflammatory edema induced by interactions between IL-1 and the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide. J. Immunol. 146:1991;3424-3430.
36. Buckley T.L., Brain S.D., Rampart M., Williams T.J. Time-dependent synergistic interactions between the vasodilator neuropeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and mediators of inflammation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 103:1991;1515-1519.
37. Bunker C.B., Reavley C., O'Shaughnessy D.J., Dowd P.M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in treatment of severe peripheral vascular insufficiency in Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet. 342:1993;80-83.
38. Burgi B., Otten U.H., Ochensberger B., Rihs S., Heese K., Ehrhard P.B., Ibanez C.F., Dahinden C.A. Basophil priming by neurotrophic factors. Activation through the trk receptor. J. Immunol. 157:1996;5582-5588.
39. Capsaicin Study Group Effect of treatment with capsaicin on daily activities of patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 15:1992;159-165.
40. Chiba T., Yamaguchi A., Yamatani T., Nakamura A., Morishita T., Inui T., Fukase M., Noda T., Fujita T. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist human CGRP-(8-37). Am. J. Physiol. 256:1989;E331-E335.
41. Chung F.Z., Wu L.H., Tian Y., Vartanian M.A., Lee H., Bikker J., Humblet C., Pritchard M.C., Raphy J., Suman Chauhan N.et al. Two classes of structurally different antagonists display similar species preference for the human tachykinin neurokinin 3 receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 48:1995;711-716.
42. Coulson I.H., Holden C.A. Cutaneous reactions to substance P and histamine in atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 122:1990;343-349.
43. Covas M.J., Pinto L.A., Victorino R.M. Disturbed immunoregulatory properties of the neuropeptide substance P on lymphocyte proliferation in HIV infection. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 96:1994;384-388.
44. Cutrer F.M., Moussaoui S., Garret C., Moskowitz M.A. The non-peptide neurokinin-1 antagonist, RPR 100893, decreases c-fos expression in trigeminal nucleus caudalis following noxious chemical meningeal stimulation. Neuroscience. 64:1995;741-750.
45. D'Ortho M.P., Jarreau P.H., Delacourt C., Pezet S., Lafuma C., Harf A., Macquin Mavier I. Tachykinins induce gelatinase production by guinea pig alveolar macrophages: Involvement of NK2 receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 269:1995;L631-L636.
46. Delay Goyet P., Satoh H., Lundberg J.M. Relative involvement of substance P and CGRP mechanisms in antidromic vasodilation in the rat skin. Acta Physiol. Scand. 146:1992;537-538.
47. Dennis T., Fournier A., St Pierre S., Quirion R. Structure-activity profile of calcitonin gene-related peptide in peripheral and brain tissues. Evidence for receptor multiplicity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251:1989;718-725.
48. Dennis T., Fournier A., Cadieux A., Pomerleau F., Jolicoeur F.B., St.Pierre S., Quirion R. hCGRP8-37, a calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonist revealing calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor heterogeneity in brain and periphery. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 254:1990;123-128.
49. Devillier P., Drapeau G., Renoux M., Regoli D. Role of the N-terminal arginine in the histamine-releasing activity of substance P, bradykinin and related peptides. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 168:1989;53-60.
50. Diener, H.C., 1995. For the RPR 100,893 Migraine Study Group. Proc. 6th Int. Headache Res. Sem., Abs. 63.
51. Dionne, R.A., Max, M.B., Parada, S., Gordon, S.M., MacLean, D.B., 1996. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 59, Abs. 216.
52. Donaldson L.F., McQueen D.S., Seckl J.R. Neuropeptide gene expression and capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents: Maintenance and spread of adjuvant arthritis in the rat. J. Physiol. Lond. 486:1995;473-482.
53. Donnerer J., Schuligoi R., Stein C. Increased content and transport of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in sensory nerves innervating inflamed tissue: Evidence for a regulatory function of nerve growth factor in vivo. Neuroscience. 49:1992;693-698.
54. Edvinsson L. Innervation and effects of dilatory neuropeptides on cerebral vessels. New aspects. Blood Vessels. 28:1991;35-45.
55. Edvinsson L., Goadsby P.J. Neuropeptides in the cerebral circulation: Relevance to headache. Cephalalgia. 15:1995;272-276.
