Gn-RH as an Autocrine Regulator in the Human Ovary

The Ovary: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 289-304

  Leung, Peter C K ^a   Cheng, C K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 9644270966     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012444562-8/50018-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Fink G. Gonadotropin secretion and its control. The Physiology of Reproduction 1988, 1349-1377. Raven Press, New York. 1st ed. E. Knobil, J.D. Neill (Eds.).
2. Conn P.M., Crowley W.J. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogs. Annu. Rev. Med. 1994, 45:391-405.
3. Lippman M.E. Endocrine-responsive cancer. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology 1998, 1675-1692. W. B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia. 9th ed. J.D. Wilson (Ed.).
4. Fauser B.C., Devroey P., Yen S.C., Gosden R., Crowley W.F., Baird D.T., Bouchard P. Minimal ovarian stimulation for IVF: Appraisal of potential benefits and drawbacks. Hum. Reprod. 1999, 14:2681-2686.
5. Seeburg P.H., Adelman J.P. Characterization of cDNA for precursor of human luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Nature 1984, 311:666-668.
6. Yang-Feng T.L., Seebury P.H., Francke U. Human luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone gene (LHRH) is located on the short arm of chromosome 8 (region 8p 11.2----p21). Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 1986, 12:95-100.
7. Adelman J.P., Mason A.J., Hayflick J.S., Seeburg P.H. Isolation of the gene and hypothalamic cDNA for the common precursor of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and prolactin release-inhibiting factor in human and rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986, 83:179-183.
8. Miyamoto K., Hasegawa Y., Nomura M., Igarashi M., Kanagawa K., Matsuo H. Identification of a second gonadotropin-releasing hormone in chicken hypothalamus: Evidence that gonadotropin secretion is probably controlled by two distinct gonadotropin-releasing hormones in avian species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984, 81:3874-3878.
9. Powell R.C., Millar R.P., King J.A. Diverse molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in an elasmobranch and teleost fish. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1986, 63:77-85.
10. Lovejoy D.A., Fischer W.H., Ngamvongchon S., Craig A.G., Nahorniak C.S., Peter R.E., Rivier J.E., Sherwood N.M. Distinct sequence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) in goldfish brain provides insight into Gn-RH evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89:6373-6377.
11. 8-Gn-RH (chicken Gn-RH II) in amphibian brain. Peptides 1986, 7:827-834.
12. Sherwood N.M., Whittier J.M. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from brains of reptiles: Turtles (Pseudemys Scripta) and snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1988, 69:319-327.
13. King J.A., Steneveld A.A., Curlewis J.D., Rissman E.F., Millar R.P. Identification of chicken Gn-RH-II in brains of metatherian and early evolved eutherian species of mammals. Regul. Pept. 1994, 54:467-477.
14. Rissman E.F., Alones V.E., Craig-Veit C.B., Millam J.R. Distribution of chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone-II in mammalian brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 1995, 357:524-531.
15. Kasten T.L., White S.A., Norton T.T., Bond C.T., Adelman K.P., Fernald R.D. Characterization of two new preproGn-RH mRNAs in the tree shrew: First direct evidence for mesencephalic Gn-RH gene expression in a placental mammal. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1996, 104:7-19.
16. Lescheid D.W., Teresawa E., Abler L.A., Urbanski H.F., Warby C.M., Millar R.P., Sherwood N.M. A second form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) with characteristics of chicken Gn-RH-II is present in the primate brain. Endocrinology 1997, 138:5618-5629.
17. Chen A., Yahalom D., Ben-Aroya N., Kaganovsky E., Okon E., Koch Y. A second isoform of gonadotropin-releasing hormone is present in the brain of human and rodents. FEBS Lett. 1998, 435:199-203.
18. Urbanski H.F., White R.B., Ferland R.D., Kohama S.G., Garyfallou V.T., Densmore V.S. Regional expression of mRNA encoding a second form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the macaque brain. Endocrinology 1999, 140:1945-1948.
