Status Epilepticus: Managing Refractory Cases and Treating Out-of-Hospital Patients

Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian

Volumn 22, Issue 8, 2000, Pages 732-740

  Platt, Simon R ^a,b,d   McDonnell, John J ^a,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b ANIMAL HEALTH TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^c TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d AMER COLL OF VET INT MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0009936691     PISSN: 01931903     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Maytal J, Shinnar S, Moshe SL, et al: Low morbidity and mortality of status epilepticus in children. Pediatrics 83(3): 323-331, 1989.
2. Harrison AM, Lugo RA, Schunk JE: Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus with propofol: Case report. Pediatr Emerg Care 13(6):420-422, 1997.
3. Cascino GD: Generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Mayo Clin Proc 71:787-792, 1996.
4. Boothe DM: Anticonvulsant therapy in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 28(2):411-448, 1998.
5. Singhi S: Refractory status epilepticus in children: Role of continuous diazepam infusion. J Child Neurol 13(1):23-26, 1998.
6. Treiman DM: Pharmacokinetics and clinical use of benzodiazepines in the management of status epilepticus. Epilepsia 30(Suppl 2):S4-S10, 1989.
7. Lowenstein DH, Alldredge BK: Status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 338(14):970-976, 1998.
8. Koul RL, Aithala GR, Chacko A, et al: Continuous midazolam infusion as treatment of status epilepticus. Arch Dis Child 76(5):445-448, 1997.
9. Ropper AH: Neurological and Neurosurgical Intensive Care. New York, Raven Press, 1993, pp 383-410.
10. Bateman SW, Parent JM: Clinical findings, treatment, and outcome of dogs with status epilepticus or cluster seizures: 156 cases (1990-1995). JAVMA 215(10):1463-1468, 1999.
11. Podell M: Seizure management in dogs, in Bonagura JD (ed): Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XIII. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 2000, pp 959-969.
12. Stecker MM, Kramer TH, Raps EC, et al: Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with propofol: Clinical and pharmacological findings. Epilepsia 39(1):18-26, 1998.
13. Cruz J: Neurologic and Neurosurgical Emergencies. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1998, pp 51-88.
14. Plumb DC: Veterinary Drug Handbook, ed 3. White Bear Lake, MN, Pharma Vet Publishing, 1999.
15. Heldmann E, Holt DE, Brockman DJ, et al: Use of propofol to manage seizure activity after surgical treatment of portosystemic shunts. J Small Anim Pract 40(12):590-594, 1999.
16. Wilmore LJ: The first seizure and status epilepticus. Neurology 51(Suppl 4):34-38, 1998.
17. Walker LA, Slovis CM: Lidocaine in the treatment of status epilepticus. Acad Emerg Med 4(9):918-922, 1997.
18. Indrieri R: Status epilepticus, in Indrieri R (ed): Problems in Veterinary Medicine. Baltimore, Lippincott, 1989, pp 606-617.
19. Scott RC, Besag FMC, Boyd SG, et al: Buccal absorption of midazolam: Pharmacokinetics and EEG pharmacodynamics. Epilepsia 39(3):290-294, 1998.
20. O'Regan ME, Brown JK, Clarke M: Nasal rather than rectal benzodiazepines in the management of acute childhood seizures? Dev Med Child Neurol 38(11):1037-1045, 1996.
21. Powers DL, Seigler RS, Kilgore DG: The effect of diazepam enema on the rectal mucosa of rats. Pediatr Emerg Care 7(3): 152-153, 1991.
22. Wagner SO, Sams RA, Podell M: Chronic phenobarbital therapy reduces plasma benzodiazepine concentrations after intravenous and rectal administration of diazepam in the dog. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 21(5):335-341, 1998.
23. Mealey KL, Boothe DM: Bioavailability of benzodiazepines following rectal administration of diazepam in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 18(1):72-74, 1995.
24. Podell M, Fenner WR, Powers JD: Seizure classification in dogs from a non-referral-based population. JAVMA 206(11): 1721-1728, 1995.
25. Papich MG, Alcorn J: Absorption of diazepam after its rectal administration in dogs. Am J Vet Res 56(12):1629-1636, 1995.
26. Lehmann B, Boulieu R: Determination of midazolam and its unconjugated 1-hydroxy metabolite in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 674(1):138-142, 1995.
27. Morton LD, Rizkallah E, Pellock JM: New drug therapy for acute seizure management. Semin Pediatr Neurol 4(4):51-63, 1997.
28. Podell M: Seizures in dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 26(4):779-809, 1996.
29. Cereghino JJ, Mitchell WG, Murphy J, et al: Treating repetitive seizures with a rectal diazepam formulation. Neurology 51(5):1274-1282, 1998.
30. Bechgaard E, Gizurarson S, Hjortkjaer R: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response after intranasal administration of diazepam to rabbits. J Pharm Pharmacol 49 (8):747-750, 1997.
31. Van Hoogdalem EJ, De Boer AG, Breimer DD: Pharmacokinetics of rectal drug administration. Part I. General considerations and clinical applications of centrally acting drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 21(1):11-26, 1991.
32. Podell M, Smeak D, Lord LK: Diazepam used to control cluster seizures in dogs (letter). J Vet Intern Med 12 (2):120-121, 1998.
33. Nordt SP, Clark RP: Midazolam: A review of therapeutic uses and toxicity. J Emerg Med 15(3):357-365, 1997.
34. Lui CY, Amidon GL, Goldberg A: Intranasal absorption of flurazepam, midazolam, and triazolam in dogs. J Pharamceut Sci 80 (12):1125-1129, 1991.
35. Kendall JL, Reynolds M, Goldberg R: Intranasal midazolam in patients with status epilepticus. Ann Emerg Med 29 (3): 415-417, 1997.
36. Hartgraves PM, Primosch RE: An evaluation of oral and nasal midazolam for pediatric dental sedation. J Dent Child 61 (3):175-181, 1994.
37. Robertson SA, Eberhart S: Efficacy of the intranasal route for administration of anesthetic agents to adult rabbits. Lab Anim Sci 44 (2):159-165, 1994.
38. Platt SR, Randall S, Scott K, et al: Comparison of plasma benzodiazepine concentrations following intranasal and intravenous administration of diazepine to dogs. Am J Vet Res 61(6):651-654, 2000.
39. Bjorkman S, Rigemar G, Idvall J: Pharmacokinetics of midazolam given as an intranasal spray to adult surgical patients. Br J Anaesth 79(5):575-580, 1997.