How message evaluation and source attributes may influence credibility assessment and belief change

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 73, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 974-991

  Slater, Michael D ^a   Rouner, Donna ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0001665649     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909607300415     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Carl I. Hovland and Walter Weiss, "The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness," Public Opinion Quarterly 15 (winter 1951): 635-50; Carl I. Hovland, Irving L. Janis, and Harold H. Kelley, Communication and Persuasion (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953); for a review, see Richard M. Perloff, The Dynamics of Persuasion (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1993).
2. Carl I. Hovland and Walter Weiss, "The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness," Public Opinion Quarterly 15 (winter 1951): 635-50; Carl I. Hovland, Irving L. Janis, and Harold H. Kelley, Communication and Persuasion (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953); for a review, see Richard M. Perloff, The Dynamics of Persuasion (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1993).
3. Carl I. Hovland and Walter Weiss, "The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness," Public Opinion Quarterly 15 (winter 1951): 635-50; Carl I. Hovland, Irving L. Janis, and Harold H. Kelley, Communication and Persuasion (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953); for a review, see Richard M. Perloff, The Dynamics of Persuasion (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1993).
4. Shelly Chaiken, "Communicator Physical Attractiveness and Persuasion," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 1387-97; Alice H. Eagly, Wendy Wood, and Shelly Chaiken, "Causal Inferences About Communicators and Their Effect on Opinion Change," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 424-35.
5. Shelly Chaiken, "Communicator Physical Attractiveness and Persuasion," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 1387-97; Alice H. Eagly, Wendy Wood, and Shelly Chaiken, "Causal Inferences About Communicators and Their Effect on Opinion Change," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 424-35.
6. Research documents various circumstances that moderate the effects of credibility cues, including situational factors such as involvement or personal stake in the message topic (Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion," in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Leonard Berkowitz , vol. 19 [NY: Academic Press, 1986]), knowledge and direct experience (Hanna Adoni, Akiba A. Cohen, and Sherrill Mane, "Social Reality and Television News: Perceptual Dimensions of Social Conflicts in Selected Life Areas," Journal of Broadcasting 28 [winter 1984]: 33-49; Hovland, Janis, and Kelley, Communication and Persuasion), and dispositional factors such as incredulity and cognitive complexity (Albert Gunther, "Attitude Extremity and Trust in Media," Journalism Quarterly 65 [summer 1988]: 279-87). While these factors help define the parameters of source credibility influence, they do not serve to describe a process of such influence.
7. Research documents various circumstances that moderate the effects of credibility cues, including situational factors such as involvement or personal stake in the message topic (Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion," in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Leonard Berkowitz , vol. 19 [NY: Academic Press, 1986]), knowledge and direct experience (Hanna Adoni, Akiba A. Cohen, and Sherrill Mane, "Social Reality and Television News: Perceptual Dimensions of Social Conflicts in Selected Life Areas," Journal of Broadcasting 28 [winter 1984]: 33-49; Hovland, Janis, and Kelley, Communication and Persuasion), and dispositional factors such as incredulity and cognitive complexity (Albert Gunther, "Attitude Extremity and Trust in Media," Journalism Quarterly 65 [summer 1988]: 279-87). While these factors help define the parameters of source credibility influence, they do not serve to describe a process of such influence.
8. Research documents various circumstances that moderate the effects of credibility cues, including situational factors such as involvement or personal stake in the message topic (Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion," in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Leonard Berkowitz , vol. 19 [NY: Academic Press, 1986]), knowledge and direct experience (Hanna Adoni, Akiba A. Cohen, and Sherrill Mane, "Social Reality and Television News: Perceptual Dimensions of Social Conflicts in Selected Life Areas," Journal of Broadcasting 28 [winter 1984]: 33-49; Hovland, Janis, and Kelley, Communication and Persuasion), and dispositional factors such as incredulity and cognitive complexity (Albert Gunther, "Attitude Extremity and Trust in Media," Journalism Quarterly 65 [summer 1988]: 279-87). While these factors help define the parameters of source credibility influence, they do not serve to describe a process of such influence.
9. Research documents various circumstances that moderate the effects of credibility cues, including situational factors such as involvement or personal stake in the message topic (Richard E. Petty and John T. Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion," in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Leonard Berkowitz , vol. 19 [NY: Academic Press, 1986]), knowledge and direct experience (Hanna Adoni, Akiba A. Cohen, and Sherrill Mane, "Social Reality and Television News: Perceptual Dimensions of Social Conflicts in Selected Life Areas," Journal of Broadcasting 28 [winter 1984]: 33-49; Hovland, Janis, and Kelley, Communication and Persuasion), and dispositional factors such as incredulity and cognitive complexity (Albert Gunther, "Attitude Extremity and Trust in Media," Journalism Quarterly 65 [summer 1988]: 279-87). While these factors help define the parameters of source credibility influence, they do not serve to describe a process of such influence.
