Gender and wage earnings differences among pharmacists

Journal of Pharmaceutical Finance, Economics and Policy

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 5-32

  Carvajal, Manuel J ^a   Hardigan, Patrick C ^b  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NOVA SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Compensation; Earnings of female pharmacists; Pharmacists wages

Indexed keywords

ETHNOLOGY; EXPERIENCE; FEMALE; HUMAN; JOB PERFORMANCE; JOB SATISFACTION; MALE; PHARMACIST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SALARY; SEX DIFFERENCE; STRESS; WORK SCHEDULE;

EID: 9744279022     PISSN: 15385698     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J371v13n02_03     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Agho, Augustine O., Charles W. Mueller, and James L. Price (1993), "Determinants of Employee Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Test of a Causal Model," Human Relations (Vol. 46, No. 8), pp. 1007-1027.
2. Altonji, Joseph G., Ulrich Doraszelski, and Lewis Segal (2000), "Black/White Differences in Wealth," Economic Perspectives (Vol. 24, No. 1, Spring), pp. 38-50.
3. Altonji, Joseph G. and Charles R. Pierret (2001), "Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination," Quarterly Journal of Economics (Vol. 116, No. 1, February), pp. 313-350.
4. Arrow, Kenneth J. (1998), "What Has Economics to Say About Racial Discrimination?" Journal of Economic Perspectives (Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring), pp. 91-100.
5. Ashraf, Javed (1996), "Is Gender Pay Discrimination on the Wane? Evidence from Panel Data, 1968-1989," Industrial and Labor Relations Review (Vol. 49, No. 3, April), pp. 537-546.
6. Avalos, Manuel (1996), "Gender Inequality: Sorting Out the Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Gender in the Anglo Male-Latino Female Earnings Gap," Sociological Perspectives (Vol. 39, No. 4, Winter), pp. 497-515.
7. Baker, Laurence C. (1996), "Differences in Earnings Between Male and Female Physicians," The New England Journal of Medicine (Vol. 334, No. 15, April 11), pp. 960-964.
8. Baldwin, Marjorie L. and William G. Johnson (1996), "The Employment Effects of Wage Discrimination Against Black Men," Industrial and Labor Relations Review (Vol. 49, No. 2, January), pp. 302-316.
9. Barkley, Andrew P., Wendy A. Stock, and Cynthia Sylvius (1999), "Agricultural Graduate Earnings: The Impacts of College, Career, and Gender," American Journal of Agricultural Economics (Vol. 81, No. 4, November), pp. 785-800.
10. Beckwith, Christina and Linda S. Tyler (1994), "Career Expectations of Pharmacists with Postgraduate Training in Drug Information," American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy (Vol. 51, May 1), pp. 1197-1201.
11. Bellas, Marcia L. (1997), "Disciplinary Differences in Faculty Salaries: Does Gender Bias Play a Role," The Journal of Higher Education (Vol. 68, No. 3, May-June), pp. 299-321.
12. Betz, Michael and Lenahan O'Connell (1987), "Gender and Work: A Look at Sex Differences Among Pharmacy Students," American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (Vol. 51, Spring), pp. 39-43.
13. Blinder, Alan S. (1973), "Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates," Journal of Human Resources (Vol. 8. No. 4, Fall), pp. 436-455.
14. Bradbury, Katharine L. (1996), "The Growing Inequality of Family Income: Changing Families and Changing Wages," New England Economic Review (July-August), pp. 55-82.
15. Brown, Charles and Mary Corcoran (1997), "Sex-Based Differences in School Content and the Male-Female Wage Gap," Journal of Labor Economics (Vol. 15, No. 3, Part 1, July), pp. 431-465.
16. Cancio, A. Silvia, T. David Evans, and David J. Maume, Jr. (1996), "Reconsidering the Declining Significance of Race: Racial Differences in Early Career Wages," American Sociological Review (Vol. 61, No. 4, August), pp. 541-556.
