Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, eosinophilic fasciitis, and related fibrosing disorders

Current Opinion in Rheumatology

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 562-570

  Varga, John ^a   Kähäri, Veli Matti ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS   (United States)

^b TURKU UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD34 ANTIGEN; CYTOKINE; GROWTH FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 4; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; APOPTOSIS; BORRELIA; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; COLON DISEASE; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; DEGRANULATION; DENDRITIC CELL; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; EOSINOPHIL; EOSINOPHILIA MYALGIA SYNDROME; EOSINOPHILIC FASCIITIS; FIBROBLAST; FIBROSIS; FOOD CONTAMINATION; GENOME; HUMAN; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; INFECTION; KELOID; PATHOGENESIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SCLERODERMA; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; TOXIC OIL SYNDROME;

EID: 0030781232     PISSN: 10408711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00002281-199711000-00013     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Swygert LA, Maes EE, Sewell LE, Miller L, Falk H, Kilboume EM: Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome: results of national surveillance. JAMA 1990, 264:1698-1703.
2. Slutsker L, Hoesly FC, Miller L, Williams P, Watson, JC, Fleming DW: Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with exposure to tryptophan from a single manufacturer. JAMA 1990, 264:213-217.
3. Hertzman PA: Criteria for the definition of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1996, 23(suppl):7-12. A critical analysis of the strength and weakness of the CDC surveillance criteria and a proposal for a new definition of EMS.
4. Horwitz RI, Daniels SR: Bias or biology: evaluating the epidemiologic studies of L-tryptophan and the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1996, 23(suppl):60-72. Raises the possibility that, owing to introduction of bias, the EMS surveillance program instituted by the CDC may have included patients who did not have EMS.
5. Kilboume EM, Philen RM, Kamb ML, Falk H: Tryptophan produced by Showa Denko and epidemic eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 1996, 23(suppl):81-88. Strong argument reaffirming the firm causal relationship between tryptophan ingestion and EMS.
6. Sullivan EA, Staehling N, Philen RM: Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome among the non-L-tryptophan users and pre-epidemic cases. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:1784-1787.
7. Silver RM, Ludwicka A, Hampton M, Ohba T, Bingel SA, Smith T, Harley RA, Maize J, Heyes MP: A murine model of the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome induced by 1,1′-ethylidenebis (L-tryptophan). J Clin Invest 1994, 93:1473-1480.
8. Emslie-Smith AM, Mayeno AN, Nakano S, Gleich GJ, Engel AG: 1,1′-Ethylidenebis-[tryptophan] induces pathologic alterations similar to those observed in the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Neurology 1994, 44:2390-2392.
9. Takagi H, Ochoa MS, Zhou L, Helfman T, Murata H, Falanga V: Enhanced collagen synthesis and transcription by peak E, a contaminant of L-tryptophan preparations associated with the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome epidemic. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:2120-2125.
10. Zangrilli JG, Mayeno AN, Vining V, Varga J: 1,1′-Ethylidenebis [L-tryptophan], an impurity in L-tryptophan associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, stimulates type I collagen gene expression in human fibroblasts in vitro. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1995, 37:925-933.
11. Saito H, Miyamoto T: Effect of L-tryptophan products on function of human eosinophils: investigation of the causal mechanisms of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome associated with L-tryptophan products. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1996, 111(suppl):37-42. In vitro studies demonstrating alterations in eosinophil and endothelial cell function.
12. Mayeno AN, Benson LM, Naylor S, Colberg-Beers M, Puchalski JT, Gleich GJ: Biotransformation of 3-(phenylamino)-1,2-propanediol to 3-(phenylamino)alanine: a chemical link between toxic oil syndrome and eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Chem Res Toxicol 1995, 8:911-916.
13. Hill RH, Schurz HH, de la Paz MP, Borda A, Philen RM, Kilbourne EM, Head SL, Bailey SL, Driskell WJ, Barr JR, Needham LL: Possible etiologic agents for toxic oil syndrome: fatty acid esters of 3-(N-phenylamino)-1,2-propanediol. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1995, 28:259-264.
