Morbidity and mortality associated with pharmacotherapy. Evolution and current concept of drug-related problems

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 10, Issue 31, 2004, Pages 3947-3967

  Fernandez Llimos F ^a,c   Tuneu, L ^a   Baena, M I ^a   Garcia Delgado, A ^b   Faus, M J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SEVILLE   (Spain)

^c Facultad de Farmacia   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANOREXIGENIC AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ASTEMIZOLE; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CERIVASTATIN; CISAPRIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXFENFLURAMINE; EBROTIDINE; ESTROGEN; FENFLURAMINE; GEMFIBROZIL; GESTAGEN; GREPAFLOXACIN; HORMONE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; METHADONE; MORPHINE; NIMESULIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPIATE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; SULFONYLUREA; THALIDOMIDE; THEOPHYLLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; APHTHOUS STOMATITIS; ASTHMA; BLEEDING; BREAST CANCER; CANCER PAIN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC PAIN; CONFUSION; DEPRESSION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG RESISTANCE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; DRUG TOLERANCE; DRUG UTILIZATION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EMBRYOPATHY; ERYTHEMA NODOSUM LEPROSUM; FEVER; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LIVER DISEASE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICATION ERROR; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEURITIS; NEUROPATHY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RELAPSE; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; REVIEW; REYE SYNDROME; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; STROKE; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

DRUG THERAPY; EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASUREMENTS; HUMANS; MEDICATION ERRORS; MORBIDITY; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; SPAIN; TREATMENT FAILURE;

EID: 9944245969     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612043382558     Document Type: Review

References (252)

1. Arias E. United States Life Tables, 2001. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2004; 52(14): 1-38.
2. Pamuk ER, Wagener DK, Molla MT. Achieving national health objectives: the impact on life expectancy and on healthy life expectancy. Am J Public Health 2004; 94(3): 378-383.
3. Committee on Safety of medicines. Committee on Safety of medicines update. Br Med J 1985 291: 46.
4. Somers GF. Pharmacological properties of thalidomide (alpha-phthalimido glutarimide), a new sedative hypnotic drug. Br Pharm Chemother 1960; 15: 111-116.
5. Cohen S. Sleep regulation with thalidomide. Am J Psychiatry 1960; 116: 1030-1031.,
6. Lasagna L. Thalidomide - a new nonbarbiturate sleep - inducing drug. J Chronic Dis 1960; 11: 627-631.
7. Mandarino MP. Thalidomide in the treatment of insomnia: a study of its use in 87 orthopaedic patients. J Abdom Surg 1961; 3: 171-174.
8. Nulsen RO. Trial of thalidomide in insomnia associated with the third trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1961; 81: 1245-1248.
9. Harris SC, Allgood JP. Analgesia enhancing effect of thalidomide. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1960; 103: 580-581.
10. Raffauf HJ. Does thalidomide (Contergan) cause injurious effects?. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1961; 86: 935-938.
11. Burley DM. Overdosage with thalidomide (inverted question markdistaval'). Med World 1960; 93: 26-28.
12. Neuhaus G, Ibe K. Survival following overdose of thalidomide. Dis Nerv Syst 1961; 22: 52-53.
13. Fullerton PM, Kremer M. Neuropathy after intake of thalidomide (distaval). Br Med J 1961; 5256: 855-858.
14. Cohen S. Thalidomide polyneuropathy. Nord Hyg Tidskr 1962; 266: 1268.
15. Scheid W, Wieck HH, Stammler A, Kladetzky A, Gibbels E. Polyneuritic syndrome after prolonged thalidomide medication. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1961; 86: 938-940.
16. Hultsch EG, Hartmann J. Thalidomide (Contergan) polineuritis. Munch Med Wochenschr 1961; 103: 2141-2144.
17. Burley DM, Lenz W. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 1962; 279 (7223): 271-272.
18. Speirs AL. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 1962; 1: 303-305.
19. Rapola J. Thalidomide and malformations. Duodecim 1962; 78: 819-821.
20. Weicker H, Hungerland H. Thalidomid-Embryopathie, Deutsch Med Wschr 1962; 87: 992-1002.
21. Joki T, Vaananen I. Thalidomide and embryopathics. Report of 2 cases. Duodecim 1962; 78: 822-827.
22. Lindemann K. On the prognosis and therapy of severe abnormalities of the extremities. Acta Orthop Scand 1962; 32: 298-306.
23. Giroud A, Tuchmann-Duplessis H, Mercier-Parot L. Observations on the teratogenic repercussions of thalidomide in the mouse and rabbit. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 1962; 156: 765-768.
24. Bergstrom AL, Nilsson L, Pettersson G, Soderling B, Victorin L, Winberg J. Thalidomide embryopathy. Sven Lakartidn 1962; 59: 1012-1022.
25. Smithells RW. Thalidomide and malformations in Liverpool. Lancet 1962; i: 1270-1273.
26. Rodin AE, Koller LA, Taylor JD. Association of thalidomide (Kevadon) with congenital anomalies. Can Med Assoc J 1962; 86: 744-746.
27. Menarquez Carretero L, Soler Monsalve JM, Morejon Chico J. Talidomida y enfermedades cardíacas congénitas. Rev Esp Cardiol 1962; 15: 828-834.
28. Abad Colomer L. Embriopatías yatrogénicas. Rev Esp Obstet Ginecol 1962; 19: 122-129.
29. Giroud A, Tuchmann-Duplessis H, Mercier-Parot L. Influence of thalidomide on fetal development. Bull Acad Natl Med 1962; 146: 343-345.