19. White R.B., Eisen J.A., Kasten T.L., Fernald R.D. Second form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:305-309.
20. Reinhart J., Mertz L.M., Catt K.J. Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding the murine gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267:21281-21284.
21. Stojilkovic S.S., Reinhart J., Catt K.J. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors: Structural and signal transduction pathways. Endocr. Rev. 1994, 15:462-499.
22. Shacham S., Cheifetz M.N., Lewy H., Ashkenazi I.E., Becker O.M., Seger R., Naor Z. Mechanism of Gn-RH receptor signaling: From the membrane to the nucleus. (Review). Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris) 1999, 60:79-88.
23. Stojilkovic S.S., Tomic M., Kukuljan M., Catt K.J. Control of calcium spiking frequency in pituitary gonadotrophs by a single-pool cytoplasmic oscillator. Mol. Pharmacol. 1994, 45:1013-1021.
24. Stojilkovic S.S., Catt K.J. Novel aspects of Gn-RN-induced intracellular signaling and secretion in pituitary gonadotrophs. (Review). J. Neuroendocrinol. 1995, 7:739-757.
25. Tse F.W., Tse A., Hille B., Jorstmann H., Almers W. Local Ca2+ release from internal stores controls exocytosis in pituitary gonadotrophs. Neuron 1997, 18:121-132.
26. Kraus S., Naor Z., Seger R. Intracellular signaling pathways mediated by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) receptor. Arch. Med. Res. 2001, 32:499-509.
27. Leung P.C., Squire J., Peng C., Fan N., Hayden M.R., Olofsson J.I. Mapping of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) receptor gene to human chromosome 4q21.2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mamm. Genome 1995, 6:309-310.
28. Brosius J. Retroposons-seed of evolution. (Review). Science 1991, 251:753.
29. Fan N.C., Jeung E.B., Peng C., Olofsson J.I., Krisinger J., Leung P.C. The human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) receptor gene: Cloning, genomic organization and chromosome assignment. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1994, 103:R1-R6.
30. Fan N.C., Peng C., Krisinger J., Leung P.C. The human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene: Complete structure including multiple promoters, transcription initiation sites, and polyadenylation signals. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1995, 107:R1-R8.
31. Tensen C., Okuzawa K., Blomenrohr M., Rebers F., Keurs R., Bogerd J., Schultz R., Goos H. Distinct efficacies for two endogenous ligands on a single cognate gonadoliberin receptor. Eur. J. Biochem. 1997, 243:134-140.
32. Illing N., Troskie B.E., Nahorniak C.S., Hapgood J.P., Peter R.E., Millar R.P. Two gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor subtypes with distinct ligand selectivity and differential distribution in brain and pituitary in the goldfish (Varassius auratus). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:2526-2531.
33. Troskie B.E., Hapgood J.P., Millar R.P., Illing N. Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid cloning, gene expression, and ligand selectivity of a novel gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor expressed in the pituitary and midbrain of Xenopus laevis. Endocrinology 2000, 141:1764-1771.
34. Wang L., Bogerd J., Choi H.S., Seong J.Y., Soh J.M., Chun S.Y., Blomenrohr M., Troskie B.E., Millar R.P., Yu M.H., McCann S.M., Kwon H.B. Three distinct types of Gn-RH receptor characterized in the bullfrog. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 95:361-366.
35. Okubo K., Nagata S., Ko R., Kataoka H., Yoshiura Y., Mitani H., Kondo M., Naruse K., Shima A., Aida K. Identification and characterization of two distinct Gn-RH receptor subtypes in a teleost, the medaka Oryzias latipes. Endocrinology 2001, 142:4729-4739.
36. Neill J.D., Duck L.W., Sellers J.C., Musgrove L.C. A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) receptor specific for Gn-RH II in primates. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2001, 282:1012-1018.