14. Pincus T: Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome: patient status 2-4 years after onset J Rheumatol 1996, 23(suppl):19-25.
15. Sullivan EA, Kamb ML, Jones JL, Meyer P, Philen RM, Falk H, Sinks T: The natural history of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome in a tryptophan-exposed cohort in South Carolina. Arch Intern Med 1996, 156:973-979.
16. Greenberg AS, Takagi H, Hill RH, Hasan A, Murata H, Falanga V: Delayed onset of skin fibrosis after the ingestion of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome-associated L-tryptophan. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996, 35:264-266.
17. Kaufman LD, Varga J, Gomez-Reino JJ, Jimenez S, Targoff IN: Autoantibodies in sera from patients with L-tryptophan-associated eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1995, 76:115-119. Serum antibodies are commonly detected in patients with EMS. Some of the serum samples recognize unique autoantigens, whose identity remains to be established.
18. Carreira PE, Montalvo MG, Kaufman LD, Silver RM, Izquierdo M, Gomez-Reino JJ: Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with eosinophilia-myalgia and toxic oil syndrome. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:69-72.
19. Varga J, Peltonen J, Uitto J, Jimenez S: Development of diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia during L-tryptophan treatment: demonstration of elevated type I collagen gene expression in affected tissues. Ann Intern Med 1990, 112:344-351.
20. Varga J, Li L, Jimenez SA: Increased type I collagen gene expression in L-tryptophan associated eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome skin fibroblasts. J Rheumatol 1993, 20:1303-1308.
21. Hitraya EG, Jimenez SA, Ludwicka A, Silver RM, Varga J: Increased activity of the alpha 1 (I) procollagen promoter in skin fibroblasts from patients with chronic eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997, 29:135-141. Demonstration of persistent transcriptional activation of type I collagen gene expression in EMS skin fibroblasts in vitro.
22. Ohno I, Nitta Y, Yamauchi K, Hoshi H, Honma M, Woolley K, O'Byrne P, Tamura G, Jordana M, Shirato K: Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) gene expression by eosinophils in asthmatic airway inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996, 15:404-409. Tissue eosinophils in asthma appear to be a rich source of fibrogenic TGF-β, thereby implicating eosinophils in the development of subepithelial fibrosis.
23. Rochester CL, Ackerman SJ, Zheng T, Elias JA: Eosinophil-fibroblast interactions: granule major basic protein interacts with IL-1 and transforming growth factor-β in the stimulation of lung fibroblast IL-6-type cytokine production. J Immunol 1996, 156:4449-4456.
24. Brown RW: Comparative histopathological evaluation of animal studies: murine studies with L-tryptophan and constituents. J Rheumatol 1996, 23(suppl):99-110. A careful reexamination of biopsy specimens from experimental animals described in previously published studies failed to consistently confirm the original histologic alterations. These findings therefore call into question the causal relation between EBT and eosinophilic fasciitis and perimyositis in animal models.
25. Guitart J, Micali G, Solomon L: Localized scleroderma. In Systemic Sclerosis. Edited by Clements PJ, Furst DE. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:65-79.
26. Peterson LS, Nelson AM, Su WP, Mason T, O'Falon WM, Gabriel SE: The epidemiology of morphea (localized scleroderma) in Olmsted County 1960-1993. J Rheumatol 1997, 24:73-80. A carefully performed epidemiologic analysis of the occurrence of morphea.
27. Vancheeswaran R, Black CM, David J, Hasson N, Harper J, Atherton D, Trivedi P, Woo P: Childhood-onset scleroderma: is it different from adult onset disease? Arthritis Rheum 1996, 39:1041-1049.
28. Paroli M, De Vincentis G, Scopinaro F, Accapezzato D, Morelli S: Cardiac abnormalities in a patient with localized scleroderma. Br J Rheumatol 1996, 35:703-704.
29. Akimoto S, Ishikawa O, Yokoyama Y, Amano H, Miyachi Y: Generalized morphea with vascular involvement Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1996, 76:141-143.
