Rethinking smallpox

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 39, Issue 11, 2004, Pages 1668-1673

  Weiss, Martin M ^a,b   Weiss, Peter D ^b   Mathisen, Glenn ^b,c   Guze, Phyllis ^a,b  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c OLIVE VIEW UCLA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIDOFOVIR; METISAZONE; SMALLPOX VACCINE;

AEROSOL; ALASTRIM; BIOENGINEERING; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; ECZEMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; EPIDEMIC; FACE MASK; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PERICARDITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMALLPOX; SMALLPOX VIRUS; VACCINATION; VACCINIA; VIRUS INFECTIVITY; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; HUMANS; SMALLPOX; SMALLPOX VACCINE;

EID: 9644255882     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/425745     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine. Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's smallpox vaccination program implementation: letter report #4. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003.
2. Pennington H. Smallpox and bioterrorism. Bull World Health Organ 2003; 81:762-7. Available at: http://www.SciELO.org.
3. Lane JM, Goldstein J. Evaluation of 21st-century risks of smallpox vaccination and policy options. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:488-93.
4. Rosenstock L. Smallpox vaccine policy is bad science. Los Angeles Times. 29 December 2002:M5
5. Wang F. Smallpox, vaccinia and other poxviruses. In: Braunwald E, Fauci A, Kasper D, et al., eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 15th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2001:115-6.
6. Fauci A. Bio-terrorism, NIH-CDC grand rounds, 10-31-01 [broadcast]. CSPAN2. 31 October 2001.
7. Wade N. US hunting antiviral drug to use in case of smallpox. New York Times. 23 November 2001:B6.
8. Gottlieb S. Ammo for the war on germs. Wall Street Journal. 19 October 2001:A16.
9. Kern E. In vitro activity of potential anti-poxvirus agents. Antivir Res 2003; 57:35-40.
10. Jackson RJ, Ramsay AJ, Christensen CD, et al. Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox. J Virol 2001; 75:1205-10.
11. Smith GL, McFadden G. Smallpox: anything to declare? Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2:521-7.
12. Mack TA. A different view of smallpox and vaccination. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:460-3.
13. Fenner F, Henderson D, Arita I, Jezek Z, Ladnyi I. Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988. Available at: http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/smallpox/Smallpoxeradication.html. Accessed 7 June 2004.
14. Dixon CW. Smallpox. London: JA Churchill, 1962.
15. Gelfand HM, Posch J. The recent outbreak of smallpox in Meschede, West Germany. Am J Epidemiol 1971; 93:234-7.
16. Preston R. The demon in the freezer. New York: Random House, 2002.
17. Downie AW, Meiklejohn M, St Vincent L, et al. The recovery of smallpox virus from patients and their environment in a smallpox hospital. Bull World Health Organ 1965; 33:615-22.
18. Gani R, Leach S. Transmission potential of smallpox in contemporary populations. Nature 2001; 414:748-51.
19. McClain DJ. Smallpox. In: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. Virtual naval hospital. Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Available at: http://www.vnh.org/ MedAspChemBioWar/. May 1997. Accessed 28 May 2003.
20. Breman JG, Henderson DA. Diagnosis and management of smallpox. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1300-8.
21. Henderson DH, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JC. Smallpox as a biological weapon. JAMA 1999; 281:2127-37.
22. Grabenstein JD, Winkewerder W. US military smallpox vaccination program experience. JAMA 2003; 289:3278-82.
23. Department of Defense Smallpox Vaccination Program. Smallpox vaccination safety summary. 14 October 2004. Available at: http://www.smallpox.mil/event/ SPSafetySum.asp. Accessed 27 October 2004.
24. Halsell JS, Riddle JR, Atwood JE, et al. Myocarditis following smallpox vaccination among vaccinia-naive US military personnel. JAMA 2003; 289:3283-9.
25. Eckart RE, Love SS, Atwood JE, et al. Incidence and follow-up of inflammatory cardiac complications with smallpox vaccination. J Am Coll Cardiology 2004; 44:201-5.
26. Update: cardiac-related events during the civilian smallpox vaccination program-United States 2003. JAMA 2003; 290:31-4.
27. Poland GA, Neff JM. Smallpox vaccine: problems and prospects. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2003; 23:731-43.
28. Enserunk M. Smallpox vaccine: looking beyond the next generation. Science 2004; 304:809.