37. Millar R., Lowe S., Conklin D., Pawson A., Maudsley S., Troskie B., Ott T., Millar M., Lincoln G., Sellar R., Faurholm B., Graeme S., Kuestner R., Teresawa E., Katz A. A novel mammalian receptor for the evolutionarily conserved type II Gn-RH. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:9636-9641.
38. Ohno T., Imai A., Furui T., Takahashi K., Tamaya T. Presence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its messenger ribonucleic acid in human ovarian epithelial carcinoma. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1993, 169:605-610.
39. Peng C., Fan N.C., Ligier M., Vaananen J., Leung P.C. Expression and regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) and Gn-RH receptor messenger ribonucleic acids in human granulosa-luteal cells. Endocrinology 1994, 135:1740-1746.
40. Irmer G., Burger C., Muller R., Ortmann O., Peter U., Kakar S.S., Neill J.D., Schulz K.D., Emons G. Expression of the messenger RNAs for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and its receptor in human ovarian epithelial carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1995, 55:817-822.
41. Kang S.K., Choi K.C., Cheng K.W., Nathwani P.S., Auersperg N., Leung P.C.K. Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone as an autocrine growth factor in human ovarian surface epithelium. Endocrinology 2000, 141:72-80.
42. Choi K.C., Auersperg N., Leung P.C.K. Expression and anti-proliferative effect of a second form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in normal and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelial cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001, 86:5075-5078.
43. Bramley T.A., Stirling D., Swanston I.A., Menzies G.S., McNeilly A.S., Baird D.T. Specific binding sites for gonadotropin-releasing hormone, LH/chorionic gonadotropin, low-density lipoprotein, prolactin and FSH in homogenates of human corpus luteum. II: Concentrations through the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. J. Endocrinol. 1987, 113:317-327.
44. Pahwa G.S., Vollmer G., Knuppen R., Emons G. Photoaffinity labelling of gonadotropin releasing hormone binding sites in human epithelial ovarian carcinomata. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989, 161:1086-1092.
45. Emons G., Pahwa G.S., Brack C., Sturm R., Oberheuser F., Knuppen R. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone binding sites in human epithelial ovarian carcinomata. Eur. J. Cancer Oncol. 1989, 25:215-221.
46. Emons G., Ortmann O., Becker M., Irmer G., Springer B., Laun R., Holzel F., Schulz K.D., Schally A.V. High affinity binding and antiproliferative effects of LHRH analogues in human ovarian cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 1993, 54:5439-5446.
47. Brus L., Lambalk C.B., de Kniing J., Helder M.N., Janssens R.M., Schoemaker J. Specific gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue binding predominantly in human luteinized follicular aspirates and not in human pre-ovulatory follicles. Hum. Reprod. 1997, 12:769-773.
48. Latouche J., Crumeyrolle-Arias M., Jordan D., Kopp N., Augendre-Ferrante B., Cedard L., Haour F. Gn-RH receptors in human granulosa cells: Anatomical localization and characterization by autoradiographic study. Endocrinology 1989, 125:1739-1741.
49. Kakar S.S., Jennes L. Expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor mRNAs in various non-reproductive human tissues. Cancer Lett. 1995, 98:57-62.
50. Minaretzis D., Jakubowski M., Mortola J.F., Paylou S.N. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression in human ovary and granulosa-lutein cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995, 80:430-434.
51. Fraser H.M., Sellar R.E., Illingworth P.J., Eidne K.A. Gn-RH receptor mRNA expression by in situ hybridization in the primate pituitary and ovary. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 1996, 2:117-121.
52. Kakar S.S., Grizzle W.E., Neill J.D. The nucleotide sequences of human Gn-RH receptors in breast and ovarian tumors are identical with that found in pituitary. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1994, 106:145-149.
53. Kang S.K., Tai C.J., Nathwani P.S., Leung P.C. Differential regulation of two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid in human granulosa-luteal cells. Endocrinology 2001, 142:182-192.
