The Power to Protect: Trade, Health and Uncertainty in the WTO

The Power to Protect: Trade, Health and Uncertainty in the WTO

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-258

  Button, Catherine ^a  

^a Minter Ellison   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85204014297     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (243)

1. AMAN AC and WT MAYTON Administrative Law (West Publishing Co St Paul 1993).
2. ANGELL M Science on Trial: The Clash of Medical Evidence and the Law in the Breast Implant Case (WW Norton & Co New York 1996).
3. ATIK J ‘Science and International Regulatory Convergence’ (1996–7) 17 Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business 736.
4. BACCHUS J ‘Table Talk: Around the Table of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization’ (2002) 35 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 1021.
5. BALDWIN R et al A Reader on Regulation (OUP Oxford 1998).
6. BALDWIN R and M CAVE Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy and Practice (OUP Oxford 1999).
7. BALZANO Q and AR SHEPPARD ‘The Influence of the Precautionary Principle on Science-Based Decision-Making: Questionable Applications to Risks of Radiofrequency Fields’ (2002) 5 J Risk Research 351.
8. BARFIELD CE Free Trade, Sovereignty, Democracy: The Future of the World Trade Organization (AEI Press Washington DC 2001).
9. BARRETT K and C RAFFENSPERGER ‘Precautionary Science’ in C Raffensperger and JA Tickner (eds) Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle (Island Press Washington DC 1999) 105.
10. BECK U Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (M Ritter (trans) Sage Publications London 1992).
11. BENTLEY P ‘A Re-Assessment of Article XX, Paragraphs (b) and (g), of GATT 1994 in the Light of Growing Consumer and Environmental Concern about Biotechnology’ (2000) 24 Fordham International Law Journal 107.
12. BERMANN GA ‘Regulatory Federalism: European Union and United States’ (1997) 263 Recueil des Cours 9.
13. BHALA R and DA GANTZ ‘WTO Case Review 2001’ (2002) 19 Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 457.
14. BLACK J ‘Proceduralizing Regulation: Part I’ (2000) 20 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 597.
15. BLOCHE MG ‘WTO Deference to National Health Policy: Toward an Interpretive Principle’ (2002) 5 Journal of International Economic Law 825.
16. BODANSKY D ‘The Precautionary Principle in US Environmental Law’ in T O’Riordan and J Cameron (eds) Interpreting the Precautionary Principle (Cameron May London 1994) 203.
17. BOEHMER-CHRISTIANSEN S ‘The Precautionary Principle in Germany—Enabling Government’ in T O’Riordan and J Cameron (eds) Interpreting the Precautionary Principle (Cameron May London 1994) 31.
18. BOHANES J ‘Risk Regulation in WTO Law: A Procedure-Based Approach to the Precautionary Principle’ (2002) 40 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 323.
19. BOURGEOIS JHJ ‘Some Reflections on the WTO Dispute Settlement System from a Practitioner’s Perspective’ (2001) 4 Journal of International Economic Law 145.
20. BRAITHWAITE J and P DRAHOS Global Business Regulation (CUP Cambridge UK 2000) 401.
21. BREYER S Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation (Harvard UP Cambridge MA 1993).
22. BROWN L (ed) The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (4th edn OUP Oxford 1993).
23. DE BURCA G ‘The Principle of Proportionality and its Application in EC Law’ (1993) 13 Yearbook of European Law 105.
24. CAMERON J ‘The Precautionary Principle’ in G Sampson and WB Chambers (eds) Trade, Environment and the Millennium (UN UP Tokyo 1999) 239.
25. CAMERON J ‘The Precautionary Principle in International Law’ in T O’Riordan, A Jordan and J Cameron (eds) Reinterpreting the Precautionary Principle (Cameron May London 2002) 113.
26. CANNON JR and KL BLAND ‘GATT Panels Need Restraining Principles’ (1993) 24 Law and Policy in International Business 1167.
27. CASS RA and JR HARING ‘Domestic Regulation and International Trade: Where’s the Race?’ in DLM Kennedy and JD Southwick (eds) The Political Economy of International Trade Law (CUP Cambridge UK 2002) 111.