30. Jarvik LF. Congenital malformations attributed to sleeping pill (Thalidomide). Eugen Q 1962; 9: 95-97.
31. Joseph MC. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Dev Med Child Neurol 1962; 4: 338-339.
32. Tuchmann-Duplessis H. Apropos of abnormalities attributed to a somnifacient: thalidomide. Presse Med 1962; 70: 1521-1522.
33. Kenez J. Thalidomide embryopathy. Orv Hetil 1962; 103: 1566-1568.
34. Dahlberg KH, Hagerstrand I. Extreme cases of fetal injury possibly induced by thalidomide. Sven Lakartidn 1962; 59: 2398-2403.
35. Beritic T, Markicevic A. Teratogenic effects of glutarimide derivatives. Lijec Vjesn 1962; 84: 698-701.
36. Forleo R. Responsibility of thalidomide in the etiology of some fetal malformations. On embryopathy caused by chemotherapy. Riv Ostet Ginecol 1962; 17: 518-520.
37. Aiazzi Mancini M. Thalidomide: a teratogenic drug?. Riforma Med 1962; 76: 705-707.
38. Uchino S, Nanjyo N, Uchino H, Sakagawa K, Narita T. A case of phocomelia of the upper limbs probably induced by thalidomide. J Jpn Obstet Gynecol Soc 1962; 14: 968-974.
39. Vestergard S. Severe congenital abnormalities of the extremities without thalidomide poisoning. A second case in the spotlight. Ugeskr Laeger 1962; 124: 1251-1252.
40. Harkmark W. Thalidomide and abnormalities. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1962; 82: 1237-1238.
41. Pearson JM, Vedagiri M. Treatment of moderately severe erythema nodosum leprosum with thalidomide - a double-blind controlled trial. Lepr Rev 1969; 40(2): 111-116.
42. Hastings RC, Trautman JR, Enna CD, Jacobson RR. Thalidomide in the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum. With a note on selected laboratory abnormalities in erythema nodosum leprosum. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1970; 11(4): 481-487.
43. Waters MF. An internally-controlled double blind trial of thalidomide in severe erythema nodosum leprosum. Lepr Rev 1971; 42(1): 26-42.
44. Hendler SS, McCarty MF. Thalidomide for autoimmune disease. Med Hypotheses 1983; 10(4): 437-443.
45. Castilla EE, Ashton-Prolla P, Barreda-Mejia E, Brunoni D, Cavalcanti DP, Correa-Neto J, et al. Thalidomide, a current teratogen in South America. Teratology 1996; 54(6): 273-277.
46. Nazer J, Lopez-Camelo J, Castilla EE. ECLAMC: estudio de 30 años de vigilancia epidemiologica de defectos de tubo neural en Chile y en Latinoamerica. Rev Med Chil 2001; 129(5): 531-539.
47. Orioli IM, Ribeiro MG, Castilla EE. Clinical and epidemiological studies of amniotic deformity, adhesion, and mutilation (ADAM) sequence in a South American (ECLAMC) population. Am J Med Genet 2003; 118A(2): 135-145.
48. Waller PC, Wood SM, Langman MJ, Breckenridge AM, Rawlins MD. Review of company postmarketing surveillance studies. BMJ 1992; 304(6840): 1470-1472.
49. Olsson S. The role of the WHO programme on International Drug Monitoring in coordinating worldwide drug safety efforts. Drug Saf 1998; 19(1): 1-10.
50. Rush GF, Alberts D, Lupo S, Yodis LA, Brown TH, Durant GJ. Toxicity of H2-receptor antagonists to isolated rat hepatocytes: structure-activity relationships. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 244(1): 113-117.
51. Willson RA, Hall T, Hart J. Oxmetidine (H2 receptor antagonist) induced cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Appl Toxicol 1988; 8(3): 223-225.
52. Farup PG. Zaltidine: an effective but hepatotoxic H2-receptor antagonist. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23(6): 655-8.
53. Kurup RK, Kurup PA. The isoprenoid pathway and the pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome. Pediatr Pathol Mol Med 2003; 22(2): 159-170.
54. Hurwitz ES, Goodman RA. A cluster of cases of Reye syndrome associated with chickenpox. Pediatrics 1982; 70(6): 901-906.
55. Caksen H, Guler E, Alper M, Ustunbas HB. A fatal case of Reye syndrome after varicella and ingestion of aspirin. J Dermatol 2001; 28(5): 286-287.
56. Hall W. Michigan studies of Reye's Syndrome, aspirin, suggest preventive measures available. Mich Med 1981; 80(26): 486-487.
57. Anonymous. National surveillance for Reye syndrome, 1981: update, Reye syndrome and salicylate usage. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1982; 31(5): 53-61.
58. Anonymous. Aspirin and Reye syndrome. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pediatrics 1982; 69(6): 810-812.
59. Baldellou Vazquez A. Sindrome de Reye. Cuarenta anos despues. An Pediatr (Barc) 2003; 59(4): 319-322.
60. Bhutta AT, Van Savell H, Schexnayder SM. Reye's syndrome: down but not out. South Med J 2003; 96(1): 43-45.
61. Autret-Leca E, Jonville-Bera AP, Llau ME, Bavoux F, Saudubray JM, Laugier J, et al. Incidence of Reye's syndrome in France: a hospital-based survey. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54(8): 857-862.
62. Sullivan KM, Belay ED, Durbin RE, Foster DA, Nordenberg DF. Epidemiology of Reye's syndrome, United States, 1991-1994: comparison of CDC surveillance and hospital admission data. Neuroepidemiology 2000; 19(6): 338-344.
63. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Labeling for oral and rectal over-the-counter drug products containing aspirin and nonaspirin salicylates; Reye's Syndrome warning. Final rule. Fed Regist 2003; 68(74): 18861-18869.
64. Dyer C. Government sued for 11 week delay in warning about aspirin. BMJ 2002; 324(7330): 134.
65. Zhou Z, Vorperian VR, Gong Q, Zhang S, January CT. Block of HERG potassium channels by the antihistamine astemizole and its metabolites desmethylastemizole and norastemizole. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999; 10(6): 836-843.
66. Chachin M, Katayama Y, Yamada M, Horio Y, Ohmura T, Kitagawa H, et al. Epinastine, a nonsedating histamine H1 receptor antagonist, has a negligible effect on HERG channel. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 374(3): 457-460.
67. Routledge PA, Lindquist M, Edwards IR. Spontaneous reporting of suspected adverse reactions to antihistamines: a national and international perspective. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29(Suppl 3): 240-246.
68. Yap YG, Camm AJ. Arrhythmogenic mechanisms of non-sedating antihistamines. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29 Suppl 3: 174-181.
69. Craig TJ, Greenwald M, Kauffmann V, Craig J. Use of astemizole in a large group practice. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1996; 96(6): 352-354.
70. Gottlieb S. Antihistamine drug withdrawn by manufacturer. BMJ 1999; 319: 7.
71. Highleyman L. FDA issues Hismanal warning. BETA 1998; (Apr): 3.
72. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321-333.
73. Beral V, Banks E, Reeves G. Evidence from randomised trials on the long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 2002; 360: 942-944.
74. Stephenson J. FDA orders estrogen safety warnings: agency offers guidance for HRT use. JAMA 2003; 289(5): 537-538.
75. Burgermeister J. Head of German medicines body likens HRT to thalidomide. BMJ 2003; 327: 767.
76. Harris RE, Chlebowski RT, Jackson RD, Frid DJ, Ascensco JL, Anderson G, et al. Breast cancer and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: prospective results from the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer Res 2003; 63(18): 6096-6101.
77. Anderson GL, Judd HL, Kaunitz AM, Barad DH, Beresford SA, Pettinger M, et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290(13): 1739-1748.
78. McTiernan A, Kooperberg C, White E, Wilcox S, Coates R, Adams-Campbell LL, et al. Recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Cohort Study. JAMA 2003; 290(10): 1331-1336.
79. Chilvers CE, Knibb RC, Armstrong SJ, Woods KL, Logan RF. Post menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of acute myocardial infaretion - a case control study of women in the East Midlands, UK. Eur Heart J 2003; 24(24): 2197-2205.
80. Duvall WL. Cardiovascular disease in women. Mt Sinai J Med 2003; 70(5): 293-305.
81. Lemaitre RN, Heckbert SR, Psaty BM, Smith NL, Kaplan RC, Longstreth WT Jr. Hormone replacement therapy and associated risk of stroke in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162(17): 1954-1960.
82. Ettinger B, Grady D, Tosteson AN, Pressman A, Macer JL. Effect of the Women's Health Initiative on women's decisions to discontinue postmenopausal hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102(6): 1225-1232.
83. Minelli C, Abrams KR, Sutton AJ, Cooper NJ. Benefits and harms associated with hormone replacement therapy: clinical decision analysis. BMJ 2004; 328: 371.
84. Sherman AM, Shumaker SA, Sharp P, Reboussin DM, Kancler C, Walkup M, Herrington DM. No effect of HRT on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women with heart disease. Minerva Ginecol 2003; 55(6): 511-517.
85. Dromer C, Vedrenne C, Billey T, Pages M, Fournie B, Fournie A. Rhabdomyolyse a la simvastatine. A propos d'un cas avec revue de la litterature. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1992; 59(4): 281-283.
86. Peters TK. Safety profile of fluvastatin. Br J Clin Pract 1996; 77(Supl A): 20-23.
87. Omar MA, Wilson JP, Cox TS. Rhabdomyolysis and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35(9): 1096-1107.
88. Ozdemir O, Boran M, Gokce V, Uzun Y, Kocak B, Korkmaz S. A case with severe rhabdomyolysis and renal failure associated with cerivastatin-gemfibrozil combination therapy - a case report. Angiology 2000; 51(8): 695-697.
89. Davidson MH. Controversy surrounding the safety of cerivastatin. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2002; 1(3): 207-212.
90. Black DM. Issues that led to the withdrawal of cerivastatin. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003; 5(1): 10.
91. Marwick C. Bayer is forced to release documents over withdrawal of cerivastatin. BMJ 2003; 326: 518.
92. Anonymous. Bayer voluntarily withdraws Baycol. AWHONN Lifelines 2001; 5(5): 21.
93. Stahlmann R. Clinical toxicological aspects of fluoroquinolones. Toxicol Lett 2002; 127: 269-277.
94. Amankwa K, Krishnan SC, Tisdale JE. Torsades de pointes associated with fluoroquinolones: Importance of concomitant risk factors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 75(3): 242-247.
95. Ball P. Safety of the new fluoroquinolones compared with ciprofloxacin. J Chemother 2000; 12 (Suppl 1): 8-11.
96. Dalby-Payne JR, Morris AM, Craig JC. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the benefits and risks of using cisapride for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in children. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18(2): 196-202.