54. Cheng K.W., Ngan E.S., Kang S.K., Chow B.K., Leung P.C. Transcriptional down-regulation of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) receptor gene by Gn-RH: Role of protein kinase C and activating protein 1. Endocrinology 2000, 141:3611-3622.
55. Nathwani P.S., Kang S.K., Cheng K.W., Choi K.C., Leung P.C.K. Regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor gene expression by 17β-estradiol in cultured human granulosa-luteal cells. Endocrinology 2000, 141:1754-1763.
56. Kang S.K., Choi K.C., Tai C.J., Auersperg N., Leung P.C.K. Estradiol regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) and its receptor gene expression and antagonizes the growth inhibitory effects of Gn-RH in human ovarian surface epithelium and ovarian cancer cells. Endocrinology 2001, 142:580-588.
57. Chen Z.G., Yu K.L., Zheng H.M., Dong K.W. Estrogen receptor-mediated repression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) promoter activity in transfected CHO-K1 cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1999, 158:131-142.
58. Chiang C.H., Cheng K.W., Igarashi S., Nathwani P.S., Leung P.C.K. Hormonal regulation of estrogen receptor α and β gene expression in human granulosa-luteal cells in vitro. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85:3828-3839.
59. Khosravi S., Leung P.C.K. Differential regulation of Gn-RH-I and Gn-RH-II mRNA by gonadal steroids in human granulosa-luteal cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88:663-672.
60. Chen A., Ziv K., Laskar-Levy O., Koch Y. The transcription of the hGn-RH-I and hGn-RH-II genes in human neuronal cells is differentially regulated by estrogen. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2002, 18:67-76.
61. Chen A., Laskar-Levy O., Ben-Aroya N., Koch Y. Transcriptional regulation of the human Gn-RH II gene is mediated by a putative cAMP response element. Endocrinology 2001, 142:3483-3492.
62. Olofsson J.I., Conti C.C., Leung P.C. Homologous and heterologous regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression in preovulatory rat granulosa cells. Endocrinology 1995, 136:974-980.
63. Li X., Lei Z.M., Rao C.V. Human chorionic gonadotropin down-regulates the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene in GT1-7 neurons. Endocrinology 1996, 137:899-904.
64. Cheng K.W., Nathwani P.S., Leung P.C. Regulation of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression in placental cells. Endocrinology 2000, 141:2340-2349.
65. Cheng K.W., Leung P.C. Human chorionic gonadotropin-activated cAMP pathway regulates human placental Gn-RH receptor gene transcription in choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:3291-3299.
66. Brzezinski A., Seibel M.M., Lynch H.J., Deng M-H., Wurtman R.J. Melatonin in human preovulatory follicular fluid. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987, 64:865-867.
67. Ronnberg L., Kauppila A., Leppaluoto J., Martikainen H., Vakkuri O. Circadian and seasonal variation in human preovulatory follicular fluid melatonin concentration. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1990, 80:493-496.
68. Ayre E.A., Pang S.F. 2-[125I]Iodomelatonin binding sites in the testis and ovary: Putative melatonin receptors in the gonads. Biol. Signals 1994, 3:71-84.
69. Woo M.M.M., Tai C.J., Kang S.K., Nathwani P.S., Pang S.F., Leung P.C.K. Direct action of melatonin in human granulosa-luteal cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001, 86:4789-4797.
70. Billig H., Furuta I., Hseuh A.J. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone directly induces apoptotic cell death in the rat ovary: Biochemical and in situ detection of deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation in granulosa cells. Endocrinology 1994, 134:245-252.
71. Zhao S., Saito H., Wang X., Saito T., Kaneko T., Hiroi M. Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on the incidence of apoptosis in porcine and human granulosa cells. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 2000, 49:52-56.
72. Cheng C.K., Yeung C.M., Chow B.K.C., Leung P.C.K. Characterization of a new upstream Gn-RH receptor promoter in human ovarian granulosa-luteal cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 2002, 16:1552-1564.