10. This has not been found to be the case when a message disconfirms the expectancy of bias, however (Eagly, Wood, and Chaiken, "Causal Inferences").
11. Susan T. Fiske, "Schema-triggered Affect: Applications to Social Perception," in Affect and Cognition: The Seventeenth Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition, ed. Margaret Sydnor Clark and Susan T. Fiske (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1982), 55-78; Thomas K. Srull, Meryl Lichtenstein, and Myron Rothbart, "Associative Storage and Retrieval Processes in Person Memory," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition 11 (1985): 316-45.
12. Susan T. Fiske, "Schema-triggered Affect: Applications to Social Perception," in Affect and Cognition: The Seventeenth Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition, ed. Margaret Sydnor Clark and Susan T. Fiske (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1982), 55-78; Thomas K. Srull, Meryl Lichtenstein, and Myron Rothbart, "Associative Storage and Retrieval Processes in Person Memory," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition 11 (1985): 316-45.
13. Erica Weintraub Austin and Qingwen Dong, "Source v. Content Effects on Judgments of News Believability," Journalism Quarterly 71 (winter 1994): 973-83; Michael D. Slater and Donna Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias: An Experiment" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Washington, DC, 1993).
14. Erica Weintraub Austin and Qingwen Dong, "Source v. Content Effects on Judgments of News Believability," Journalism Quarterly 71 (winter 1994): 973-83; Michael D. Slater and Donna Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias: An Experiment" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Washington, DC, 1993).
15. Moreover, it may be that researchers - and perhaps some communicators - overestimate the extent to which most audience members make inferences from credentials and affiliations. While the difference, for example, between the expertise of a Ph.D. in engineering and a grocery clerk concerning electric automobiles may be obvious to virtually anyone, there may be considerable differences in how much that difference is weighted. Making confident inferences about credibility based on credentials and affiliations requires some expertise in assessing professional backgrounds or the probable vested interests of an organization.
16. A substantial body of research demonstrates the importance of message discrepancy, or the extent to which message content diverges from the message receiver's position on the issues presented in the message. The effects of source credibility on receivers' attitudes are greater for more discrepant than for less discrepant messages (Elliot Aronson, Judith A. Turner, and J. Merrill Carlsmith, "Communicator Credibility and Communication Discrepancy as Determinants of Opinion Change," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67 (1963): 31-36; Ramon J. Rhine and Laurence J. Severance, "Ego-involvement, Discrepancy, Source Credibility, and Attitude Change," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16 (1970) 175-90. In addition, receivers have been found to respond to a message that is disconfirming, that is, the message provides information that was unexpected, given the message source. Discrepancy has been shown to influence the initial position positively, while disconfirmation does not affect the position (Stan A. Kaplowitz and Edward L. Fink, with James Mulcrone, David Atkin, and Saleh Dabil, "Disentangling the Effects of Discrepant and Disconfirming Information," Social Psychology Quarterly 54 [1991]: 191-207).
17. A substantial body of research demonstrates the importance of message discrepancy, or the extent to which message content diverges from the message receiver's position on the issues presented in the message. The effects of source credibility on receivers' attitudes are greater for more discrepant than for less discrepant messages (Elliot Aronson, Judith A. Turner, and J. Merrill Carlsmith, "Communicator Credibility and Communication Discrepancy as Determinants of Opinion Change," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67 (1963): 31-36; Ramon J. Rhine and Laurence J. Severance, "Ego-involvement, Discrepancy, Source Credibility, and Attitude Change," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16 (1970) 175-90. In addition, receivers have been found to respond to a message that is disconfirming, that is, the message provides information that was unexpected, given the message source. Discrepancy has been shown to influence the initial position positively, while disconfirmation does not affect the position (Stan A. Kaplowitz and Edward L. Fink, with James Mulcrone, David Atkin, and Saleh Dabil, "Disentangling the Effects of Discrepant and Disconfirming Information," Social Psychology Quarterly 54 [1991]: 191-207).
