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Donor embryos were injected, at the two-to four-cell stage, with a 1:1 mixture of rhodamine and biotin dextrans (50 mg/ml, Molecular Probes), which allowed for subsequent detection of grafted cells both fluorescently and histochemically. All surrical manipulations were performed by established methods with the use of an eyelash-hair knife and hairloop in full-strength Danieau solution (6). Embryos were then raised individually in 24-well plates. Microscopic documentation was performed as described (7). Full-color documentation was performed with a ProgRes 3012 digital color camera and ImageManager software (Roche Image Analysis Systems).
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At shield stage, nonaxial germring cells share molecular characteristics distinct from the shield region: They express snail1 [M. Hammerschmidt and C. Nüsslein-Volhard, ibid. 119, 1107 (1993); C. Thisse, B. Thisse, T. F. Schilling, J. H. Postlethwait, ibid., p. 1203] and eve1 (S. Joly, C. Joly, S. Schulte-Merker, H. Boulekbache, H. Condamine, ibid., p. 1261), and they down-regulate zf-T as gastrulation proceeds [ S. Schulte-Merker, R. K. Ho, B. G. Herrmann, C. Nüsslein-Volhard, ibid. 116, 1021 (1992)].
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At shield stage, nonaxial germring cells share molecular characteristics distinct from the shield region: They express snail1 [M. Hammerschmidt and C. Nüsslein-Volhard, ibid. 119, 1107 (1993); C. Thisse, B. Thisse, T. F. Schilling, J. H. Postlethwait, ibid., p. 1203] and eve1 (S. Joly, C. Joly, S. Schulte-Merker, H. Boulekbache, H. Condamine, ibid., p. 1261), and they down-regulate zf-T as gastrulation proceeds [ S. Schulte-Merker, R. K. Ho, B. G. Herrmann, C. Nüsslein-Volhard, ibid. 116, 1021 (1992)].
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In 30% of the cases, presumably because the graft had occupied most of the retinal domain on its side, a morphologically normal retina on the side of the graft was not formed. In section, however, pigmented epithelium and some retinal tissues were present.
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The bFGF bead-coating procedure was adopted from Z. Dai and H. B. Peng [J. Neurosci. 15, 5466 (1995)]. Polystyrene beads (Polysciences, 45 μm) were coated with a solution of bFGF (50 μg/ml; human recombinant, Gibco) for 2 hours at room temperature, then washed twice (10 min each) with large volumes of Danieau solution (6). One or two beads were implanted into the animal pole region of shield-stage embryos. In most animals, the beads remained in the forebrain; in a few cases, the beads drifted posteriorly or into the yolk, and these were excluded from further analysis. The functional activity of the beads was tested with a modified animal cap assay, in which five to eight beads were sandwiched between two pieces of stage 8.5 animal caps and cultured in modified Barth solution until stage 10.5. Sandwiches with bFGF beads underwent morphogenetic movements similar to those treated with soluble bFGF. Sandwiches made with beads not coated with bFGF developed in the same way as control caps without beads.
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note
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We thank T. Jowett and E. Weinberg for probes, J. Shih for advice on transplantation, M. Selleck and C. LaBonne for advice on bead experiments, and A. Collazo, C. Krull, C. LaBonne, A. Louie, E. Krider, J. Shih, P. Sternberg, B. Wold, K. Zinn, and two anonymous reviewers for comments. Supported by grants from the Beckman Institute and by a National Institute of Mental Health Silvio Conte Center award.
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