28. CHALMERS D ‘ “Food for Thought”: Reconciling European Risks and Traditional Ways of Life’ (2003) 66 Modern Law Review 532.
29. CHANG SW ‘GATTing a Green Trade Barrier: Eco-Labelling and the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade’ (1997) 31(1) Journal of World Trade 137.
30. CHARNOVITZ S ‘The World Trade Organization, Meat Hormones, and Food Safety’ (1997) 14 International Trade Reporter 1781.
31. CHARNOVITZ S ‘Environment and Health Under WTO Dispute Settlement’ (1998) 32 The International Lawyer 901.
32. CHARNOVITZ S ‘Improving the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards’ in GP Sampson and WB Chambers Trade, Environment and the Millennium (UN UP Tokyo 1999) 171.
33. CHARNOVITZ S ‘The Supervision of Health and Biosafety Regulation by the World Trade Rules’ (2000) Tulane Environmental Law Journal 271.
34. CHOI WON-MOG ‘Like Products’ in International Trade Law: Towards a Consistent GATT/WTO Jurisprudence (OUP Oxford 2003).
35. CHRISTOFOROU T ‘Settlement of Science-Based Trade Disputes in the WTO: A Critical Review of the Developing Case Law in the Face of Scientific Uncertainty’ (2000) 8 New York University Environmental Law Journal 622.
36. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION Statements of Principle Concerning the Role of Science in the Codex Decision-Making Process and the Extent to Which Other Factors Are Taken into Account (Decision of the 21st Session of the Commission 1995 ALINORM 95/37).
37. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION Statements of Principle Relating to the Role of Food Safety Risk Assessment (Decision of the 22nd Session of the Commission 1997 ALINORM 97/37).
38. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION US Government Submission to the Committee on General Principles of the CAC for the Committee’s April 10–14, 2000 meeting (available at ).
39. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION Criteria for the Consideration of the Other Factors Referred to in the Second Statement of Principle (Decision of the 24th Session of the Commission 2001 ALINORM 01/41).
40. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION Report (24th Session 2001 ALINORM 01/41).
41. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION Procedural Manual (13th edn FAO/WHO Rome 2003).
42. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION Working Principles for Risk Analysis in the Framework of the Codex Alimentarius (36th Session 2003 ALINORM 03/041).
43. CODEX COMMITTEE ON GENERAL PRINCIPLES Proposed Draft Working Principles for Risk Analysis (Report of the 17th Session 2002 ALINORM 03/33).
44. CODEX COMMITTEE ON GENERAL PRINCIPLES Report (17th Session 2002 ALINORM 03/33).
45. CODEX COMMITTEE ON GENERAL PRINCIPLES Report (18th Session 2003 ALINORM 03/33A).
46. COTTIER T and PC MAVROIDIS ‘Regulatory Barriers and the Principle of NonDiscrimination in WTO Law: An Overview’ in T Cottier and PC Mavroidis (eds) Regulatory Barriers and the Principles of Non-Discrimination in World Trade Law (U Michigan P Ann Arbor 2000) 3.
47. COVELLO VT et al ‘Guidelines for Communicating Information about Chemical Risks Effectively and Responsibly’ in DG Mayo and RD Hollander (eds) Acceptable Evidence: Science and Risk Values in Risk Management (OUP Oxford 1991) 66.
48. CRAIG P Administrative Law (4th edn Sweet & Maxwell London 1999).
49. CRAWFORD-BROWN D, J PAUWELYN and K SMITH ‘Environmental Risk, Precaution and Scientific Rationality in the Context of WTO/NAFTA Trade Rules’ (forthcoming in Risk Analysis, draft on file).
50. CROLEY SP and JH JACKSON ‘WTO Dispute Procedures, Standard of Review, and Deference to National Governments’ (1996) American Journal of International Law 193.
51. CROMER J ‘Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: What They Could Mean for Health and Safety Regulations Under GATT’ (1995) 36 Harvard International Law Review 557.