97. Layton D, Key C, Shakir SA. Prolongation of the QT interval and cardiac arrhythmias associated with cisapride: limitations of the pharmacoepidemiological studies conducted and proposals for the future. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2003; 12(1): 31-40.
98. Sibbald B. Cisapride fallout? Canada to gain access to largest adverse-event database. CMAJ 2002; 167(7): 790.
99. De la Porte M, Reith D, Tilyard M. Impact of safety alerts upon prescribing of cisapride to children in New Zealand. NZ Med J 2002; 115: U24.
100. Weatherby LB, Nordstrom BL, Fife D, Walker AM. The impact of wording in "Dear doctor" letters and in black box labels. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 72(6): 735-742.
101. Buxeraud J. Les nouvelles conditions de prescription du Prepulsid. Arch Pediatr 2003; 10(6): 579-582.
102. Traversa G, Bianchi C, Da Cas R, Abraha I, Menniti-Ippolito F, Venegoni M. Cohort study of hepatotoxicity associated with nimesulide and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. BMJ 2003; 327: 18-22.
103. Macia MA, Carvajal A, del Pozo JG, Vera E, del Pino A. Hepatotoxicity associated with nimesulide: data from the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 72(5): 596-597.
104. Galati G, Tafazoli S, Sabzevari O, Chan TS, O'Brien PJ. Idiosyncratic NSAID drug induced oxidative stress. Chem Biol Interact 2002; 142: 25-41.
105. Kumar S. Drug linked to child deaths is still available in India. BMJ 2003; 326: 70.
106. Castillo JR, Torello J, Hernandez A. Liver injury caused by ebrotidine: a new example of the utility of the postmarketing surveillance. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 56(2): 187-189.
107. Pineda JA, Larrauri J, Macias J, Hernandez A, Guijarro J, Sayago M, et al. Rapid progression to liver cirrhosis of toxic hepatitis due to ebrotidine. J Hepatol 1999; 31(4): 777-778.
108. Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Martin-Vivaldi R, Fernandez MC, Nogueras F, Pelaez G, et al. Acute liver injury associated with the use of ebrotidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist. J Hepatol 1999; 31(4): 641-646.
109. Hotz HW. Untersuchungen mit dem neuen Appetitzugler Aminorex-Fumarat (Menocil) bei Patienten mit inneren Erkrankungen. Praxis 1967; 56(45): 1538-1540.
110. Homann G. Pulmonaler Hochdruck nach Appetitzugler-Einnahme? Med Klin 1974; 69(5): 211.
111. Seiler KU, Wassermann O, Wensky H. On the role of serotonin in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension induced by anorectic drugs; an experimental study in the isolated perfused rat lung, II. Fenfluramine, mazindol, mefenorex, phentermine and R 800. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1976; 3(4): 323-330.
112. Rich S, Rubin L, Walker AM, Schneeweiss S, Abenhaim L. Anorexigens and pulmonary hypertension in the United States: results from the surveillance of North American pulmonary hypertension. Chest 2000; 117(3): 870-874.
113. Naqvi TZ, Gross SB. Anorexigen-induced cardiac valvulopathy and female gender. Curr Womens Health Rep 2003; 3(2): 116-125.
114. Hopkins PN, Polukoff GI. Risk of valvular heart disease associated with use of fenfluramine. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2003; 3(1): 5.
115. Smith R. The drugs don't work. Br Med J 2003; 327(7428): n/a .
116. Dyer O. City reacts negatively as GlaxoSmithKline announces plans for new drugs. Br Med J 2003; 327: 1366.
117. Donabedian A. La calidad de la atención médica. Definición y métodos de evaluación. Méjico. La Prensa Médica Mejicana., 1984.
118. D'Agostino RB, Kwan H. Mesauring Effectiveness. What to expect without a randomised control group. Med Care 1995; 33: AS95-AS10.
119. Moses LE, Measuring effects without randomized trials? Options, Problems, Challenges. Med care 1995; 33; AS8-AS14.
120. Pirisi A. Antidepressant drug trials exclude most "real" patients. Lancet 2002; 359: 768.
121. Iezzoni LL. Dimensions of risks. A: Iezzoni LL ed. Risk adjustment for measuring health care outcomes. Michigan: Health Administration Press, Ann Arbor, 1994.
122. Novell AJ. La Medicina Basada en ]a Evidencia Científica. El Médico 1998; 2: 36-43.
123. Valero J, Palacios P, Vázquez-Barro A, López-Suso E, Carpintero D. Estudio de la prevalencia del dolor en el Hospital Juan Canalejo de La Coruña. An Med Intern 1995; 12(12): 584-588.
124. Cañellas M, Bosch F, Bassols A, Rué M, Baños JE. Prevalencia del dolor en pacientes hospitalizados. Med Clin 1993; 101: 51-54.
125. McQuay H, Moore A, Justins D. Fortnightly review: treating acute pain in hospital. BMJ 1997; 314(7093): 1531-1535.
126. Gálvez Mateos R et al. Generalidades. ¿Qué importancia tienen los pacientes con dolor en el sistema sanitario?. En: Actualización y mejora en el tratamiento del dolor. Ed: Master Line, SL 2000, Módulo 1: pp. 5-9.
127. Baños JE, Bosch F. Problemas específicos de la terapia antiálgica en el medio hospitalario. Med Clin 1996; 106: 222-226.
128. Benítez del Rosario MA, Pérez Suárez MC, Fernández Díaz R, Cabrejas Sánchez A. Tratamiento del dolor oncológico crónico (II). Aten Primaria 2002; 29(8): 513-516.