56. Emonds Alt X., Doutremepuich J.D., Heaulme M., Neliat G., Santucci V., Steinberg R., Vilain P., Bichon D., Ducoux J.P., Proietto V.et al. In vitro and in vivo biological activities of SR140333, a novel potent non-peptide tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 250:1993;403-413.
57. Escott K.J., Brain S.D. Effect of a calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonist (CGRP8-37) on skin vasodilatation and oedema induced by stimulation of the rat saphenous nerve. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110:1993;772-776.
58. Escott K.J., Beattie D.T., Connor H.E., Brain S.D. The modulation of the increase in rat facial skin blood flow observed after trigeminal ganglion stimulation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 284:1995;69-76.
59. Escott K.J., Beattie D.T., Connor H.E., Brain S.D. Trigeminal ganglion stimulation increases facial skin blood flow in the rat: A major role for calcitonin gene-related peptide. Brain Res. 669:1995;93-99.
60. Fan T.P., Hu D.E., Guard S., Gresham G.A., Watling K.J. Stimulation of angiogenesis by substance P and interleukin-1 in the rat and its inhibition by NK1 or interleukin-1 receptor antagonists. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110:1993;43-49.
61. Fernyhough P., Diemel L.T., Hardy J., Brewster W.J., Mohiuddin L., Tomlinson D.R. Human recombinant nerve growth factor replaces deficient neurotrophic support in the diabetic rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7:1995;1107-1110.
62. Figini M., Javdan P., Cioncolini F., Geppetti P. Involvement of tachykinins in plasma extravasation induced by bradykinin and low pH medium in the guinea-pig conjunctiva. Br. J. Pharmacol. 115:1995;128-132.
63. Follenfant R.L., Hardy G.W., Lowe L.A., Schneider C., Smith T.W. Antinociceptive effects of the novel opioid peptide BW443C compared with classical opiates; Peripheral versus central actions. Br. J. Pharmacol. 93:1988;85-92.
64. Fong T.M., Huang R.C., Yu H., Swain C.J., Underwood D., Cascieri M.A., Strader C.D. Mutational analysis of neurokinin receptor function. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73:1995;860-865.
65. Foreman J.C., Jordan C.C., Oehme P., Renner H. Structure-activity relationships for some substance P-related peptides that cause wheal and flare reactions in human skin. J. Physiol. Lond. 335:1983;449-465.
66. Fowler C.J., Jewkes D., McDonald W.I., Lynn B., deGroat W.C. Intravesical capsaicin for neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Lancet. 339:1992;1239.
67. Fusco B.M., Allessandri M. Analgesic effect of capsaicin in idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Anesth. Analg. 74:1992;735-737.
68. Fusco B.M., Marabini S., Maggi C.A., Fiore G., Geppetti P. Preventative effect of repeated nasal applications of capsaicin in cluster headache. Pain. 59:1994;321-325.
69. Gamse R., Saria A. Antidromic vasodilatation in the rat hindpaw measured by laser Doppler flowmetry: Pharmacological modulation. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 19:1987;105-111.
70. Gamse R., Holzer P., Lembeck F. Decrease of substance P in primary afferent neurones and impairment of neurogenic plasma extravasation by capsaicin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 68:1980;207-213.
71. Gardiner S.M., Kemp P.A., March J.E., Bennett T. Regional haemodynamic effects of human and rat adrenomedullin in conscious rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114:1995;584-591.
72. Geppetti, P., Holzer, P., 1996. Neurogenic Inflammation. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton.
73. Germonpre P.R., Joos G.F., Everaert E., Kips J.C., Pauwels R.A. Characterization of neurogenic inflammation in the airways of two highly inbred rat strains. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:1995;1796-1804.
74. Gitter B.D., Regoli D., Howbert J.J., Glasebrook A.L., Waters D.C. Interleukin-6 secretion from human astrocytoma cells induced by substance P. J. Neuroimmunol. 51:1994;101-108.
75. Goebeler M., Henseleit U., Roth J., Sorg C. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide modulate leukocyte infiltration to mouse skin during allergic contact dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 286:1994;341-346.
76. Goetzl E.J., Xia M., Ingram D.A., Kishiyama J.L., Kaltreider H.B., Byrd P.K., Ichikawa S., Sreedharan S.P. Neuropeptide signaling of lymphocytes in immunological responses. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 107:1995;202-204.