17. Carvajal, Manuel J. and Patrick Hardigan (1999), "First-Job Preferences and Expectations of Pharmacy Students: Intergender and Interethnic Comparisons," Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Vol. 39, No. I, January-February), pp. 32-40.
18. Carvajal, Manuel J. and Patrick C. Hardigan (2000), "Pharmacists' Sources of Job Satisfaction: Intergender Differences in Response," American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (Vol. 64, No. 4, Winter), pp. 420-425.
19. Carvajal, Manuel J. et al. (2000), "Inter-Gender Differentials Between College Students' Earnings Expectations and the Experience of Recent Graduates." Economics of Education Review (Vol. 19, No. 3, June), pp. 229-243.
20. Conway, Delores A. and Harry V. Roberts (1983), "Reverse Discrimination, Fairness, and Employment Discrimination," Journal of Business and Economic Statistics (Vol. 1, No. I, Issue I), pp. 75-85.
21. Cotter, David A. et al. (1996), "Gender Inequality in Nonmetropolitan and Metropolitan Areas," Rural Sociology (Vol. 61, No. 2, Summer), pp. 272-288.
22. Cotter, David A. et al. (1997), "All Women Benefit: The Macro-Level Effect of Occupational Integration on Gender Earnings Inequality," American Sociological Review (Vol. 62, No. 5, October), pp. 714-734.
23. Cotton, Jeremiah (1988), "On the Decomposition of Wage Differentials," Review of Economics and Statistics (Vol. 70, No. 2, May), pp. 236-243.
24. Darity, Jr., William A. and Patrick L. Mason (1988), "Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender," Journal of Economic Perspectives (Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring), pp. 63-90.
25. Darity, Jr., William A., Samuel L. Myers, Jr., and Chanjin Chung (1998), "Racial Earnings Disparities and Family Structure," Southern Economic Journal (Vol. 65, No. 1, July), pp. 20-41.
26. Davies, Scott, Clayton M. Mosher, and Bill O'Grady (1996), "Educating Women: Gender Inequalities Among Canadian University Graduates," The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology (Vol. 33, No. 2, May), pp. 125-142.
27. Duncan, Kevin C. (1996), "Gender Differences in the Effect of Education on the Slope of Experience-Earnings Profiles: National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979-1988," The American Journal of Economics and Sociology (Vol. 55, No. 4, October), pp. 457-471.
28. Durden, Garey C. and Patricia E. Gaynor (1998), "More on the Cost of Being Other than White and Male: Measurement of Race, Ethnic, and Gender Effects on Yearly Earnings," The American Journal of Economics and Sociology (Vol. 57, No. 1, January), pp. 95-103.
29. Finnie, Ross and Ted Wannell (1996), "A Longitudinal, Cross-Cohort Analysis of the Gender Earnings Gap Among Recent University Graduates," Canadian Journal of Economics (Vol. 29, Special Issue, Part 1, April), pp. S114-S120.
30. Haberfeld, Yitchak, Moshe Semyonov, and Audrey Addi (1998), "A Hierarchical Linear Model for Estimating Gender-Based Earnings Differentials," World and Occupations (Vol. 25, No. 1, February), pp. 97-112.
31. Hampton, Mary B. and John S. Heywood (1999), "The Determinants of Perceived Underpayment: The Role of Racial Comparisons," Review of Social Economy (Vol. 57, No. 2, June), pp. 141-155.
32. Hojat, Mohammadreza et al. (2000). "Gender Comparison of Income Expectations in the USA at the Beginning of Medical School During the Past 28 Years," Social Science and Medicine (Vol. 50, No. 11, June), pp. 1665-1672.
33. Hopcroft, Rosemary L. (1996), "The Authority Attainment of Women: Competitive Sector Effects," The American Journal of Economics and Sociology (Vol. 55, No. 2, April), pp. 163-184.
34. Howell, Frank M. and Deborah R. Bronson (1996), "The Journey to Work and Gender Inequality in Earnings: A Cross-Validation Study for the Uniled States," The Sociological Quarterly (Vol. 37. No. 3, Summer), pp. 429-447.