129. Bierge Valero A y Arruba Mombiela C. Sobre utilización de fármacos opioides. Aten Primaria 2000; 26(4): 275.
130. Illa Sendra JR. Utilización de analgésicos narcóticos en Atención Primaria en España (1988-1991 . Evaluación del impacto de nuevas tecnologías en el sector farmacéutico. Aten Primaria 1992; 10(3): 659-664.
131. Baños JE. Dolor y opioides: razones de una sinrazón. Med Clin 1997; 109: 294-296.
132. Carvajal A, García del Pozo J, Martín Arias LH, Martín de Diego I, Rueda AM, Caro-Patón T, Álvarez Requejo A. Cambios en el patrón de consumo de analgésicos opioides en España. Med Clin 1997; 109: 281-283.
133. Criado Alvarez JJ, Romo Barrientos C, Martínez Hernández J, González Solana I. Desigualdades regionales en el consumo de analgésicos opiáceos. Med Clin 1998; 110(19): 758-759.
134. Glajchen M. Chronic pain: treatment barriers and strategies for clinical practice. J Am Board Fam Pract 2001; 14(3): 211-218.
135. Anónimo. Boletín Terapéutico Andaluz. Monografías: Tratamiento farmacológico de la depresión mayor en atención primaria. Escuela Andaluza de salud Pública. N. 16 1999.
136. Geddes. Relapse prevention with antidepressant drug treatment in depressive disorders; A systematic review. Lancet 2003; 361: 653-61.
137. Loonen AJ, Peer PG, Zwanikken GJ. Continuation and manteinance therapy with antidepressive agents: meta-analysis of research. Pharm Week Sci 1991; 13: 167-175.
138. Coca Payeras A. Evolución del control de la hipertensión arterial en España. Resultados del estudio Controlares 2001. Hipertensión 2002; 19: 390-399.
139. Llisteri Caro JL, Rodriguez Roca GC, Alonso Morieno FJ, Lou Arnal S, División Garrote JA, Santos Rodríguez JA, et al. en representación del Grupo de Trabajo de Hipertensión Arterial de la Sociedad Rural y Generalista ( grupo HTA/SEMERGEN) y de los investigadores del Estudio PRESCAP 2002. Med Clin (Barc) 2004; 122: 165-171.
140. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, Blumenthal R, Davinson M, Hlatky M, et al. for the HERS Research Group. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6. 8 years of hormone therapy. Heard and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study Follow-up (HERSII). JAMA 2002; 288: 49-57.
141. Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, Howard BV, Cobb FR, Rogers WJ, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenospausical women. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 2432-2440.
142. The ESPRIT Team. Oestrogen therapy for prevention of reinfaction in postmenopausal women; a randomised placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 2001-2008.
143. Sears MR. Short -acting inhaled β-agonists: to be taken regularly or as needed? Lancet 2000: 233: 1658-1659.
144. Pearce N, Hensley MJ. Epidemiologic studies of beta agonists and asthma deaths. Epidemiol Rev 1998; 20: 173-186.
145. Grant IW. Fenoterol and asthma deaths. Thorax 1988; 53: 77.
146. Dennis SM, Sharp SJ, Vickers MR, Frost CD, Crompton GK, Barnes PJ, et al. Regular inhaled salbutamol and asthma control; the TRUST randomized trial therapy working group of the National Asthma Task Force and MRC general practice Research Framework. Lancet 2000; 355: 1675-1679.
147. Fowler SJ, Lipworth BJ. Regular use of salbutamol in asthma. Lancet 2000: 356: 853.
148. National Guideline Clearinghouse. Global initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. GINA. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI); 2002. febrero.
149. Nies A, Spielberg SP. Principios de Terapéutica. En las bases farmacológicas de la terapéutica. Goodman Gilman. Mc Graw Hill Interamericana 9 edicion 1996. Mexico.
150. Niemi M, Backan IT, Fromm MF, Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT. Pharmacokinetic interactions with Rifampicin: Clinical Relevance. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42; 819-850.
151. Ruoff GE: the impact of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on hypertension: alternative analgesics for patients risk. Clin Ther 1998; 20: 376-387.
152. Melander A, Visten Po, Faber O, Grrop L. Sulphonylurea antidiabetic drugs. An update of their clinical pharmacology and racional therapeutic use. Drugs 1989; 37: 58-78.
153. Rigueira Garcia A. Cumplimiento terapéutico: ¿ Qué conocemos de España? Aten Primaria 2001; 27: 559-568.
154. Puigventós F, Llodrà V, Vilanova M, Delgado Sanchez O, Lázaro M, Fortalleza-Rey J, et al. Cumplimiento terapéutico en el tratamiento de la hipertensión: 10 años de publicaciones en España. Med Clin (Barc) 1997; 109: 702-706.
155. Rudd P. Compliance with antihypertensive therapy; raising the bar of expectations. Am J Manag Care 1998; 4: 957-966.
156. Piñero F, Gil V, Donis M, Orozco D, Pastor R, Merino J. Relación entre el cumplimiento del tratamiento farmacoló gico y el grado de control en diabetes con hipertensión arterial, diabetes no insulinodependiente y dislipemias. Med Clin (Barc) 1998; 111: 565-567.
157. Campos A, Garcia Villalmanzo Y, Giner A, Díaz Palacios M, Peris A, Hernández D. Estudio de la adherencia al tratamiento antiasmáticos; 2 evaluación ( Projecte SEGARIA 1993-1995). Rev Calidad Asistencial 1996; 11: 215-219.