77. Goldstein, T., 1996. Clinical trials with Lanepitant. Presented at William Harvey Research Conferences, London, 10-11th Oct.
78. Gray D.W., Marshall I. Human alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulates adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase and relaxes rat thoracic aorta by releasing nitric oxide. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107:1992;691-696.
79. Gray D.W., Marshall I. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibitors attenuate calcitonin gene-related peptide endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rat aorta. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 212:1992;37-42.
80. Hall J.M., Brain S.D. Inhibition by SR 140333 of NK1 tachykinin receptor-evoked, nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatation in the hamster cheek pouch microvasculature in vivo. Br. J. Pharmacol. 113:1994;522-526.
81. Hall J.M., Caulfield M.P., Watson S.P., Guard S. Receptor subtypes or species homologues: Relevance to drug discovery. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14:1993;376-383.
82. Hall J.M., Mitchell D., Morton I.K. Tachykinin receptors mediating responses to sensory nerve stimulation and exogenous tachykinins and analogues in the rabbit isolated iris sphincter. Br. J. Pharmacol. 109:1993;1008-1013.
83. Hanesch U., Pfrommer U., Grubb B.D., Heppelmann B., Schaible H.G. The proportion of CGRP-immunoreactive and SP-mRNA containing dorsal root ganglion cells is increased by a unilateral inflammation of the ankle joint of the rat. Regul. Pept. 46:1993;202-203.
84. Hanesch U., Blecher F., Stiller R.U., Emson P.C., Schaible H.G., Heppelmann B. The effect of a unilateral inflammation at the rat's ankle joint on the expression of preprotachykinin-A mRNA and preprosomatostatin mRNA in dorsal root ganglion cells - A study using non-radioactive in situ hybridization. Brain Res. 700:1995;279-284.
85. Hartung H.P., Toyka K.V. Substance P, the immune system and inflammation. Int. Rev. Immunol. 4:1989;229-249.
86. Heerwagen C., Pabst R., Westermann J. The neuropeptide substance P does not influence the migration of B, T, CD8+ and CD4+ ('naive' and 'memory') lymphocytes from blood to lymph in the normal rat. Scand. J. Immunol. 42:1995;480-486.
87. Herbert M.K., Holzer P. Interleukin-1 beta enhances capsaicin-induced neurogenic vasodilatation in the rat skin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 111:1994;681-686.
88. Herbert M.K., Holzer P. Nitric oxide mediates the amplification by interleukin-1 beta of neurogenic vasodilatation in the rat skin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 260:1994;89-93.
89. Hernanz A., Muelas G., Borbujo J. Plasma neuropeptide pattern in acute idiopathic urticaria. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 90:1989;198-200.
90. Herzberg U., Murtaugh M.P., Mullet M.A., Beitz A.J. Electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve alters neuropeptide content and lymphocyte migration in the subcutaneous tissue of the rat hind paw. Neuroreport. 6:1995;1773-1777.
91. Hirata Y., Mitaka C., Sato K., Nagura T., Tsunoda Y., Amaha K., Marumo F. Increased circulating adrenomedullin, a novel vasodilatory peptide, in sepsis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81:1996;1449-1453.
92. Ho W.Z., Kaufman D., Uvaydova M., Douglas S.D. Substance P augments interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release by human cord blood monocytes and macrophages. J. Neuroimmunol. 71:1996;73-80.
93. Holzer P. Peptidergic sensory neurons in the control of vascular functions: Mechanisms and significance in the cutaneous and splanchnic vascular beds. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 121:1992;49-146.
94. Hosoi J., Murphy G.F., Egan C.L., Lerner E.A., Grabbe S., Asahina A., Granstein R.D. Regulation of Langerhans cell function by nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nature. 363:1993;159-163.
95. Hughes S.R., Brain S.D. Nitric oxide-dependent release of vasodilator quantities of calcitonin gene-related peptide from capsaicin-sensitive nerves in rabbit skin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 111:1994;425-430.
96. Hughes S.R., Williams T.J., Brain S.D. Evidence that endogenous nitric oxide modulates oedema formation induced by substance P. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 191:1990;481-484.
97. Ichinose M., Sawadi M. Enhancement of phagocytosis by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. Peptides. 17:1996;1405-1414.