52. CROOME J Reshaping the World Trading System: A History of the Uruguay Round (2nd edn WTO Geneva 1999).
53. CROSS FB ‘Paradoxical Perils of the Precautionary Principle’ (1996) 53 Washington and Lee Law Review 851.
54. DAVEY WJ ‘ “Has the WTO Dispute Settlement System Exceeded Its Authority”’ in T Cottier and PC Mavroidis The Role of the Judge in International Trade Regulation: Experience and Lessons for the WTO (U Mich P Ann Arbor 2003) 43.
55. DESMEDT GA ‘Hormones: “Objective Assessment” and (or as) Standard of Review’ (1998) 1 Journal of International Economic Law 695.
56. DESMEDT A ‘Proportionality in WTO Law’ (2001) 4 Journal of International Economic Law 441.
57. VAN DIJK P and GJH VAN HOOF Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights (3rd edn Kluwer Law International The Hague 1998).
58. DURODIÉ B ‘Plastic Panics: European Risk Regulation in the Aftermath of BSE’ in J Morris (ed) Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle (ButterworthHeinemann Oxford 2000) 140.
59. ECHOLS M Food Safety and the WTO: The Interplay of Culture, Science and Technology (Kluwer Law International The Hague 2001).
60. ELY JH Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review (Harvard UP Cambridge MA 1980).
61. ESTY DC Greening the GATT: Trade, Environment, and the Future (Institute for International Economics Washington DC 1994).
62. EC—Comments from the European Commission Services to the Codex Secretariat (available at ‘europa.int/comm/food/fs/ifsi/eupositions/ccgp/ccgp01_en.html’).
63. EC—Response from the European Commission to Comments Submitted by WTO Members under Either or Both G/TBT/N/EEC/6 and G/SPS/N/EEC/149 (G/SPS/GEN/337, G/TBT/W/179 26 July 2002).
64. EUROPEAN COMMISSION Communication from the Commission on the Precautionary Principle (G/SPS/GEN/168 14 March 2000) (COM/2000/0001).
65. EUROPEAN COMMISSION Final Report on Setting the Scientific Framework for the Inclusion of New Quality of Life Concerns in the Risk Assessment Process (adopted by the Scientific Steering Committee 10–11 April 2003).
66. EUROPEAN COMMISSION The Future of Risk Assessment in the European Union: Second Report on the Harmonisation of Risk Assessment Procedures (adopted by the Scientific Steering Committee 10–11 April 2003).
67. EUROPEAN COMMISSION White Paper on Food Safety COM (1999) 719 final.
68. EUROPEAN COUNCIL Presidency Conclusions: Nice European Council Meeting (SN 400/00 December 2000).
69. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Resolution on the Commission Communication on the Precautionary Principle (A5–0352/2000 December 2000).
70. JOINT FAO/WHO EXPERT CONSULTATION Application of Risk Analysis to Food Standards Issues (WHO/FNU/FOS/95.3 Geneva 1995).
71. JOINT FAO/WHO CONSULTATION Risk Management and Food Safety (FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 65 Rome 1997).
72. FARBER DA ‘The Case Against Clarity’ in DLM Kennedy and JD Southwick (eds) The Political Economy of International Trade Law (CUP Cambridge UK 2002) 575.
73. FARBER DA and RE HUDEC ‘Free Trade and the Regulatory State: A GATT’s-Eye View of the Dormant Commerce Clause’ (1994) 47 Vanderbilt Law Review 1401.
74. FARBER DA and RE HUDEC ‘GATT Legal Restraints on Domestic Environmental Regulations’ in J Bhagwati and RE Hudec (eds) Fair Trade and Harmonization (Vol 2 MIT Press Cambridge MA 1996) 59.
75. FIDLER DP International Law and Infectious Diseases (OUP Oxford 1999).
76. FISHER E ‘Drowning by Numbers: Standard Setting in Risk Regulation and the Pursuit of Accountable Public Administration’ (2000) 20 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 109.
77. FISHER E ‘Is the Precautionary Principle Justiciable?’ (2001) 13 Journal of Environmental Law 315.
78. FISHER E and R HARDING ‘The Precautionary Principle in Australia: From Aspiration to Practice?’ in T O’Riordan, A Jordan and J Cameron (eds) Reinterpreting the Precautionary Principle (Cameron May London 2002) 215.