158. Cabezas C, Martin A, Comín E, Sabrià J, Boix C, Espinola A. Cumplimiento del tratamiento antibiótico en atención primaria de salud. Valor de la receta personalizada. Rev Clin Esp 1989; 185: 360-363.
159. Hortoneda Giménez M, Alfonso Sánchez JL, Cortes Vizcaíno C, Sabater Pons A. Quimioprofilaxis antituberculosa; hepatotoxicidad y cumplimiento terapéutico. An Med Int (Madrid) 1993: 10: 587-589.
160. Andrade SE, Walter AM, Gottlieb LK, Hollenberg NK, Testa MA, Saperia GM, et al. Discontinuation of antihyperlipidemic drugs-do rates report in clinical trials reflect in primary care settings? N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1082-3.
161. Antón J, Suñer J. Epidemiologia del asma. Annals de Medicina 2001; 84: 182-184.
162. Bloland PB, Lackritz EM, Kazember PN, Were JB, Steketee R, Campbell CC. Beyond chloroquine; implications of drug resistence for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 932-937.
163. Re MC, Bon I, Monari P Gorini R, Schiavone P, Gibellini D. Drug failure HIV-1 treatment. New perspectives in monitoring resistance. New Microbiual 2003; 26: 405-413.
164. Alós JI. Resistencia a los antibióticos: the never ending story. Med Clin (Barc) 1994; 103: 94-96.
165. Baquero Mochales F, Baraibar Castelló R, Campos Marqués J, Domínguez Rodríguez L, Garau Alemany X, García Rodríguez JA, et al. Resistencia microbiana: ¿Qué hacer? Rev Esp Salud Pública 1995; 69: 445-461.
166. Alós Cortés JI. Terapia empírica de algunas infecciones frecuentes en atención primaria: resistencia bacteriana y selección del tratamiento. Boletín Terapéutico Andaluz 1998; 14 (5): 16-20.
167. Johnson AP, Speller DCE, George RC, Warner M, Domingue G, Efstratiou A. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance and serotypes in pneumococci in England and Wales: results of observational surveys in 1990 and 1995. BMJ 1996; 312: 1454-1456.
168. Centers for Disease Control. Antimicrobial resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1999; 5(6): 1-12.
169. Linares J, Tubau F, Domínguez A. Antibiotic Resistente in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Spain; An overview of the 1990s. En Streptococcus Pneumoniae; 2000 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2 madison Av, Larcahmont, NY 10538.
170. Clavel F, Hance A. HIV Drug resistance. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1023-1035.
171. Rodriguez Martinez JM, Palomares Folia JC. Resistencia genotípica del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 en pacientes con fracaso terapéutico. Med Clin ( Barc ) 2004; 122: 161-164.
172. Baird RD, Kaye SB. Drug resistance reversal- are we getting closer? Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 2450-61.
173. Chirac C, Von Schoen-Angerer T, Kasper T, Ford N. AIDS; patent rights versus patients's rights. Lancet 2000; 356: 502.
174. Obrien BJ, Novosel S, Torrance G, et al. Assessing the economic value of a new antidepressant: a willingness to pay approach. Pharmacoeconomics 1995; 8: 34-45.
175. Gold MR, Seigel JE, Russell LB, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis as a guide to resource allocation in health: roles and limitations. In: Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. New York Oxford University press, 1996: 3-24.
176. White TJ, Arakelian A, Rho JP. Counting the costs of drug-related adverse events. Pharmacoeconomics 1999; 15(5): 445-458.
177. Johnson JA, Bootman JL. Drug-related morbidity and mortality. A cost-of-illness model. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1949-1956.
178. Moore TJ, Psaty BM, Furberg CD. Time to act on drug safety. JAMA 1998; 279: 1571-1573.
179. Bates DW, Leape LL, Cullen DJ, Laird N, Petersen LA, Teich JM, et al. Effect of computerized physician order entry and a team intervention on prevention of serious medication errors. JAMA 1998; 280: 1311-1316.
180. Raschke RA, Gollihare B, Wunderlich TA. A computer alert system to prevent injury from adverse drug events. JAMA 1998; 280(15): 1317-1320.
181. McLean W, Clinical pharmacy and prevention of adverse drug events. URL: http://www.ismp-canada.org/download/Hnews0203.pdf (accesed Jan 2004).
182. Lazarou J, Pomeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reaction in hospitalized patients. A meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 1998; 279(15): 1200-1205.
183. Bates DW, Spell N, Cullen DJ, Burdick E, Laird N, Petersen LA, et al. The costs of adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. JAMA 1997; 277: 307-311.
184. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Lloyd JF, Burke JP. Adverse drug events in hospitalised patients: excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. JAMA 1997; 277: 301-306.
185. Anonymous. Reducing and preventing adverse drug events to decrease hospital costs. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2000.
186. Wiffen P, Gill M, Edwards J, Moore A. Adverse drug reactions in hospital patients: A systematic review of the prospective and retrospective studies. Bandolier Extra, June 2002.
187. Johnson RE, Hornbrook MC, Hooker RS, Woodson GT, Shneidman R. Analysis of the costs of NSAID-associated gastropathy: experience in a US health maintenance organization. Pharmacoeconomics 1997; 12: 76-88.
188. Blower AL, Brooks A, Penn GC et al. Emergency admissions for upper gastrointestinal disease and their relation to NSAID use. Ailment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11: 283-291.
189. Ernst FR, Grizzle AJ. Drug-related morbidity and mortality: Updating the Cost-of-Illness model. J Am Pharm Assoc 2001; 41: 192-199.