98. Inchinose M., Nakajima N., Takahashi T., Yamauchi H., Inoue H., Takishima T. Protection against bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients by neurokininreceptor antagonists. Lancet. 340:1992;1248-1251.
99. Ichinose M., Miura M., Yamauchi H., Kageyama N., Tomaki M., Oyake T., Ohuchi Y., Hida W., Miki H., Tamura G., Shirato K. A neurokinin 1-receptor antagonist improves exercise-induced airway narrowing in asthmatic patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153:1996;936-941.
100. Jancsó N., Jancsó-Gabor A., Szocsanyi J. Direct evidence of neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by treatment with capsaicin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 31:1967;138-151.
101. Jancsó G., Kiraly E., Jansco-Gabor A. Pharmacologically induced selective degeneration of chemosensitive primary sensory neurones. Nature. 270:1977;741-743.
102. Janiszewski J., Bienenstock J., Blennerhassett M.G. Picomolar doses of substance P trigger electrical responses in mast cells without degranulation. Am. J. Physiol. 267:1994;C138-C145.
103. Jensen C.J., Gerard N.P., Schwartz T.W., Gether U. The species selectivity of chemically distinct tachykinin nonpeptide antagonists is dependent on common divergent residues of the rat and human neurokinin-1 receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 45:1994;294-299.
104. Johnson P.C., Doll S.C. Dermal nerves in human diabetic subjects. Diabetes. 33:1984;244-250.
105. Joos G.F., Kips J.C., Peleman R.A., Pauwels R.A. Tachykinin antagonists and the airways. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 329:1995;205-219.
106. Kajekar R., Moore P.K., Brain S.D. Essential role for nitric oxide in neurogenic inflammation in rat cutaneous microcirculation. Evidence for an endothelium-independent mechanism. Circ. Res. 76:1995;441-447.
107. Kapas S., Clark A.J. Identification of an orphan receptor gene as a type 1 calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 217:1995;832-838.
108. Karanth S.S., Dhital S., Springall D.R., Polak J.M. Reinnervation and neuropeptides in mouse skin flaps. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 31:1990;127-134.
109. Kashiba H., Ueda Y., Senba E. Coexpression of preprotachykinin-A, alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin, and neurotrophin receptor family messenger RNAs in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neuroscience. 70:1996;179-189.
110. Khalil Z., Helme R.D. The quantitative contribution of nitric oxide and sensory nerves to bradykinin-induced inflammation in rat skin microvasculature. Brain Res. 589:1992;102-108.
111. Khalil Z., Helme R. Sensory peptides as neuromodulators of wound healing in aged rats. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 51:1996;B354-B361.
112. Khawja A.M., Rogers D.F. Tackykinins: Receptor to effector. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 28:1996;721-738.
113. Kidd B.L., Mapp P.I., Gibson S.J., Polak J.M., O'Higgins F., Buckland Wright J.C., Blake D.R. A neurogenic mechanism for symmetrical arthritis [see comments]. Lancet. 2:1989;1128-1130.
114. Kirchmair R., Marksteiner J., Troger J., Mahata S.K., Mahata M., Donnerer J., Amann R., Fischer Colbrie R., Winkler H., Saria A. Human and rat primary C-fibre afferents store and release secretoneurin, a novel neuropeptide. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6:1994;861-868.
115. Kishimoto S. The regeneration of substance P-containing nerve fibers in the process of burn wound healing in the guinea pig skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 83:1984;219-223.
116. Kjartansson J., Dalsgaard C.J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases survival of a musculocutaneous critical flap in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 142:1987;355-358.
117. Kjartansson J., Dalsgaard C.J., Jonsson C.E. Decreased survival of experimental critical flaps in rats after sensory denervation with capsaicin. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 79:1987;218-221.
118. Knight K.R., Lepore D.A., Ritz M., Bhattacharya S., Martin T.J., Morrison W.A., O'Brien B.M., Shirai T. Infusions of a novel calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) derivative at the time of reperfusion to salvage ischaemic rabbit skin flaps. Int. J. Tissue React. 15:1993;185-193.
119. Kowalski M.L., Sliwinska Kowalska M., Kaliner M.A. Neurogenic inflammation, vascular permeability, and mast cells. II. Additional evidence indicating that mast cells are not involved in neurogenic inflammation. J. Immunol. 145:1990;1214-1221.