35. Hundley, Greg (2000), "Male/Female Earnings Differences in Self-Employment: The Effects of Marriage, Children, and the Household Division of Labor," Industrial and Labor Relations Review (Vol. 54, No. 1, October), pp. 95-114.
36. Hurst, Michael (1997), "The Determinants of Earnings Differentials for Indigenous Americans: Human Capital, Location, or Discrimination?" Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance (Vol. 37, No. 4, Winter), pp. 787-807.
37. Jackson, John D. and James T. Lindley (1989), "Measuring the Extent of Wage Discrimination: A Statistical Test and a Caveat," Applied Economics (Vol. 21, No. 4, April), pp. 515-540.
38. Kay, Fiona M. and John Hagan (1998), "Raising the Bar: The Gender Stratification of Law-Firm Capital," American Sociological Review (Vol. 63. No. 5. October), pp. 728-743.
39. Kidd, Michael P. and Ivan Ferko (2001), "The Employment Effects of Gender Discrimination in Australia, 1994-95," The Economic Record (Vol. 77, No. 236, March), pp. 71-88.
40. Kirchmeyer, Catherine (1998), "Determinants of Managerial Career Success: Evidence and Explanation of Male/Female Differences," Journal of Management (Vol. 24, No. 6, November-December), pp. 673-692.
41. Kong, Sheldon X. (1995), "Predictors of Organizational and Career Commitment among Illinois Pharmacists," American Journal of Health-Systems Pharmacy (Vol. 52, No. 18, September 15), pp. 2005-2011.
42. Lee, Mary and Nancy Fjortoft (1993), "Gender Differences in Attitudes and Practice Patterns of Pharmacists," American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (Vol. 57, No. 4, Winter), pp. 313-319.
43. Louri, Glenn C. (1998), "Discrimination in the Post-Civil Rights Era: Beyond Market Interactions," Journal of Economic Perspectives(Vol. 12, No. 2, Spring), pp. 117-126.
44. Lundberg, Shelly and Richard Startz (1998). "On the Persistence of Racial Inequality," Journal of Labor Economics (Vol. 16, No. 2, April), pp. 292-323.
45. Marini, Margaret M. and Pi-Ling Fan (1997), "The Gender Gap in Earnings at Career Entry," American Sociological Review (Vol. 62, No. 4, August), pp. 588-604.
46. Mason, Patrick L. (1998), "Race, Cognitive Ability, and Wage Inequality," Challenge (Vol. 41, No. 3, May-June), pp. 63-84.
47. McDowell, John M., Larry D. Singell, and James P. Ziliak (2001), "Gender and Promotion in the Economics Profession," Industrial and Labor Relations Review (Vol. 54, No. 2. January), pp. 224-244.
48. Merzel, Cheryl (2000), "Gender Differences in Health Care Access Indicators in an Urban, Low-Income (2000) Community," American Journal of Public Health (Vol. 90, No. 6, June), pp. 909-916.
49. Monks, James and Michael Robinson (2000), "Gender and Racial Earnings Differentials in Academic Labor Markets," Economic Inquiry (Vol. 38, No. 4, October), pp. 662-671.
50. Mora, Marie T. and Alberto Davila (1998), "Gender, Earnings, and the English Skill Acquisition of Hispanic Workers in the United States," Economic Inquiry (Vol. 36, No. 4, October), pp. 631-644.
51. Morgan, Laurie A. (1998), "Glass-Ceiling Effect or Cohon Effect? A Longitudinal Study of the Gender Earnings Gap for Engineers, 1982 to 1989," American Sociological Review (Vol. 63, No. 4, August), pp. 479-493.
52. Myers, Jr., Samuel L. (1993), "Measuring and Detecting Discrimination in the Post-Civil Rights Era," in Race and Ethnicity in Research Methods, ed. by John H. Stanfield II and Rutledge M. Dennis (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications), pp. 172-197.
53. Myers, Jr., Samuel L. and Tsze Chan (1996), "Who Benefits from Minority Set-Asides? The Case of New Jersey," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management (Vol. 15, No. 2, Spring), pp. 202-226.