190. Dick ML, Winship HW 3rd, Wood GC. A cost effectiveness comparison of a pharmacist using three methods for identifying possible drug related problems. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1975; 9(5): 257-262.
191. Strand LM, Morley PC, Cipolle RJ, Ramsey R, Lamsam GD. Drug-related problems: their structure and function. DICP Ann Pharmacother 1990; 24: 1093-1097.
192. Kassam R, Farris KB, Cox CE, Volume CI, Cave A, Schopflocher DP, et al. Tools used to help community pharmacist implement comprehensive Pharmaceutical care. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999; 39(6): 843-856.
193. Tomechko MA, Strand LM, Morley PC, Cipolle RJ. Q and A from the Pharmaceutical Care Project in Minnesota. Am Pharm 1995; NS35(4): 30-39.
194. Fernández-Llimos F. Análisis de la cobertura del concepto de Pharmaceutical Care en fuentes primarias y secundarias de información [PhD dissertation]. Universidad de Granada 2003.
195. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PC. Pharmaceutical Care Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1998.
196. Hepler CD. The third wave in pharmaceutical education: the clinical movement. Am J Pharm Educ 1987; 51(4): 369-85.
197. Donabedian A. Evaluating the quality of medical care. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1966; 44: 166-203.
198. Donabedian A. The quality of medical care. Science 1978; 200: 856-864.
199. Donabedian A. The definition of quality and approaches to its assessment. In Explorations in quality assessment and monitoring. Ann Arbor: Health Adm Press; 1980.
200. Enright SM. Assessing patient, outcomes. Am J Hosp Pharm 1988; 45: 1376-1378.
201. Hepler CD, Strand LM. Opportunities and responsibilities in Pharmaceutical care. Am J Hosp Pharm 1990; 47: 533-543.
202. Ferner RE. Is concordance the primrose path to health? Br Med J 2003; 327: 821-822.
203. Javors JR, Bramble JE. Uncontrolled chronic disease: patient non-compliance or clinical mismanagement? Dis Manag 2003; 6: 169-178.
204. Stevens RG, Crabbe AM. Patient medication records - evaluation of a drug interaction routine and potential for time saving. Int J Pharm Pract 1991; 1: 41-43.
205. Stevens RG. The evolution of patient medication records in British community pharmacy. Int J Pharm Pract 1991; 1: 64-72.
206. Weidman RA, Bernstein IH, McKiney WP. Pharmacist recognition of potential drug interactions. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1999; 56: 1524-1529.
207. Hansten PD. Drug interaction management. Pharm World Sci 2003; 25: 94-97.
208. National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention. Taxonomy of Medication Errors. URL: http://www.nccmerp.org/pdf/taxo2001-07-31.pdf (accessed jan 2004).
209. Farris KB, Kirking DM. Assessing the quality of pharmaceutical care. II. Application of concepts of quality assessment from medical care. Ann Pharmacother 1993; 27: 215-223.
210. Grossman JH. The outcomes movement and heath care reform. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1995; 52(14 Suppl 3): S6-S11.
211. Kozma CM, Reeder CE, Schulz RM. Economic, clinical and humanistic outcomes: A planning model for pharmacoeconomic research. Clin Ther 1993; 15(6): 1121-1132.
212. Schaefer M. Discussing basic principles for a coding system of drug-related problems: the case of PI-Doc. Pharm World Sci 2002; 24: 120-127.
213. Bergman U, Wiholm BE. Drug-related problems causing admission to a medical clinic. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 20: 193-200.
214. Martín MT, Codina C, Tuset M, Carne X, Nogue S, Ribas J. Problemas relacionados con medicamentos como causa del ingreso hospitalario. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 118: 205-210.
215. Mason JD, Colley CA. Effectiveness of an ambulatory care clinical pharmacist: A controled trial. Ann Pharmacoter 1993; 27: 555-559.
216. Kaplan B, Mason NA, Shimp LA, Ascione FJ. Chronic hemodialysis patients. Part I: Characterization and drug-related problems. Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28: 316-319.
217. Smith CO, Christensen DB. Identification and clarification of drug therapy problems by Indian health service pharmacists. Ann Pharmacoter 1996; 30: 119-124.
218. Guemes M, Sanz E, Garcái M. Reacciones adversas y problemas relacionados con medicamentos en un servicio de urgencia. Rev Esp Salud Public 1999; 73: 511-518.
219. Austwick EA, Goodyear KH, Brown LC, Timlin M. Pharmacists' input into palliative care clinic - an example of multidisciplinary team work. Pham World Sci 2003; 25(1): A62.
220. Westerlund T, Almarsdottir AB, Melander A. Factors influencing the detection rate of drug-related problems in community pharmacy. Pharm World Sci 1999; 21: 245-250.
221. Westerlund T, Almarsdottir AB, Melander A. Drug-related problems and pharmacy interventions in community pharmacy. Int J Pharm, Pract 1999; 7: 40-50.
222. Westerlund T, Marklund B, Handl W, Thunberg ME, Allebeck P. Nonprescription drug-related problems and pharmacy interventions. Ann Pharmacoter 2001; 35: 1343-1349.
223. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP Guidelines on a standardized meted for Pharmaceutical care. A J Health-Syst Pharm 1996; 53: 1713-1716.
224. Van Mil JWF. The PCNE classification for Drug Related Problems. 32 nd ESCP Symposium Pharmacists in the Health Care Team: Standards of Practice and Systems of Care. Valencia (Spain): ESCP; 2003.
225. Assessing drug-related problems from the patient's perspective. In: Van Mil JWF, ed. Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Outcomes Measurement in Pharmaceutical Care. Hillerød, DK, Jan, 26-29 1999.