120. Krumins S.A., Broomfield C.A. Evidence of NK1 and NK2 tachykinin receptors and their involvement in histamine release in a murine mast cell line. Neuropeptides. 21:1992;65-72.
121. Lacroix J.S., Buvelot J.M., Polla B.S., Lundberg J.M. Improvement of symptoms of non-allergic chronic rhinitis by local treatment with capsaicin. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 21:1991;595-600.
122. Lalloo U.G., Fox A.J., Belvisi M.G., Chung K.F., Barnes P.J. Capsazepine inhibits cough induced by capsaicin and citric acid but not by hypertonic saline in guinea pigs. J. Appl. Physiol. 79:1995;1082-1087.
123. Lassen L.H., Ashina M., Christiansen I., Ulrich V., Olesen J. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition in migraine. Lancet. 349:1997;401-402.
124. Laurenzi M.A., Persson M.A., Dalsgaard C.J., Haegerstrand A. The neuropeptide substance P stimulates production of interleukin 1 in human blood monocytes: Activated cells are preferentially influenced by the neuropeptide. Scand. J. Immunol. 31:1990;529-533.
125. Lembeck F., Donnerer J. Opioid control of the function of primary afferent substance P fibres. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 114:1985;241-246.
126. Lembeck F., Holzer P. Substance P as a mediator of antidromic vasodilatation and neurogenic plasma extravasation. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 310:1979;175-183.
127. Lembeck F., Donnerer J., Tsuchiya M., Nagahisa A. The non-peptide tachykinin antagonist, CP-96,345, is a potent inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 105:1992;527-530.
128. Levine J.D., Clark R., Devor M., Helms C., Moskowitz M.A., Basbaum A.I. Intraneuronal substance P contributes to the severity of experimental arthritis. Science. 226:1984;547-549.
129. Lewis, T., 1927. The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin and Their Response. Shaw, London.
130. Li H., Hsu P., Sachais B.S., Krause J.E., Leeman S.E., Boyd N.D. Identification of the site in the substance P (NK-1) receptor for modulation of peptide binding by sulfhydryl reagents. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;1950-1956.
131. Lieb K., Fiebich B.L., Busse Grawitz M., Hull M., Berger M., Bauer J. Effects of substance P and selected other neuropeptides on the synthesis of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 in human monocytes: A re-examination. J. Neuroimmunol. 67:1996;77-81.
132. Lilly C.M., Hall A.E., Rodger I.W., Kobzik L., Haley K.J., Drazen J.M. Substance P-induced histamine release in tracheally perfused guinea pig lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 78:1995;1234-1241.
133. Lotz M., Vaughan J.H., Carson D.A. Effect of neuropeptides on production of inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. Science. 241:1988;1218-1221.
134. Luebke A.E., Dahl G.P., Roos B.A., Dickerson I.M. Identification of a protein that confers calcitonin gene-related peptide responsiveness to oocytes by using a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator assay. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:1996;3455-3460.
135. Lundberg J.M., Franco Cereceda A., Hua X., Hokfelt T., Fischer J.A. Co-existence of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivities in sensory nerves in relation to cardiovascular and bronchoconstrictor effects of capsaicin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 108:1985;315-319.
136. Maggi C.A. Capsaicin and primary afferent neurons: From basic science to human therapy? J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 33:1991;1-14.
137. Maggi C.A. The pharmacology of the efferent function of sensory nerves. J. Auton. Pharmacol. 11:1991;173-208.
138. Maggi C.A. Tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) as co-transmitters released from peripheral endings of sensory nerves. Prog. Neurobiol. 45:1995;1-98.
139. Maggi C.A. The mammalian tachykinin receptors. Gen. Pharmacol. 26:1995;911-944.
140. Maggi C.A., Meli A. The sensory-efferent function of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons. Gen. Pharmacol. 19:1988;1-43.
141. Maggi C.A., Borsini F., Santicioli P., Geppetti P., Abelli L., Evangelista S., Manzini S., Theodorsson Norheim E., Somma V., Amenta F.et al. Cutaneous lesions in capsaicin-pretreated rats. A trophic role of capsaicin-sensitive afferents? Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 336:1987;538-545.
142. Maggi C.A., Patacchini R., Rovero P., Giachetti A. Tachykinin receptors and tachykinin receptor antagonists. J. Auton. Pharmacol. 13:1993;23-93.