73. Cheng K.W., Chow B.K.C., Leung P.C.K. Functional mapping of a placenta-specific upstream promoter for human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. Endocrinology 2001, 14:1506-1516.
74. Ngan E.S.W., Cheng P.K.W., Leung P.C.K., Chow B.K.C. Steroidogenic factor-1 interacts with a gonadotrope-specific element within the first exon of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor to mediate gonadotrope-specific expression. Endocrinology 1999, 140:2452-2462.
75. Dong K.W., Yu K.L., Roberts J.L. Identification of a major up-stream transcription start site for the human progonadotropin-releasing hormone gene used in reproductive tissues and cell lines. Mol. Endocrinol. 1993, 7:1654-1666.
76. Dong K.W., Yu K.L., Chen Z.G., Chen Y.D., Roberts J.L. Characterization of multiple promoters directing tissue-specific expression of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene. Endocrinology 1997, 138:2752-2762.
77. Tilly J.L., Lapolt P.S., Hseuh A.J.W. Hormonal regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in cultured rat granulosa cells. Endocrinology 1992, 130:1296-1302.
78. Piquette G.N., Lapolt P.S., Oikawa M., Hseuh A.J.W. Regulation of luteinizing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels by gonadotropins, growth factors, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in cultured rat granulosa cells. Endocrinology 1991, 128:2449-2456.
79. Richards J.S. Hormonal control of gene expression in the ovary. Endocr. Rev. 1994, 15:725-751.
80. Knecht M., Ranta T., Feng P., Shinohara O., Catt K.J. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone as a modulator of ovarian functions. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1985, 23:771-778.
81. Hsueh A.J.W., Schaffer J.M. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone as a paracrine hormone and neurotransmitter in extra-pituitary sites. J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1985, 23:757-764.
82. Sridaran R., Lee M.A., Haynes L., Srivastava R.K., Ghose M., Sridaran G., Smith C.J. Gn-RH action on luteal steroidogenesis during pregnancy. Steroids 1999, 64:618-623.
83. Parinaud J., Beaur A., Bourreau E., Vieitez G., Pontonnier G. Effect of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (Buserelin) on steroidogenesis of cultured human preovulatory granulosa cells. Fertil. Steril. 1988, 50:597-602.
84. Kimura A. Effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (Gn-RHa) on steroidogenesis in human and rat ovaries. Nippon Sanka Fujunka Gakki Zasshi 1992, 44:1261-1268.
85. Maeda K., Kitawaki J., Yokota K., Noguchi T., Urabe M., Yamamoto T., Honjo H. Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogue (buserelin) on aromatase in cultured human granulosa cells. Nippon Sanka Fujunka Gakki Zasshi 1996, 48:89-95.
86. Kang S.K., Tai C.J., Cheng K.W., Leung P.C.K. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in human ovarian and placental cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2000, 170:143-151.
87. Furger C., Bourrie N., Cedard L., Ferre F., Zorn J.R. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and triptorelin inhibit the follicle stimulating hormone-induced response in human primary cultured granulosa-lutein cells. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 1996, 2:259-264.
88. Olsson J.H., Akesson I., Hillensjo T. Effects of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on progesterone formation in cultured human granulosa cells. Acta. Endocrinol. 1990, 122:427-431.
89. Hori H., Uemura T., Minaguchi H. Effects of Gn-RH on protein kinase C activity, Ca2+ mobilization and steroidogenesis of human granulosa cells. Endocr. J. 1998, 45:175-182.
90. Vaananen J.E., Tong B.L., Vaananen C.M., Chan I.H., Yuen B.H., Leung P.C. Interaction of prostaglandin F2alpha and gonadotropin-releasing hormone on progesterone and estradiol production in human granulosa-luteal cells. Biol. Reprod. 1997, 57:1346-1353.