18. A substantial body of research demonstrates the importance of message discrepancy, or the extent to which message content diverges from the message receiver's position on the issues presented in the message. The effects of source credibility on receivers' attitudes are greater for more discrepant than for less discrepant messages (Elliot Aronson, Judith A. Turner, and J. Merrill Carlsmith, "Communicator Credibility and Communication Discrepancy as Determinants of Opinion Change," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67 (1963): 31-36; Ramon J. Rhine and Laurence J. Severance, "Ego-involvement, Discrepancy, Source Credibility, and Attitude Change," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 16 (1970) 175-90. In addition, receivers have been found to respond to a message that is disconfirming, that is, the message provides information that was unexpected, given the message source. Discrepancy has been shown to influence the initial position positively, while disconfirmation does not affect the position (Stan A. Kaplowitz and Edward L. Fink, with James Mulcrone, David Atkin, and Saleh Dabil, "Disentangling the Effects of Discrepant and Disconfirming Information," Social Psychology Quarterly 54 [1991]: 191-207).
19. Donna Rouner, Rhonda Brown, and Alison A. Day, "A Meta-analysis of the Concept Source Credibility" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago, 1993).
20. See, for example, Rhine and Severance, "Ego-involvement"; Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias."
21. See, for example, Rhine and Severance, "Ego-involvement"; Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias."
22. Austin and Dong, "Source v. Content Effects."
23. Hans-Bernd Brosius and Anke Bathelt, "The Utility of Exemplars in Persuasive Communications," Communication Research 21 (February 1994): 48-78; Richard Nisbett and Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980); James C. McCroskey, "The Effects of Evidence as an Inhibitor of Counterpersuasion," Speech Monographs 37 (August 1970): 188-94; Perloff, "The Dynamics of Persuasion"; Petty and Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model."
24. Hans-Bernd Brosius and Anke Bathelt, "The Utility of Exemplars in Persuasive Communications," Communication Research 21 (February 1994): 48-78; Richard Nisbett and Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980); James C. McCroskey, "The Effects of Evidence as an Inhibitor of Counterpersuasion," Speech Monographs 37 (August 1970): 188-94; Perloff, "The Dynamics of Persuasion"; Petty and Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model."
25. Hans-Bernd Brosius and Anke Bathelt, "The Utility of Exemplars in Persuasive Communications," Communication Research 21 (February 1994): 48-78; Richard Nisbett and Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980); James C. McCroskey, "The Effects of Evidence as an Inhibitor of Counterpersuasion," Speech Monographs 37 (August 1970): 188-94; Perloff, "The Dynamics of Persuasion"; Petty and Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model."
26. Hans-Bernd Brosius and Anke Bathelt, "The Utility of Exemplars in Persuasive Communications," Communication Research 21 (February 1994): 48-78; Richard Nisbett and Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980); James C. McCroskey, "The Effects of Evidence as an Inhibitor of Counterpersuasion," Speech Monographs 37 (August 1970): 188-94; Perloff, "The Dynamics of Persuasion"; Petty and Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model."
27. Hans-Bernd Brosius and Anke Bathelt, "The Utility of Exemplars in Persuasive Communications," Communication Research 21 (February 1994): 48-78; Richard Nisbett and Lee Ross, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980); James C. McCroskey, "The Effects of Evidence as an Inhibitor of Counterpersuasion," Speech Monographs 37 (August 1970): 188-94; Perloff, "The Dynamics of Persuasion"; Petty and Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model."
28. James C. McCroskey and R. Samuel Mehrley, "The Effects of Disorganization and Nonfluency on Attitude Change and Source Credibility," Speech Monographs 36 (1969): 13-21.
29. Austin and Dong, "Source v. Content Effects."
30. Richard F. Beltramini, "Perceived Believability of Warning Label Information Presented in Cigarette Advertising," Journal of Advertising 17 (1988): 26-32.
31. R. B. Zajonc, "Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences," American Psychologist 35 (February 1980): 151-75.
32. Rajeev Batra and Michael L. Ray, "How Advertising Works at Contact," in Psychological Processes and Advertising Effects, ed. Linda F. Alwitt and Andrew A. Mitchell (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985), 13-43; Richard J. Lutz, "Affective and Cognitive Antecedents of Attitude Toward the Ad: A Conceptual Framework," in Psychological Processes, ed. Alwitt and Mitchell, 45-63.
33. Rajeev Batra and Michael L. Ray, "How Advertising Works at Contact," in Psychological Processes and Advertising Effects, ed. Linda F. Alwitt and Andrew A. Mitchell (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1985), 13-43; Richard J. Lutz, "Affective and Cognitive Antecedents of Attitude Toward the Ad: A Conceptual Framework," in Psychological Processes, ed. Alwitt and Mitchell, 45-63.