143. Martin F.C., Charles A.C., Sanderson M.J., Merrill J.E. Substance P stimulates IL-1 production by astrocytes via intracellular calcium. Brain Res. 599:1992;13-18.
144. McCarthy G.M., McCarty D.J. Effect of topical capsaicin in the therapy of painful osteoarthritis of the hands. J. Rheumatol. 19:1992;604-607.
145. McGillis, J.P., Figueiredo, H.F., 1996. Sensory neuropeptides: The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in modulating inflammation and immunity. In: Marsh, Kendall (Eds.), The Physiology of Immunity. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton.
146. McGillis J.P., Organist M.L., Payan D.G. Substance P and immunoregulation. Fed. Proc. 46:1987;196-199.
147. McGillis J.P., Humphreys S., Reid S. Characterization of functional calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors on rat lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 147:1991;3482-3489.
148. McGillis J.P., Humphreys S., Rangnekar V., Ciallella J. Modulation of B lymphocyte differentiation by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). II. Inhibition of LPS-induced kappa light chain expression by CGRP. Cell Immunol. 150:1993;405-416.
149. McMahon S.B., Bennett D.L., Priestley J.V., Shelton D.L. The biological effects of endogenous nerve growth factor on adult sensory neurons revealed by a trkA-IgG fusion molecule. Nat. Med. 1:1995;774-780.
150. Messlinger K., Hanesch U., Kurosawa M., Pawlak M., Schmidt R.F. Calcitonin gene related peptide released from dural nerve fibers mediates increase of meningeal blood flow in the rat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73:1995;1020-1024.
151. Mione M.C., Ralevic V., Burnstock G. Peptides and vasomotor mechanisms. Pharmacol. Ther. 46:1990;429-468.
152. Moller K., Zhang Y.Z., Hakanson R., Luts A., Sjolund B., Uddman R., Sundler F. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide is a sensory neuropeptide: Immunocytochemical and immunochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 57:1993;725-732.
153. Morton C.R., Chahl L.A. Pharmacology of the neurogenic oedema response to electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve in the rat. Naunyn-Schiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 314:1980;271-276.
154. Moskowitz M.A., Macfarlane R. Neurovascular and molecular mechanisms in migraine headaches. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 5:1993;159-177.
155. Mulder H., Uddman R., Moller K., Zhang Y.Z., Ekblad E., Alumets J., Sundler F. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide expression in sensory neurons. Neuroscience. 63:1994;307-312.
156. Nahin R.L., Ren K., De Leon M., Ruda M. Primary sensory neurons exhibit altered gene expression in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain. 58:1994;95-108.
157. Nandha K.A., Taylor G.M., Smith D.M., Owji A.A., Byfield P.G.H., Ghatei M.A., Bloom S.R. Specific adrenomedullin binding sites and hypotension in the rat systemic vascular bed. Regul. Pept. 62:1996;145-151.
158. Naukkarinen A., Nickoloff B.J., Farber E.M. Quantification of cutaneous sensory nerves and their substance P content in psoriasis [see comments]. J. Invest. Dermatol. 92:1989;126-129.
159. Nelson M.T., Huang Y., Brayden J.E., Hescheler J., Standen N.B. Arterial dilations in response to calcitonin gene-related peptide involve activation of K+ channels. Nature. 344:1990;770-773.
160. Nilsson J., von Euler A.M., Dalsgaard C.J. Stimulation of connective tissue cell growth by substance P and substance K. Nature. 315:1985;61-63.
161. Nong Y.H., Titus R.G., Ribeiro J.M., Remold H.G. Peptides encoded by the calcitonin gene inhibit macrophage function. J. Immunol. 143:1989;45-49.
162. Numao T., Agrawal D.K. Neuropeptides modulate human eosinophil chemotaxis. J. Immunol. 149:1992;3309-3315.
163. Otsuka Y., Nagano K., Hori K., Ohishi J., Hayashi H., Watanabe N., Niitsu Y. Inhibition of neutrophil migration by tumor necrosis factor. Ex vivo and in vivo studies in comparison with in vitro effect. J. Immunol. 145:1990;2639-2643.
164. Otten U., Baumann J.B., Girard J. Nerve growth factor induces plasma extravasation in rat skin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 106:1984;199-201.