79. FRAIBERG JD and MJ TREBILCOCK ‘Risk Regulation: Technocratic and Democratic Tools for Regulatory Reform’ (1998) 43 McGill Law Journal 835.
80. FRANCK TM Fairness in International Law (Clarendon Press Oxford 1995).
81. GARVEY JH and TA ALEINIKOFF Modern Constitutional Theory: A Reader (3rd edn West Publishing St Paul 1994).
82. GATT Analytical Index: Guide to GATT Law and Practice (6th edn GATT Geneva 1994).
83. GOMULA J ‘The Standard of Review of Article 17.6 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement and the Problem of its Extension to other WTO Agreements’ in P Mengozzi (ed) International Trade Law on the 50th Anniversary of the Multilateral Trade System (A Giuffrè Editore Milano 1999) 577.
84. GRAHAM JD and S HSIA ‘Europe’s Precautionary Principle: Promise and Pitfalls’ (2002) 5 Journal of Risk Research 371.
85. HELFER LR ‘Consensus, Coherence and the European Convention on Human Rights’ (1993) 26 Cornell International Law Journal 133.
86. HELFER LR and AM SLAUGHTER ‘Toward a Theory of Effective Supranational Adjudication’ (1997) 107 Yale Law Journal 273.
87. HENKEL C ‘The Allocation of Powers in the EU: A Closer Look at the Principle of Subsidiarity’ (2002) 20 Berkeley Journal of International Law 359.
88. HORLICK GN and PA CLARKE ‘Standards for Panels Reviewing Anti-Dumping Determinations under the GATT and WTO’ in EU Petersmann (ed) International /Trade Law and the GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System (Kluwer London 1997) 318.
89. VAN HOUTTE H ‘Health and Safety Regulations in International Trade’ in P Sarcevic and H van Houtte (eds) Legal Issues in International Trade (Graham & Trotman London 1990) 128.
90. HOWSE R ‘Adjudicative Legitimacy and Treaty Interpretation in International Trade Law: The Early Years of WTO Jurisprudence’ in JHH Weiler (ed) The EU, the WTO and the NAFTA (OUP Oxford 2000) 35.
91. HOWSE R ‘Democracy, Science, and Free Trade: Risk Regulation on Trial at the World Trade Organization’ (2000) 98 Michigan Law Review 2329.
92. HOWSE R ‘Managing the Interface Between International Trade Law and the Regulatory State: What Lessons Should (and Should Not) be Drawn from the Jurisprudence of the United States Dormant Commerce Clause’ in T Cottier and PC Mavroidis (eds) Regulatory Barriers and the Principles of Non-Discrimination in World Trade Law (U Michigan P Ann Arbor 2000) 139.
93. HOWSE R and D REGAN ‘The Product/Process Distinction—An Illusory Basis for Disciplining “Unilateralism” in Trade Policy’ (2000) 11 European Journal of International Law 249.
94. HOWSE R and E TUERK ‘The WTO Impact on Internal Regulations—A Case Study of the Canada–EC Asbestos Dispute’ in G de Búrca and J Scott (eds) The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues (Hart Publishing Oxford 2001) 283.
95. HUDEC RE Adjudication of International Trade Disputes (Trade Policy Research Centre London 1978).
96. HUDEC RE ‘“Like Product”: The Differences in GATT Articles I and III’ in T Cottier and PC Mavroidis (eds) Regulatory Barriers and the Principles of NonDiscrimination in World Trade Law (U Michigan P Ann Arbor 2000) 101.
97. HUDEC R ‘GATT/WTO Constraints on Natinoal Regulation: Requiem for an “Aim and Effects” Test’ (1998) 32 International Lawyer 619.
98. HUNT J ‘The Social Construction of Precaution’ in T O’Riordan and J Cameron (eds) Interpreting the Precautionary Principle (Cameron May London 1994) 117.
99. JACKSON JH The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations (2nd edn MIT Press Cambridge MA 1997).
100. JACKSON JH ‘The Birth of the GATT–MTN System: A Constitutional Appraisal’ in JH Jackson The Jurisprudence of GATT and the WTO (CUP Cambridge UK 2000) 34.