54. Neumark, David (1988), "Employers' Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination, "Journal of Human Resources (Vol. 23. No. 3, Summer), pp. 279-295.
55. Niemann, Yolanda F. and John F. Dovidio (1998), "Relationship of Solo Status, Academic Rank, and Perceived Distinctiveness to Job Satisfaction of Racial/Ethnic Minorities," Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 83, No. 1), pp. 55-71.
56. North, Mark A. and Kenneth W. Kirk (1990), "The Pharmacy Supervisor and the Employee Pharmacist's Job Satisfaction," American Pharmacy (Vol. NS30, No. 5, May 1990), pp. 49-52.
57. Oaxaca, Ronald (1973), "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets," International Economic Review (Vol. 14, No. 3, October), pp. 693-709.
58. Olson, Patrick D., Virginia S. Zuiker, and Catherine P. Montalto (2000), "Self-Employed Hispanics and Hispanic Wage Earners: Differences in Earnings," Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 22, No. 1, February), pp. 114-130.
59. Ortmeier, Brian G. and Alan P. Wolfgang (1991), "Job-Related Stress: Perceptions of Employee Pharmacists," American Pharmacy (Vol. NS31, No. 9, September), pp. 27-31.
60. Powell, Mary A. and Toby L. Parcel (1997), "Effects of Family Structure on the Earnings Attainment Process: Differences by Gender," Journal of Marriage and the Family (Vol. 59, No. 2, May), pp. 419-433.
61. Powers, Mary G. and William Seltzer (1998), "Occupational Status and Mobility among Undocumented Immigrants by Gender," International Migration Review (Vol. 32, No. 1, Spring), pp. 21-55.
62. Reimers, Cordelia W. (1997), "The Progress of Mexican and White Non-Hispanic Immigrants in California and Texas, 1980 to 1990," Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance (Vol. 37, Special Issue), pp. 315-343.
63. Robinson, Derek (1998), "Differences in Occupational Earnings by Sex," International Labour Review (Vol. 137, No. 1, Spring), pp. 3-31.
64. Robson, Karen and Jean E. Wallace (2001). "Gendered Inequalities in Earnings: A Study of Canadian Lawyers," The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology (Vol. 38, No. 1, February), pp. 75-96.
65. Rosen, Sherwin (1997), "Manufactured Inequality," Journal of Labor Economics (Vol. 15, No. 2, April), (1997) pp. 189-196.
66. Ross, Catherine E. and John Mirowsky (1996), "Economic and Interpersonal Work Rewards: Subjective Utilities of Men's and Women's Compensation," Social Forces (Vol. 75, No. 1, September), pp. 223-246.
67. Smith, David M. (2002), "Pay and Productivity Differences Between Male and Female Veterinarians," Industrial and Labor Relations Review (Vol. 55, No. 3, April), pp. 493-511.
68. Tsui, Lisa (1998), "The Effects of Gender, Education, and Personal Skills Self-Confidence on Income in Business Management," Sex Roles: A Journal of Research (Vol. 38, No. 5-6. March), pp. 363-373.
69. Utendorf, Kevin R. (1998), "Recent Changes in Earnings Distributions in the United States," Social Security Bulletin (Vol. 61, No. 12, Summer), pp. 12-28.
70. Weiler, Stephan and Alexandra Bernasek (2001), "Dodging the Glass Ceiling? Networks and the New Wave of Women Entrepreneurs," The Social Science Journal, (Vol. 38, No. 1, January), pp. 85-103.
71. Wilson, George and Ian Sakura-Lemessy (2000). "Earnings Over the Early Work Career among Males in the Middle Class: Has Race Declined in Its Significance?" Sociological Perspectives (Vol. 43, No. 1, Spring), pp. 159-171.
72. Wood, Robert G., Mary E. Corcoran, and Paul M. Courant (1993), "Pay Differences among the Highly Paid: The Male-Female Earnings Gap in Lawyers' Salaries," Journal of Labor Economics (Vol. 11. No. 3, July), pp. 417-441.