91. Weiss J.M., Oltmanns K., Gurke E.M., Polack S., Eick F., Felberbaum R., Diedrich K., Ortmann O. Actions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists on steroidogenesis in human granulosa lutein cells. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2001, 144:677-685.
92. Mitwally M.F., Casper R.F. Effect of in vivo Gn-RH agonist and Gn-RH antagonist on hCG and insulin-stimulated progesterone production by human granulosa-lutein cells in vitro. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2002, 19:384-389.
93. Demirel L.C., Weiss J.M., Polack S., Unlu C., Diedrich K., Ortmann O. Effect of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist ganirelix on cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation of human granulosa-lutein cells. Fertil. Steril. 2000, 74:1001-1007.
94. Kang S.K., Tai C.J., Nathwani P.S., Choi K.C., Leung P.C.K. Stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in human granulosa-luteal cells. Endocrinology 2001, 142:671-679.
95. Thompson M.A., Adelson M.D., Kaufman L.M. Lupron retards proliferation of ovarian tumor cells cultured in serum-free medium. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1991, 72:1036-1041.
96. Yano T., Pinski J., Radulovic S., Schally A.V. Inhibition of human epithelial ovarian cancer cell growth in vitro by agonistic and antagonistic analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91:1701-1704.
97. Emons G., Weiss S., Ortmann O., Grundker C., Schulz K.D. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) might act as a negative autocrine regulator of proliferation of human ovarian cancer. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2000, 142:665-670.
98. Manetta A., Gamboa-Vujicic L., Paredes P., Emma D., Liao S., Leong L., Asch B., Schally A. Inhibition of growth of human ovarian cancer in nude mice by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix (SB-75). Fertil. Steril. 1995, 63:282-287.
99. Yano T., Pinski J., Halmos G., Szepeshazi K., Schally A.V. Inhibition of growth of OV-1063 human epithelial ovarian cancer xenografts in nude mice by treatment with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist SB-75. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91:7090-7094.
100. Segal-Abramson T., Kitroser H., Levy J., Schally A.V., Sharoni Y. Direct effects of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists on MCF-7 mammary cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992, 89:2336-2339.
101. Eidne K.A., Flanagan C.A., Harris N.S., Millar R.P. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH)-binding sites in human breast cancer cell lines and inhibitory effects of Gn-RH antagonists. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987, 64:425-432.
102. Kimura A., Ohmichi M., Kurachi H., Ikegami H., Hayakawa J., Tasaka K., Kanda Y., Nishio Y., Jikihara H., Matsuura N., Murata Y. Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced growth inhibition of a human ovarian cancer cell line. Cancer Res. 1999, 59:5133-5142.
103. Kim J.H., Park D.C., Kim J.W., Choi Y.K., Lew Y.O., Kim D.H., Jung J.K., Lim Y.A., Namkoong S.E. Antitumor effect of Gn-RH agonist in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 1999, 74:170-180.
104. Gunthert A.R., Grundker C., Hollmann K., Emons G. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone induces JunD-DNA binding and extends cell cycle in human ovarian cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 2002, 294:11-15.
105. Pfarr C.M., Mechta G., Spyrou D., Lallemand S., Carillo M., Yaniv M. Mouse JunD negatively regulates fibroblast growth and antagonizes transformation by ras. Cell 1994, 76:747-760.
106. Emons G., Muller V., Ortmann O., Grossmann G., Trautner U., von Stuckrad B., et al. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist triptorelin antagonizes signal transduction and mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor in human ovarian and endometrial cancer cell lines. Int. J. Oncol. 1996, 9:1129-1137.
107. Motta M., Dondi D., Moretti R.M., Montagnani Marelli M., Pimpinelli F., Magi R., Limonta P. Role of growth factors, steroid and peptide hormones in the regulation of human prostatic tumor growth. (Review). J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1996, 56:107-111.