101. JACKSON JH ‘Dispute Settlement and the WTO: Emerging Problems’ in WTO Secretariat From GATT to the WTO: The Multilateral Trading System in the New Millennium (Kluwer Law International The Hague 2000) 67.
102. JACKSON JH ‘The Great 1994 Sovereignty Debate: United States Acceptance and Implementation of the Uruguay Round Results’ in JH Jackson The Jurisprudence of GATT and the WTO (CUP Cambridge UK 2000) 367.
103. JACKSON JH ‘The Legal Meaning of a GATT Dispute Settlement Report: Some Reflections’ in JH Jackson The Jurisprudence of GATT and the WTO (CUP Cambridge UK 2000) 118.
104. JACKSON JH ‘World Trade Rules and Environmental Policies: Congruence or Conflict?’ in JH Jackson The Jurisprudence of GATT and the WTO (CUP Cambridge UK 2000) 414.
105. JACKSON JH ‘Sovereignty, Subsidiarity, and Separation of Powers: the High-Wire Balancing Act of Globalization’ in DLM Kennedy and JD Southwick (eds) The Political Economy of International Trade Law (CUP Cambridge UK 2002) 13.
106. JASANOF S ‘Acceptable Evidence in a Pluralistic Society’ in the DG Mayo and RD Hollander (eds) Acceptable Evidence: Science and Risk Values in Risk Management (OUP Oxford 1991) 29.
107. JHA V ‘Strengthening Developing Countries’ Capacities to Respond to Health, Sanitary and Environmental Requirements: A Scoping Paper for Selected Developing Countries (preliminary draft) (UNCTAD Geneva 2002) (available at ).
108. JOERGENS KJ ‘True Appellate Review Or Only A Two-Stage Process? A Comparative View of the Appellate Body Under the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding’ (1999) 30 Law and Policy in International Business 193.
109. JORDAN A ‘The Precautionary Principle in the European Union’ T O’Riordan, A Jordan and J Cameron (eds) Reinterpreting the Precautionary Principle (Cameron May London 2002) 143.
110. JORDAN A and T O’RIORDAN ‘The Precautionary Principle in Contemporary Environmental Policy and Politics’ in C Raffensperger and JA Tickner (eds) Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle (Island Press Washington DC 1999) 15.
111. KASPERSON R and JX ‘Hidden Hazards’ in DG Mayo and RD Hollander (eds) Acceptable Evidence: Science and Risk Values in Risk Management (OUP Oxford 1991) 9.
112. KATES RW ‘Managing Technological Hazards: Success, Strain, and Surprise’ in National Academy of Engineering Hazards: Technology and Fairness (National Academy Press Washington DC 1985) 206.
113. KELLAR JA ‘The Application of Risk Analysis to International Trade in Animals and Animal Products’ (1993) 12 Scientific and Technical Review (OIE) 1023.
114. KENNEDY D A Critique of Adjudication (Harvard UP Cambridge MA 1997).
115. KLEIN C ‘The Environmental Commerce Clause’ (2003) Harvard Environmental Law Review 1.
116. KURAN T and CR SUNSTEIN ‘Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation’ (1999) Stanford Law Review 683.
117. LATIN H ‘Good Science, Bad Regulation, and Toxic Risk Assessment’ (1988) 5 Yale Journal on Regulation 89.
118. LITTLE G ‘BSE and the Regulation of Risks’ (2001) 64 Modern Law Review 730.
119. LÖFSTEDT RE and D VOGEL ‘The Changing Character of Regulation: A Comparison of Europe and the United States’ (2001) 21 Risk Analysis 399.
120. LONGINO HE Science as Social Knowledge (Princeton UP Princeton 1990).
121. LUCY W Understanding and Explaining Adjudication (OUP Oxford 1999).
122. MACMILLAN F and M BLAKENEY ‘Regulating GMOs: Is the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Hormonally Challenged?’ (Part I) (2000) 6 International Trade Law Regulation 131.
123. MACMILLAN F and M BLAKENEY ‘Regulating GMOs: Is the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Hormonally Challenged?’ (Part II) (2000) 6 International Trade Law and Regulation 161.
124. MADURO MP We, the Court: The European Court of Justice & the European Economic Constitution (Hart Publishing Oxford 1998).