165. Owan I., Ibaraki K. The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in macrophages: The presence of functional receptors and effects on proliferation and differentiation into osteoclast-like cells. Bone Miner. 24:1994;151-164.
166. Parenti A., Amerini S., Ledda F., Maggi C.A., Ziche M. The tachykinin NK1 receptor mediates the migration-promoting effect of substance P on human skin fibroblasts in culture. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 353:1996;475-481.
167. Payan D.G. Neuropeptides and inflammation: The role of substance P. Annu. Rev. Med. 40:1989;341-352.
168. Payan D.G., Brewster D.R., Goetzl E.J. Specific stimulation of human T lymphocytes by substance P. J. Immunol. 131:1983;1613-1615.
169. Perkins M.N., Campbell E.A. Capsazepine reversal of the antinociceptive action of capsaicin in vivo. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107:1992;329-333.
170. Perretti M., Ahluwalia A., Flower R.J., Manzini S. Endogenous tachykinins play a role in IL-1-induced neutrophil accumulation: Involvement of NK-1 receptors. Immunology. 80:1993;73-77.
171. Pincelli C., Fantini F., Giannetti A. Neuropeptides and skin inflammation. Dermatology. 187:1993;153-158.
172. Poyner D.R. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: Multiple actions, multiple receptors. Pharmacol. Ther. 56:1992;23-51.
173. Poyner D. Pharmacology of receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide and amylin. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 16:1995;424-428.
174. Quayle J.M., Bonev A.D., Brayden J.E., Nelson M.T. Calcitonin gene-related peptide activated ATP-sensitive K+ currents in rabbit arterial smooth muscle via protein kinase A. J. Physiol. 475:1994;9-13.
175. Richter J., Andersson R., Edvinsson L., Gullberg U. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) activates human neutrophils-inhibition by chemotactic peptide antagonist BOC-MLP. Immunology. 77:1992;416-421.
176. Rink T.J., Beaumont K., Koda J., Young A. Structure and biology of amylin. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14:1993;113-118.
177. Roberts A.I., Taunk J., Ebert E.C. Human lymphocytes lack substance P receptors. Cell Immunol. 141:1992;457-465.
178. Rosenfeld M.G., Mermod J.J., Amara S.G., Swanson L.W., Sawchenko P.E., Rivier J., Vale W.W., Evans R.M. Production of a novel neuropeptide encoded by the calcitonin gene via tissue-specific RNA processing. Nature. 304:1983;129-135.
179. Sabate M.I., Stolarsky L.S., Polak J.M., Bloom S.R., Varndell I.M., Ghatei M.A., Evans R.M., Rosenfeld M.G. Regulation of neuroendocrine gene expression by alternative RNA processing. Colocalization of calcitonin and
180. Sachais B.S., Snider R.M., Lowe J.A. 3d, Krause J.E. Molecular basis for the species selectivity of the substance P antagonist CP-96,345. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;2319-2323.
181. Santicioli P., Giuliani S., Maggi C.A. Failure of L-nitroarginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, to affect hypotension and plasma protein extravasation produced by tachykinin NK-1 receptor activation in rats. J. Auton. Pharmacol. 13:1993;193-199.
182. Scott D.T., Lam F.Y., Ferrell W.R. Acute joint inflammation-mechanisms and mediators. Gen. Pharmacol. 25:1994;1285-1296.
183. Senapati A., Anand P., McGregor G.P., Ghatei M.A., Thompson R.P., Bloom S.R. Depletion of neuropeptides during wound healing in rat skin. Neurosci. Lett. 71:1986;101-105.
184. Serra M.C., Calzetti F., Ceska M., Cassatella M.A. Effect of substance P on superoxide anion and IL-8 production by human PMNL. Immunology. 82:1994;63-69.
185. Shawket S., Dickerson C., Hazleman B., Brown M.J. Prolonged effect of CGRP in Raynaud's patients: A double-blind randomised comparison with prostacyclin. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 32:1991;209-213.
186. Shepheard S.L., Williamson D.J., Hill R.G., Hargreaves R.J. The non-peptide neurokinin1 receptor antagonist, RP 67580, blocks neurogenic plasma extravasation in the dura mater of rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 108:1993;11-12.