108. Imai A., Takagi H., Furui T., Horibe S., Fuseya T., Tamaya T. Evidence for coupling of phosphotyrosine phosphatase to gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in ovarian carcinoma membrane. Cancer 1996, 77:132-137.
109. i protein in human reproductive tract tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996, 81:3249-3253.
110. Grundker C., Volker P., Gunthert A.R., Emons G. Antiproliferative signaling of LHRH in human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells through G-protein αI-mediated activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase. Endocrinology 2001, 142:2369-2380.
111. Marshall C.J. Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: Transient versus sustained extracellular signal regulated kinase activation. Cell 1995, 80:179-185.
112. Grundker C., Volker P., Schulz K.D., Emons G. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist triptorelin and antagonist cetrorelix inhibit EGF-induced c-fos expression in human gynecological cancers. Gynecol. Oncol. 2000, 78:194-202.
113. Shaulian E., Karin M. AP-1 as a regulator of cell life and death. (Review). Nat. Cell Biol. 2002, 4:E131-E136.
114. Takagi H., Imai A., Furui T., Horibe S., Fuseya T., Tamaya T. Evidence for tight coupling of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors to phosphatidylinositol kinase in plasma membrane from ovarian carcinomas. Gynecol. Oncol. 1995, 58:110-115.
115. Olson T.A., Mohanraj D., Ramakrisknan S. The selective inhibition of vascular permeability factor (VPF) expression in ovarian carcinoma cell lines by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonist. Int. J. Oncol. 1995, 6:905-910.
116. Imai A., Furui T., Tamaya T., Mills G.B. A gonadotropin-releasing hormone-responsive phosphatase hydrolyses lysophosphatidic acid within the plasma membrane of ovarian cancer cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85:3370-3375.
117. Xu Y., Fang X.J., Casey G., Mills G.B. Lysophospholipids activate ovarian and breast cancer cells. Biochem. J. 1995, 309:933-940.
118. Shirahige Y., Cook C., Pinski J., Halmos G., Nair R., Schally A.V. Treatment with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist SB-75 decreases levels of epidermal growth factor receptor and its mRNA in OV-1063 human epithelial ovarian cancer xenografts in nude mice. Int. J. Oncol. 1994, 5:1031-1035.
119. Tang X., Yano T., Osuga Y., Matsumi H., Yano N., Xu J., Wada O., Koga K., Kugu K., Tsutsumi O., Schally A.V., Taketani Y. Cellular mechanisms of growth inhibition of human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line by LH-releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:3721-3727.
120. Emons G., Schroder B., Ortmann O., Westphalen S., Schulz K.D., Schally A.V. High affinity binding and direct antiproliferative effects of LHRH analogs in human endometrial cancer cell lines. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1993, 77:1458-1464.
121. Grundker C., Gunthert A.R., Millar R.P., Emons G. Expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone II (Gn-RH-II) receptor in human endometrial and ovarian cells and effects of Gn-RH-II on tumor cell proliferation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:1427-1430.
122. Volker P., Grundker C., Schmidt O., Schulz K.D., Emons G. Expression of receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in human ovarian and endometrial cancers: Frequency, autoregulation and correlation with direct antiproliferative activity of LHRH analogues. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2002, 186:171-179.
123. Imai A., Takagi A., Horibe S., Takagi H., Tamaya T. Evidence for tight coupling of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor to stimulated Fas ligand expression in reproductive tract tumors: Possible mechanism for hormonal control of apoptotic cell death. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83:427-431.
124. Imai A., Horibe S., Takagi A., Ohno T., Tamaya T. Frequent expression of Fas in gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor-bearing tumors. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 1997, 74:73-78.
125. Grundker C., Schulz K., Gunthert A.R., Emons G. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone induces nuclear factor κB-activation and inhibits apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 85:3815-3820.
126. Ghosh S., May M.J., Kopp E.B. NF-kappa B and Rel proteins: Evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1998, 16:225-260.