125. MADURO MP ‘Is There Any Such Thing As Free or Fair Trade? A Constitutional Analysis of the Impact of International Trade on the European Social Model’ in G de Búrca and J Scott (eds) The EU and the WTO: Legal and Constitutional Issues (Hart Publishing Oxford 2001) 257.
126. MAHONEY P ‘Universality versus Subsidiarity in the Strasbourg Case Law on Free Speech: Explaining Some Recent Judgments’ [1997] European Human Rights Law Review 364.
127. MAHONEY P ‘Marvellous Richness of Diversity or Invidious Cultural Relativism?’ (1998) 19 Human Rights Law Journal 1
128. MARCEAU G, ‘The Dispute Settlement Rules of the North American Free Trade Agreement: A Thematic Comparison with the Dispute Settlement Rules of the World Trade Organization’ in EU Petersmann (ed) International Trade Law and the GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System (Kluwer London 1997) 487.
129. MARKS MJ and HB MALMGREN ‘Negotiating Nontariff Distortions to Trade’ (1975) 7 Law and Policy in International Business 327.
130. MASHAW JL, RA MERRILL and PM SHANE Administrative Law: The American Public Law System: Cases and Materials (4th edn West Group St Paul 1998).
131. MATHIS JH ‘Mutual Recognition Agreements: Transatlantic Parties and the Limits to Non-tariff Barrier Regionalism in the WTO’ (1998) 32(6) Journal of World Trade 5.
132. MCGARITY TO ‘Some Thoughts on “Deossifying” the Rulemaking Process’ (1992) 41 Duke Law Journal 1385.
133. MCGARITY TO ‘The Courts and the Ossification of Rulemaking: A Response to Professor Seidenfeld’ (1997) 75 Texas Law Review 525.
134. MCGARVIN M ‘Science, Precaution, Facts and Values’ in T O’Riordan, J Cameron and A Jordan (eds) Reinterpreting the Precautionary Principle (Cameron May London 2002) 35.
135. MCNELIS N ‘EU Communication on the Precautionary Principle’ (2000) 13 Journal of International Economic Law 545.
136. MCNELIS N ‘The Role of the Judge in the EU and WTO: Lessons From the BSE and Hormones Cases’ (2001) 4 Journal of International Economic Law 189.
137. MCRAE DM ‘The Contribution of International Trade Law to the Development of International Law’ (1996) 260 Recueil Des Cours 99.
138. MCRAE DM ‘The Emerging Appellate Jurisdiction in International Trade Law’ in J Cameron and K Campbell (eds) Dispute Resolution in the World Trade Organisation (Cameron May London 1998) 98.
139. MCGINNIS JO and ML MOVSESIAN ‘The World Trade Constitution’ (2000) 114 Harvard Law Review 511.
140. MELNICK RS Regulation and the Courts: The Case of the Clean Air Act (Brookings Institution Washington DC 1983).
141. MORRIS J ‘Defining the Precautionary Principle’ in J Morris (ed) Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle (Butterworth-Heinemann Oxford 2000) 1.
142. MORRISON ER ‘Judicial Review of Discount Rates Used in Regulatory Cost-Benefit Analysis’ (1998) 65 University of Chicago Law Review 1333.
143. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process (National Academy Press Washington DC 1983).
144. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (National Academy Press Washington DC 1994).
145. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society (National Academy Press Washington DC 1996).
146. NEUGEBAUER R ‘Fine-Tuning WTO Jurisprudence and the SPS Agreement: Lessons From the Beef Hormones Case’ (2000) 31 Law and Policy in International Business 1255.
147. OECD Overview of National Food Safety Systems and Activities (SG/ADHOC/FS(2000)5/FINAL).
148. OGUS A Regulation: Legal Form and Economic Theory (OUP Oxford 1994).
149. O’RIORDAN T and J CAMERON ‘Editorial Introduction’ in T O’Riordan and J Cameron (eds) Interpreting the Precautionary Principle (Cameron May London 1994) 62.
150. O’RIORDAN T, J CAMERON and A JORDAN ‘The Evolution of the Precautionary Principle’ in T O’Riordan, J Cameron and A Jordan (eds) Reinterpreting the Precautionary Principle (Cameron May London 2002) 9.