29. Kemper AR, Davis MM, Freed GL. Expected adverse events in a mass smallpox vaccination campaign. Eff Clin Prac 2002; 5:84-90.
30. Bicknell WJ. The case for voluntary smallpox vaccination. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1323-5.
31. Mack T. Smallpox and smallpox vaccination [letter]. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1920-5.
32. Sommer A. The 1972 smallpox outbreak in Khulna Municipality, Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol 1974; 99:303-13.
33. Mortimer PP. Can postexposure vaccination against smallpox succeed? Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:622.
34. Bricknell WJ, James K. Smallpox vaccination after a bioterrorism-based exposure. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:467.
35. Bozzette SA, Boer R, Bhatnagar V, et al. A model for smallpox-vaccination policy. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:416-25.
36. Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Hansen SG, et al. Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nature Med 2003; 9:1131-7.
37. Hopkins DR. The greatest killer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
38. Mack T. Smallpox in Europe, 1950-1971. J Infect Dis 1972; 125:161-9.
39. Mayhew CJ, Hahon N. Assessment of aerosol mixtures of different viruses. Appl Microbiol 1970; 20:313-6.
40. Henderson DA. The looming threat of bioterrorism. Science 1999; 283:1279-82.
41. Cohen J, Enserink M. Rough and tumble behind Bush's smallpox policy. Science 2002; 298:2312.
42. De Clerq E. Cidofovir in the treatment of poxvirus infections. Antiviral Res 2002; 55:1-13.
43. Bray M, Martinez M, Smee D, et al. Cidofovir protects mice against lethal aerosol or intranasal cowpox virus challenge. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:10-9.
44. Bray M, Martinez M, Kefauver D, et al. Treatment of aerosolized cowpox virus infection in mice with aerosolized cidofovir. Antiviral Res 2002; 54:129-42.
45. De Clerq E. Cidofovir in the therapy and short term prophlyaxis of poxvirus infections. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002; 23:456-8.
46. Morris K. Oral drug and old vaccine renew smallpox bioterror debate. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2:262.
47. Bauer DJ, St Vincent L, Kempe CH, et al. Prophylactic treatment of smallpox contacts with n-methylisatin b-thiosemicarbazone. Lancet 1963; 2:494-6.
48. Bauer DJ, St Vincent L, Kempe C, et al. Prophylaxis of smallpox with methisazone. Am J Epidemiol 1969; 90:130-45.
49. Fenner F, Henderson D, Arita I, Jezek Z, Ladnyi ID. Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988. Available at: http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/smallpox/Smallpoxeradication.html. Accessed 27 June 2004.
50. Heiner CG, Fatima N, Russel PK, et al. Field trial of methisazone as a prophylactic agent against smallpox. Am J Epidemiol 1971; 94:435-49.
51. Ray CG. Smallpox vaccinia and cowpox. In: Thorn GW, Adams RD, Braunwald E, eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 8th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1977:1017-20.
52. Sepkowitz K. Smallpox and smallpox vaccination [letter]. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1923.
53. Henderson DA. The research agenda utilizing variola virus: a public health perspective. 1999. Available at: http://www.cojoweb.com/Biodefense4.html. Accessed 4 March 2003.
54. DoValle LAR, De Melo PR, De Salles Gomes LF, et al. Methisazone in prevention of variola minor among contacts. Lancet 1965; 2:976-8.
55. Harvey S. Antiviral agents. In: Osol A, ed. Remington's pharmaceutical services. 16th ed. Easton, PA: Mack Publishing Company, 1980:1177-8.
56. Lange JH. Is the N95 respirator appropriate for occupational protection against SARS? eCMAJ. 30 May 2003. Available at: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/eletters/ 168/11/1432. Accessed 22 June 2004.
57. Seto WH, Tsang D, Yung RWH, et al. Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Lancet 2003; 361:1519-20.
58. Loeb M, McGeer A, Henry B. SARS among critical care nurses, Toronto. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:251-5.
59. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases among protected health-care workers-Toronto, Canada, April 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52:433-6.
60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim domestic guidance on the use of respirators to prevent transmission of SARS. 6 May 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/respirators.htm. Accessed 22 June 2004.
61. Madjid M, Lillibridge S, Parsa M, et al. Influenza as a bioweapon. J R Soc Med 2003; 96:345-6.
62. Couzin J. Active poliovirus baked from scratch. Science 2002; 297:174-5.
63. Block SM. A not-so-cheap stunt. Science 2002; 297:769.