30. Fujimoto M, Sato S, Ihn H, Tamaki T, Kikuchi K, Soma Y, Tamaki K: Autoantibodies to mitochondrial 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase complexes in localized scleroderma. Clin Exp Immunol 1996, 105:297-301.
31. Fujimoto M, Sato S, Ihn H, Kikuchi K, Tamaki T, Tamaki K, Takehara K: Antiubiquitin antibody In localised and systemic scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis 1996, 55:399-402.
32. Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Ihn H, Tamaki K, Takehara K: Soluble CD4 and CD8 In serum from patients with localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res 1996, 288:358-362.
33. Ihn H, Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Takehara K: Clinical significance of serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol 1996, 134:843-847.
34. Akimoto S, Ishikawa O, Miyachi Y: The absence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in the sera of Japanese patients with localized scleroderma. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:573-574.
35. Schempp C, Bocklage H, Lange R, Kolmel HW, Ofranos CE, Gollnick H: Further evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi infection in morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus confirmed by DNA amplification. J Invest Dermatol 1993, 100:717-720.
36. Wenicke R, Schlüpen E-M, Zvchling N, Neubert V, Meurer M, Volkenandt M: No evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific DNA in lesions of localized scleroderma. J Invest Dermatol 1995, 104:23-26.
37. DeVito JR, Merogi AJ, Vo T, Boh EE, Fung HK, Freeman SM, Cockerell C, Stewart K, Marrogi AJ: Role of Borrelia burgdorferi in the pathogenesis of morphea/scleroderma and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: a PCR study of thirty-five cases. J Cutan Pathol 1996, 23:350-358.
38. Fujiwara H, Fujiwara K, Hashimoto K, Mehregan AH, Schaumburg-Lever G, Lange R, Schempp C, Gollnick H: Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA (B garinii or B afzelii) in morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus tissues of German and Japanese but not of US patients. Arch Dermatol 1997, 133:41-44.
39. Posthlethwaite AE, Holness MA, Katai H, Raghow R: Human fibroblasts synthesize elevated levels of extracellular matrix proteins In response to interleukin-4. J Clin Invest 1992, 90:1479-1485.
40. Salmon-Ehr V, Serpier H, Nawrocki B, Gillery P, Clavel C, Kalis B, Birembaut P, Maquart F-X: Expression of interleukin-4 in scleroderma skin specimens and scleroderma fibroblast cultures. Arch Dermatol 1996, 132:802-806.
41. Igarashi A, Nashiro K, Kikuchi K, Sato S, Ihn H, Fujimoto M, Grotendorst GR, Takehara K: Connective tissue growth factor gene expression in tissue sections from localized scleroderma, keloid, and other fibrotic skin disorders. J Invest Dermatol 1996, 106:729-733. A newly identified growth factor with stimulatory effects on connective tissue accumulation is detected in fibrotic tissues. CTGF expression is inducible in fibroblasts by TGF-β and therefore may be involved in mediating the profibrotic effects of TGF-β.
42. Yamada H, Tajima S: Inhibition of collagen expression by azelastine hydrochloride in cultured skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and scleroderma patients. Arch Dermatol Res 1996, 288:575-578.
43. Kanekura T, Fukumaru S, Matsushita S, Terasaki K, Mizoghuci S, Kanzaki T: Successful treatment of scleroderma with PUVA therapy. J Dermatol 1996, 23:455-459.
44. Kerscher M, Meurer M, Sander C, Volkenandt M, Lehmann P, Plewig G, Rocken M: PUVA bath chemotherapy for localized scleroderma: evaluation of 17 consecutive patients. Arch Dermatol 1996, 132:1280-1282. This study demonstrates the efficacy of PUVA bath therapy in patients with localized scleroderma.
45. Wlaschek M, Briviba K, Stricklin P, Sies H, Scharffetter-Kochanek K: Singlet oxygen may mediate the ultraviolet A-induced synthesis of interstitial collagenase. J Invest Dermatol 1995, 104:194-198.