151. OTSUKI T, JS WILSON and M SWEADEH A Race to the Top? A Case Study of Food Safety Standards and African Exports (Working Paper no 2563 World Bank Washington DC 2001).
152. OTSUKI T, JS WILSON and M SWEADEH A Race to the Top? A Case Study of Food Safety Standards and African Exports in K Anderson et al (eds) The Economics of Quarantine and the SPS Agreement (Centre for International Economic Studies Adelaide 2001) 287.
153. PALMETER D ‘International Trade Law in the Twenty-First Century’ (1995) 18 Fordham International Law Journal 1653.
154. PALMETER D and GJ SPAK ‘Resolving Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Disputes: Defining GATT’s Role in an Era of Increasing Conflict’ (1993) 24 Law and Policy in International Business 1145.
155. PAUWELYN J ‘Does the WTO Stand for “Deference to” or “Interference with” National Health Authorities When Applying the Agreement on Santiary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement)?’ in T Cottier and PC Mavroidis The Role of the Judge in International Trade Regulation: Experience and Lessons for the WTO (U Mich P Ann Arbor 2003) 175.
156. PAUWELYN J ‘Evidence Proof and Persuasion in WTO Dispute Settlement: Who Bears the Burden?’ (1998) 1 Journal of International Economic Law 227.
157. PAUWELYN J ‘The Use of Experts in WTO Dispute Settlement’ (2002) 51 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 325.
158. PETERSMANN EU The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System: International Law, International Organizations and Dispute Settlement (Kluwer London 1997).
159. PETZOLD H ‘The Convention and the Principle of Subsidiarity’ in RStJ Macdonald, F Matscher and H Petzold (eds) The European System for the Protection of Human Rights (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Dordrecht 1993) 41.
160. PIERCE RJ ‘Judicial Review: Rulemaking and the Administrative Procedure Act’ (1996) 32 Tulsa Law Journal 185.
161. PORTER TM Trust in the Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton UP Princeton 1995).
162. QUICK R and C LAU ‘Environmentally Motivated Tax Distinctions and WTO Law’ (2003) 6 Journal of International Economic Law 419.
163. QURESHI AH ‘The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the WTO—Co-existence or Incoherence?’ (2000) 49 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 835.
164. RAY EJ ‘The Political Economy of International Trade Law and Policy: Changing Patterns of Protectionism: The Fall in Tariffs and the Rise in Non-Tariff Barriers’ (1987) 8 Journal of International Law and Business 285.
165. REGAN DH ‘The Supreme Court and State Protectionism: Making Sense of the Dormant Commerce Clause’ (1986) 84 Michigan Law Review 1091.
166. REGAN DH ‘Judicial Review and Member-State Regulation of Trade within a Federal or Quasi-Federal System: Protectionism and Balancing, Da Capo’ (2001) 99 Michigan Law Review 1853.
167. REGAN DH ‘Regulatory Purpose and “Like Products” in Article III:4 of GATT (With Additional Remarks on Article III:2’ (2002) 36 Journal of World Trade 443.
168. REGAN DH ‘The Dormant Commerce Clause and the Hormones Problem’ in T Cottier and PC Mavroidis The Role of the Judge in International Trade Regulation: Experience and Lessons for the WTO (U Mich P Ann Arbor 2003) 91.
169. REID TR ‘What’s Eating the Europeans? Killer Cornflakes’ International Herald Tribune (London) 2 March 2001, 1.
170. RUESSMANN LA ‘Putting the Precautionary Principle in its Place’ (2002) 17 American University International Law Review 905.
171. SAFRIN S ‘Treaties in Collision? The Biosafety Protocol and the World Trade Organization Agreements’ (2002) 96 American Journal of International Law 606.
172. SALMON N ‘A European Perspective on the Precautionary Principle, Food Safety and the Free Trade Imperative of the WTO’ (2002) 27 European Law Review 138.
173. SANTILLO D et al ‘The Precautionary Principle in Practice: A Mandate for Anticipatory Preventative Action’ in C Raffensperger and JA Tickner (eds) Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle (Island Press Washington DC 1999) 36.