127. Chu Z.L., McKinsey T.A., Liu L., Gentry J.J., Malim M.H., Ballard D.W. Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-induced cell death by inhibitor of apoptosis c-IAP2 is under NF-kappaB control. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:10057-10062.
128. You M., Ku P.T., Hrdlickova R., Bose H.R. ch-IAP1, a member of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein family, is a mediator of the antiapoptotic activity of the v-Rel oncoprotein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1997, 17:7328-7341.
129. Zong W.X., Edelstein L.C., Chen C., Bash J., Gelinas C. The prosurvival Bcl-2 homolog Bfl-1/A1 is a direct transcriptional target of NF-kappaB that blocks TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. Genes Dev. 1999, 13:382-387.
130. Wang C.Y., Mayo M.W., Korneluk R.G., Goeddel D.V., Baldwin A.S. NF-kappaB antiapoptosis: Induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation. Science 1998, 281:1680-1683.
131. Kreuz S., Siegmund D., Scheurich P., Wajant H. NF-kappaB inducers upregulates cFLIP, a cycloheximide-sensitive inhibitor of death receptor signaling. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001, 21:3964-3973.
132. Yano T., Yano N., Matsumi H., Morita Y., Tsutsumi O, Schally A.V., Taketani Y. Effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs on the rat ovarian follicle development. Horm. Res. 1997, 48(Suppl):35-41.
133. Papadopoulos V., Dharmarajan A.M., Li H., Culty M., Lemay M., Sridaran R. Mitochondrial peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor expression. Correlation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonist-induced apoptosis in the corpus luteum. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1999, 58:1389-1393.
134. Millar R., Conklin D., Lofton-Day C., Hutchinson E., Toskie B., Illing N., Sealfon S.C., Hapgood J. A novel human Gn-RH receptor homolog gene: Abundant and wide tissue distribution of the antisense transcript. J. Endocrinol. 1999, 162:117-126.
135. Conklin D.C., Rixon M.W., Kuestner R.E., Maurer M.F., Whitmore T.E., Millar R.P. Cloning and gene expression of a novel human ribonucleoprotein. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 2000, 1492:465-469.
136. Neill J.D. Minireview: Gn-RH and Gn-RH receptor genes in the human genome. Endocrinology 2002, 143:737-743.
137. Lumpkin M.D., Moltz J.H., Yu W.H., Samson W.K., McCann S.M. Purification of FSH-releasing factor: Its dissimilarity from LHRH of mammalian, avian, and piscian origin. Brain Res. Bull. 1987, 18:175-178.
138. Padmanabhan V., McNeilly A.S. Is there an FSH-releasing factor? (Review). Reproduction 2001, 121:21-30.
139. Yu W.H., Karanth S., Walczewska A., Sower S.A., McCann S.M. A hypothalamic follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing decapeptide in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:9499-9503.
140. Yu W.H., Karanth S., Sower S.A., Parlow A.F., McCann S.M. The similarity of FSH-releasing factor to lamprey gonadotropin-releasing hormone III (1-Gn-RH-III). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 2000, 224:89-92.
141. Millar R.P., Milton R.C., Follet B.K., King J.A. Receptor binding and gonadotropin-releasing hormone ([His5, Trp7, Tyr8]Gn-RH) and a D-Arg6 analog. Endocrinology 1986, 119:224-231.
142. Blomenrohr M., Heding A., Sellar R., Leurs R., Bogerd J., Eidne K.A., Willars G.B. Pivotal role for the cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal tail of a nonmammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor in cell surface expression, ligand binding, and receptor phosphorylation and internalization. Mol. Pharmacol. 1999, 56:1229-1237.
143. Ling K., Wang P., Zhao J., Wu Y-L., Cheng Z-J., Ubi G.X., Hu W., Ma L., Pei G. Five-transmembrane domains appear sufficient for a G protein-coupled receptor: Functional five-transmembrane domain chemokine receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:7922-7927.