46. Granter SR, Barnhill RL, Duray PH: Borrelia fasciltis: diffuse fasciitis and peripheral eosinophilia associated with Borrelia infection. Am J Dermatopathol 1996, 18:465-473.
47. Kähäri L, Jiminez S: Increased expression of transforming growth factor-β1, fibronectin, and types I, III, and VI collagen genes in fascial fibroblasts from patients with diffuse fasciltis with eosinophilia. J Rheumatol 1996, 23:482-486. Elevated expression of TGF-β in fibroblasts from patients with eosinophilic fasciitis implicates this growth factor in the development of fascial fibrosis.
48. Smyth RL, van Velzen D, Smyth AR, Lloyd DA, Heaf DP: Strictures of ascending colon in cystic fibrosis and high-strength pancreatic enzymes. Lancet 1994, 343:85-86.
49. van Velzen D, Ball LM, Dezfulian AR, Southgate A, Howard CV: Comparative and experimental pathology of fibrosing colonopathy. Postgrad Med J 1996, 72:39-48.
50. FitzSimmons SC, Burkhart GA, Borowitz D, Grand RJ, Hammerstrom T, Durie PR, Lloyd-Still JD, Lowenfels AB: High-dose pancreatic enzyme supplements and fibrosing colonopathy in children with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:1283-1289. This case-control study firmly establishes the relationship between pancreatic enzyme supplements and fibrosing colonopathy, a novel and serious complication of cystic fibrosis.
51. Aiba S, Tagami H: Inverse correlation between CD34 expression and proline-4-hydroxylase immunoreactivity on spindle cells noted in hypertrophic scars and keloids. J Cutan Pathol 1997, 24:65-69.
52. Skobieranda K, Helm KF: Decreased expression of the human progenitor cell antigen (CD34) in morphea. Am J Dermatopathol 1995, 17:471-475.
53. Cible JC, Eriksson E, Oliver N: DNA-binding proteins from keloid fibroblasts form unique complexes with the human fibronectin promoter. Gene Expr 1996, 5:269-283.
54. Hunzelmann N, Anders S, Sollberg S, Schönherr E, Krieg T: Coordinate induction of collagen type I and biglycan expression in keloids. Br J Dermatol 1996, 135:394-399.
55. Appleton I, Brown NJ, Willoughby DA: Apoptosis, necrosis, and proliferation: possible implications in the etiology of keloids. Am J Pathol 1996, 149:1441-1447.
56. Frazier K, Williams S, Kothapalli D, Klapper H, Grotendorst GR: Stimulation of fibroblast cell growth, matrix production, and granulation tissue formation by connective tissue growth factor. J Invest Dermatol 1996, 107:404-411.
57. Grotendorst GR, Okochi H, Hayashi N: A novel transforming growth factor β response element controls the expression of the connective tissue growth factor gene. Cell Growth Differ 1996, 7:469-480. Expression of CTGF is under regulation by TGF-β via an apparently novel TGF-β-responsive cis element.
58. Tuan T-L, Zhu JY, Sun B, Nichter LS, Nimni ME, Laug WE: Elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 may account for the altered fibrinolysis by keloid fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 1996, 106:1007-1011.
59. Varga J: Recombinant cytokine treatment for scleroderma: can the antifibrotic potential of interferon-γ be realized clinically? Arch Dermatol 1997, 133:637-641. A review of the rationale for exploring the possibility of cytokine therapy with interferon-γ in fibrosing diseases.
60. Granstein RD, Rook A, Flotte TJ, Haas A, Gallo RL, Jaffe HS, Amento EP: A controlled trial of intralesional recombinant interferon-γ in the treatment of keloidal scarring. Arch Dermatol 1990, 126:1295-1302.
61. Broker BJ, Rosen D, Amsberry J, Schmidt R, Sailor L, Pribitkin EA, Keane WM: Keloid excision and recurrence prophylaxis via intradermal interferon-gamma injections: a pilot study. Laryngoscope 1996, 106:1497-1501.