34. Petty and Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model."
35. Petty and Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model."
36. A confound that lurks in much of persuasion research should be noted here. Much persuasion research uses very brief, minimal messages that provide maximum experimental control - at the expense of realistically representing messages as they are typically encountered. Longer, more extensively developed messages provide more opportunity to assess message quality; the importance of subjective evaluation of message quality should be a function of the length or development of the message.
37. Mark A. Hamilton and Becky L. Stewart, "Extending An Information Processing Model of Language Intensity Effects," Communication Quarterly 41 (spring 1993): 231-46.
38. Hamilton and Stewart, " Extending an Information Processing Model."
39. C.E. Osgood and Percy H. Tannenbaum, "The Principle of Congruity in the Prediction of Attitude Change," Psychological Review 62 (1955): 42-55; James Jaccard, "Towards Theories of Persuasion and Belief Change," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40 (1981): 260-69.
40. C.E. Osgood and Percy H. Tannenbaum, "The Principle of Congruity in the Prediction of Attitude Change," Psychological Review 62 (1955): 42-55; James Jaccard, "Towards Theories of Persuasion and Belief Change," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40 (1981): 260-69.
41. The elaboration likelihood model would also suggest that impact of peripheral cues such as message evaluation should be stronger when the personal relevance of the message is relatively low, which reduces the motivation to scrutinize message content carefully (Petty and Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model"). In this study we are primarily concerned, then, with messages that do not refer to topics that have immediate personal consequences, in which message evaluation is likely to be a more important heuristic in assessing the message. The majority of messages encountered in the news media, after all, are not on topics with direct and immediate potential impact on the message recipient.
42. Experimental manipulation for these messages led to stimuli that were not necessarily highly involving, particularly the social group messages about distal groups of women. Thus, involvement was not included as a variable in this study.
43. Michael D. Slater, "Use of Message Stimuli in Mass Communication Experimentation: A Methodological Assessment and Discussion," Journalism-Quarterly 68 (autumn 1991): 412-21.
44. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
45. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
46. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
47. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
48. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
49. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
50. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
51. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
52. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
53. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
54. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
55. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
56. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
57. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
58. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
59. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
60. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
61. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
62. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
63. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
64. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
65. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
66. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
67. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
68. Articles from various sources, including National Geographic, provided a base for formulating the messages about Saudi Arabian and United States Southern Women. However, the resulting messages were composites that came as much from the researchers' tapping and discussing social group stereotypes as from media sources. Sources used to formulate the electric car excerpt include: The Economist, 13 October 1990; Electric Light & Power, May 1991; Electrical World, April 1989; The Environmental Journal, November-December 1991; Machine Design, 21 September 1989; 1990; Machine Design, 22 February 1990; Popular Science, July 1991; Time, 23 July 1990. S ources used to formulate the disposable diaper excerpt include: Advertising Age, 26 June 1989; Advertising Age, 11 June 1990; Advertising Age, 2 July 1990; Advertising Age, 15 October 1990; Advertising Age, 29 January 1991; American Demographics, February 1991; Business Week, 22 October 1990; Consumer Reports, August 1991; Management Review, June 1990; Newsweek, 19 March 1990; Newsweek, 16 April 1990; New York Times Magazine, 23 September 1990; Science, 28 September 1990; Science News, 1 December 1990; Supermarket News, 24 June 1991; U.S. News and World Report, 3 July 1989; Utne Reader, July/August 1989 .
69. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
70. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern
71. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
72. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
73. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
74. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
75. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
76. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
77. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
78. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
79. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
80. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
81. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
82. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
83. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter
84. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
85. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
86. Slater and Rouner, "Source Expertise and Bias." The following source manipulations were used for the social group messages. Southern Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a collection of essays by distinguished scholars and journalists published by Harper and Row. The author of the excerpt, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, and is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in Travel Southward, the quarterly newsletter of the Atlanta Visitors Bureau. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who has become active the past few years, encouraging local organizations to develop a new image for The South. Southern Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from a chapter entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in The South Approaches the 21st Century, a book in a series of volumes by distinguished scholars published by Harper and Row. The author of the book, Dr. Kelly Taylor, is a professor of sociology at the University of Georgia, as well as president of the Atlanta Chapter of NOW, the National Organization for Women. Taylor is a widely-published authority on Southern lifestyles. Southern Women, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "Southern Women Today" that appeared last year in High Country, the quarterly newsletter of the Boise Homeowners Association. The author of the excerpt, Kelly Taylor, is a homemaker who spent last summer travelling in the South. Saudi Arabian Women, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New York Times Sunday Magazine. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known American journalist who has worked for the past twelve years as the Middle East correspondent for a major U.S. news organization. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The Desert Wind, the Santa Fe Homeowners Association quarterly newsletter. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, spent last summer travelling in the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, High Bias, High Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in The New Saudi Arabia, a report by the Saudi Friendship Organization, used internationally to promote tourism and economic development in Saudi Arabia. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is a well-known Middle-Eastern scholar and professor of Sociology who has written extensively on the people of the Middle East. Saudi Arabian Women, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following excerpt is from an article entitled "The Women of Saudi Arabia" that appeared last year in Travel Hints, a tourism newsletter published by the Saudi Arabian Women's Organization of New Jersey. The author of the excerpt, Lee Croft, is an aspiring freelance writer who travelled to the Middle East last summer. The following source manipulations were used for the issue messages. Electric Cars, High Expertise, Low Bias: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the Environmental Protection Agency. Electric Cars, Low Expertise, High Bias: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams. Williams owns and operates a successful gasoline filling station in Santa Monica, California, just north of Los Angeles. The article appeared in GasNotes, the newsletter of the California Association of Gasoline and Service Station Operators. Electric Cars, High Bias, High Expertise: The following excerpt is from an article written by Chris Kelley, a senior environmental research scientist for Exxon, America's largest refiner of gasoline and diesel fuels. Dr. Kelley has a Ph.D. in environmental sciences from the University of California; the article appeared in Facts about Electric Cars, a publication distributed to reporters and to the general public by the American Petroleum Institute, the voice of the American oil production and refining industry. Electric Cars, Low Bias, Low Expertise: The following is an excerpt from an article written by Lou R. Williams.
87. Derived from Renee Weber and Jennifer Crocker, "Cognitive Processes in the Revision of Stereotypic Beliefs," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 (1983): 961-77.
88. Hamilton and Stewart, "Extending an Information Processing Model."
89. See George W. Snedecor and William G. Cochran, Statistical Methods, 7th ed. (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1980).
90. Joseph A. Luchok and James C. McCroskey, "The Effect of Quality of Evidence on Attitude Change and Source Credibility," Southern Speech Communication Journal 43 (summer 1978): 371-83.
91. Kenneth G. Debono and Richard J. Harnish, "Source Expertise, Source Attractiveness, and the Processing of Persuasive Information: A Functional Approach," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1988): 541-46.
92. Richard E. Petty, John T. Cacioppo, and Rachel Goldman, "Personal Involvement as a Determinant of Argument-based Persuasion," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41 (1981): 847-55.
93. William B. Lashbrook, William B. Snavely, and Daniel L. Sullivan, "The Effects of Source Credibility and Message Information Quantity on the Attitude Change of Apathetics," Communication Monographs 44 (August 1977): 252-62.
94. Nisbett and Ross, "Human Inference."
95. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, "Belief in the Law of Small Numbers," Psychological Bulletin 76 (1971 ): 105-110; Brosius and Bathelt, "The Utility of Exemplars"; Michael D. Slater and Donna Rouner, "Value-Affirmative and Value-Protective Processing of Alcohol Education Messages That Include Statistical Evidence or Anecdotes," Communication Research 23 (April 1996): 210-35.
96. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, "Belief in the Law of Small Numbers," Psychological Bulletin 76 (1971 ): 105-110; Brosius and Bathelt, "The Utility of Exemplars"; Michael D. Slater and Donna Rouner, "Value-Affirmative and Value-Protective Processing of Alcohol Education Messages That Include Statistical Evidence or Anecdotes," Communication Research 23 (April 1996): 210-35.
97. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, "Belief in the Law of Small Numbers," Psychological Bulletin 76 (1971 ): 105-110; Brosius and Bathelt, "The Utility of Exemplars"; Michael D. Slater and Donna Rouner, "Value-Affirmative and Value-Protective Processing of Alcohol Education Messages That Include Statistical Evidence or Anecdotes," Communication Research 23 (April 1996): 210-35.
98. Blair T. Johnson and Alice H. Eagly, "Effects of Involvement on Persuasion: A Meta-Analysis," Psychological Bulletin 106 (1989): 290-314.
99. Petty and Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model."
100. Slater and Rouner, "Value-Affirmative and Value-Protective Processing."
101. Austin and Dong, "Source v. Content Effects."
102. Donna Rouner, Michael D. Slater, and Judith M. Buddenbaum, "Inability to Recognize News Source Bias and Perceptions of Media Bias" (paper presented at the annual meeting of AEJMC, Washington, DC, 1995).
103. Hamilton and Stewart, "Extending an Information Processing Model."
104. Petty and Cacioppo, "The Elaboration Likelihood Model."