226. Tully M. Measuring outcomes in Pharmaceutical care. Proceedings of the International Working conference on Outcomes Measurements in Pharmaceutical Care. Hilleroed (DK): PCNE; 1999.
227. Costa S, Madeira A, Santos MR, Santos C, Guerreiro M, Matias L. Tools developed to assist Portuguese community pharmacists use PCNE DRP classification. Third Working Conference on Pharmaceutical Care - the next generation. Hilleroed (DK): PCNE; 2003.
228. Cordina M. DRP Validation. Problems Encountered. URL: http://www.pcne.org/dokumenter/Presentation%20Cordina.pdf (accessed Jan 2004).
229. Robertson KE. Process for preventing or identifying and resolving problmes in drug therapy. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1996; 53: 639-650.
230. Fernandez-Llimos F, Martinez F, Faus MJ. Problemas relacionados con medicamentos. Conceptos y sistemítica de clasificación. Pharm Care Esp 1999; 1(4): 279-288.
231. Aguas Y, De Miguel E, Suárez de Venegas C. Modelo para presentación de casos adaptado a la Metodołogía Dáder. Pharm Care Esp 2002; 4(1): 60-63.
232. Machuca M, Fernández-Llimos F, Faus MJ. Método Dáder: Guia de Seguimiento Farmacoterapéutico. Granada: Universidad de Granada; 2003.
233. Cullen DJ, Sweitzer BJ, Bates DW, Burdick E, Edmondson A, Leape LL. Preventable adverse drug events in hospitalized patients: a comparative study of intensive care and general care units. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1289-97.
234. Dartnell JG, Anderson RP, Chohan V, Galbraith KJ, Lyon ME, Nestor PJ, Moulds RF. Hospitalization for adverse events related to drug therapy: incidents, avoidability and costs. JAMA 1996; 164: 659-62.
235. Ho K. The transition to Pharmaceutical care on a geriatric unit in a community hospital. Can J Hosp Pharm 1994; 47(6): 283-287.
236. Briceland LL, Hamilton RA, Kane MP. Pharmacy students' experience with identifying and solving drug-related problmes during clinical clerckship. Am J Hosp Pharm 1993; 50: 294-296.
237. Durán I, Martínez F, Faus MJ. Problemas relacionados con medicamentos resueltos en una farmacia comunitaria. Pharm Care Esp 1999; 1: 11-19.
238. Barbero JA, Alfonso T. Detección y resolución de problemas relacionados con medicamentos en una farmacia comunitaria: una aproximación. Pharm Care Esp 1999; 1: 113-122.
239. Kassam R, Farris KB, Burback L, Volume CI, Cox CE, Cave A. Pharmaceutical Care Research and education project: Pharmacists' interventions. J Am Pharm Assoc 2001; 41(3): 401-410.
240. Curie JD, Chrischilles EA, Kuehl AK, Buser RA. Effect of a training program on community pharmacists' detection of and intervention in drug-related problems. J Am Pharm Assoc 1997; 37(2): 182-191.
241. Tuneu L, García-Pelaez M, López-Sanchez S, Serra G, Alba G, de Irala C, et al. Problemas relacionados con medicamentos en pacientes que visitan un servicio de urgencias. Pharm Care Esp 2000; 2: 177-192.
242. Cipolle RJ, Strand LM, Morley PC, Frakes M. Resultados del ejercicio de la Atención Farmacéutica. Pharm Care Esp 2000; 2: 94-106.
243. Climente M, Quintana I, Martinez G, Atienza A, Jiménez NV. Prevalencia y características de la morbilidad relacionada con los medicamentos como ingreso hospitalario. Atención Farmacé utica 2001; 3: 9-22.
244. Garcao JA, Cabrita J. Evaluation of a Pharmaceutical care program for hypertensive patients in rural Portugal. J Am Pharm Assoc 2002; 42(6): 858-864.
245. Martinez F, Fernandez-Llimos F, Gastelurrutia MA, Parras M, Faus MJ. Programa Dader de Seguimiento del Tratamiento Farmacoló gico. Resultados de la fase piloto. Ars Pharm 2001; 42(1): 53-65.
246. Baena MI. Problemas relacionados con los medicamentos como causa de consulta en el servicio de urgencias del Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves de Granada [Dissertation]. University of Granada (Spain), 2003.
247. Fernández-Llimos F, Faus MJ. Resultados del Programa Dader de seguimiento farmacoterapéutico del paciente en España. El Farmacéutico 2002; (290): 83-88.
248. Barris D, Faus MJ. Iniciación a la metodołogía Dáder de seguimiento farmacoterapéutico en una farmacia comunitaria. Ars Pharm 2003; 44(3): 225-237.
249. Garcia Caudevilla M, Garcia Jimenez E, Tena M, Urbon A. Seguimiento farmacoterapéutico en las farmacias, por los Colegios Oficiales de Farmacéuticos de Aragón: Implantación de la metodołogía Dader. Pharmaceutical Care Espana 2002; 4: 231-241.
250. Anderson WF, Umar A, Viner JL, Hawk ET. The role of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in cancer prevention. Curr Pharm Design 2002; 8(12): 1035-62.
251. Podhorna J. The experimental pharmacotherapy of benzodiazepine withdrawal. Curr Pharm, Design 2002; 8(1): 23-43.
252. Weiser T. AMPA receptor antagonists with additional mechanisms of action: new opportunities for neuroprotective drugs? Curr Pharm Design 2002; 8(10): 941-51.