187. Siney L., Brain S.D. Involvement of sensory neuropeptides in the development of plasma extravasation in rat dorsal skin following thermal injury. Br. J. Pharmacol. 117:1996;1065-1070.
188. Stretton D., Miura M., Belvisi M.G., Barnes P.J. Calcium-activated potassium channels mediate prejunctional inhibition of peripheral sensory nerves. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;1325-1329.
189. Sugo S., Minamino N., Shoji H., Kangawa K., Kitamura K., Eto T., Matsuo H. Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and lipopolysaccharide additively stimulate production of adrenomedullin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207:1995;25-32.
190. Sugo S., Minamino N., Shoji H., Kangawa K., Matsuo H. Effects of vasoactive substances and cAMP related compounds on adrenomedullin production in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. 369:1995;311-314.
191. Sung C.P., Arleth A.J., Aiyar N., Bhatnagar P.K., Lysko P.G., Feuerstein G. CGRP stimulates the adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelial cells. Peptides. 13:1992;429-434.
192. Suzuki H., Miura S., Liu Y.Y., Tsuchiya M., Ishii H. Substance P induces degranulation of mast cells and leukocyte adhesion to venular endothelium. Peptides. 16:1995;1447-1452.
193. Swain C.J. Central and peripheral nervous systems: Neurokinin receptor antagonists. Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents. 6:1996;367-378.
194. Tang S.C., Fend F., Muller L., Braunsteiner H., Wiedermann C.J. High-affinity substance P binding sites of neurokinin-1 receptor type autoradiographically associated with vascular sinuses and high endothelial venules of human lymphoid tissues. Lab. Invest. 69:1993;86-93.
195. Thomas D.R., Dubner R., Ruda M.A. Neonatal capsaicin treatment in rats results in scratching behaviour with skin damage: Potential model of non-painful dyesthesia. Neurosci. Lett. 171:1994;101-104.
196. Umeda Y., Takamiya M., Yoshizaki H., Arisawa M. Inhibition of mitogen-stimulated T lymphocyte proliferation by calcitonin gene-related peptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 154:1988;227-235.
197. Villar M.J., Cortes R., Theodorsson E., Wiesenfeld Hallin Z., Schalling M., Fahrenkrug J., Emson P.C., Hokfelt T. Neuropeptide expression in rat dorsal root ganglion cells and spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury with special reference to galanin. Neuroscience. 33:1989;587-604.
198. Von Euler U.S., Gaddum J.H. An unidentified depressor substance in certain tissue extracts. J. Physiol. 72:1931;74-87.
199. Walsh D.T., Weg V.B., Williams T.J., Nourshargh S. Substance P-induced inflammatory responses in guinea-pig skin: The effect of specific NK1 receptor antagonists and the role of endogenous mediators. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114:1995;1343-1350.
200. Wang F., Millet I., Bottomly K., Vignery A. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits interleukin 2 production by murine T lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;21052-21057.
201. Watson C.P., Evans R.J., Watt V.R. The post-mastectomy pain syndrome and the effect of topical capsaicin. Pain. 38:1989;177-186.
202. Weihe E., Hartschuh W. Multiple peptides in cutaneous nerves: Regulators under physiological conditions and a pathogenetic role in skin disease? Semin. Dermatol. 7:1988;284-300.
203. Whittle B.J., Lopez Belmonte J., Rees D.D. Modulation of the vasodepressor actions of acetylcholine, bradykinin, substance P and endothelin in the rat by a specific inhibitor of nitric oxide formation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 98:1989;646-652.
204. Wiedermann C.J., Auer B., Sitt B., Reinisch N., Schratzberger P., Kaehler C.M. Induction of endothelial cell differentiation into capillary-like structures by substance P. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 298:1996;335-338.
205. Wood, J., 1993. Capsaicin in the Study of Pain. Academic Press, London.
206. Woolf C.J., Safieh Garabedian B., Ma Q.P., Crilly P., Winter J. Nerve growth factor contributes to the generation of inflammatory sensory hypersensitivity. Neuroscience. 62:1994;327-331.
207. Ziche M., Morbidelli L., Donnini S. Angiogenesis. Exp. Nephrol. 4:1996;1-14. Editorial.
208. Zimmerman B.J., Anderson D.C., Granger D.N. Neuropeptides promote neutrophil adherence to endothelial cell monolayers. Am. J. Physiol. 263:1992;G678-G682.