174. SASSEN S Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (Columbia UP New York 1996).
175. SCALIA A ‘Judicial Deference to Administrative Interpretations of Law’ [1989] Duke Law Journal 511.
176. SCHOKKENBROEK J ‘The Basis, Nature and Application of the Margin-ofAppreciation Doctrine in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights’ (1998) 19 Human Rights Law Journal 30.
177. SCHUH GE ‘Developing Country Interests in WTO Agricultural Policy’ in DLM Kennedy and JD Southwick The Political Economy of International Trade Law (CUP Cambridge UK 2002) 435.
178. SCHWARZE J European Administrative Law (Sweet & Maxwell London 1992).
179. SCOTT C ‘Accountability in the Regulatory State’ (2000) 27 Journal of Law and Society 38.
180. SCOTT J ‘On Kith, Kine (and Crustaceans): Trade and Environment in the EU and WTO’ in JHH Weiler The EU, the WTO, and the NAFTA: Towards a Common Law of International Trade? (OUP Oxford 2000) 125.
181. SCOTT J ‘European Regulation of GMOs in the WTO’ (2003) 9 Columbia Journal of European Law 213.
182. SCOTT J and E VOS ‘The Juridification of Uncertainty: Observations on the Ambivalence of the Precautionary Principle within the EU and the WTO’ in C Joerges and R Dehousse Good Governance in Europe’s Integrated Market (OUP Oxford 2002) 25.
183. SEIDENFELD M ‘Demystifying Deossification: Rethinking Recent Proposals to Modify Judicial Review of Notice and Comment Rulemaking’ (1997) 75 Texas Law Review 483.
184. SHAFFER GC ‘“If Only We Were Elephants”: The Political Economy of the WTO’s Treatment of Trade and Environment Matters’ in DLM Kennedy and JD Southwick (eds) The Political Economy of International Trade Law (CUP Cambridge UK 2002) 349.
185. SHAPIRO M Integrating Scientific Expertise into Regulatory Decision-Making: The Frontiers of Science Doctrine: American Experiences with the Judicial Control of Science-Based Decision-Making (EUI Working Paper No 96/11 EUI Florence 1996).
186. SHAPIRO M Who Guards the Guardians? Judicial Control of Administration (Georgia University Press Athens 1988).
187. SHAPIRO RA and WW BUZBEE ‘Unidimensional Federalism: Power and Perspective in Commerce Clause Adjudication’ (2003) 88 Cornell Law Review 1199.
188. SHAPIRO SA and RE LEVIN ‘Judicial Incentives and Indeterminacy in Substantive Review of Administrative Decisions’ (1995) 44 Duke Law Journal 1051.
189. SHAW S and R SCHWARTZ ‘Trade and Environment in the WTO: State of Play’ (2000) 36 Journal of World Trade 129.
190. SHOYER AW and EM SOLOVY ‘The Process and Procedure of Litigating at the World Trade Organization: A Review of the Work of the Appellate Body Panels’ (2000) 31 Law and Policy in International Business 677.
191. SHRADER-FRECHETTE KS Risk and Rationality: Philosophical Foundations for Populist Reforms (U California Press Berkeley 1991).
192. SLOVIC P ‘Beyond Numbers: A Broader Perspective on Risk Perception and Risk Communication’ in DG Mayo and RD Hollander (eds) Acceptable Evidence: Science and Risk Values in Risk Management (OUP Oxford 1991) 48.
193. SLYNN G ‘The Concept of the Free Movement of Goods and the Reservation for National Action under Article 36 EEC Treaty’ in J Schwarze (ed) Discretionary Powers of the Member States in the Field of Economic Policies and Their Limits under the EEC Treaty (Nomos Baden-Baden 1988) 17.
194. SMITS D and S ZABROSKI ‘Trade and Genetically Modified Foods: GMOs: Chumps or Champs of International Trade?’ (2001) 1 Asper Review of International Business & Trade 111.
195. SOUTH CENTRE WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Issues for Developing Countries (South Centre Geneva 1999).
196. STEWART TP and AA KARPEL ‘Review of the Dispute Settlement Understanding: Operation of Panels’ (2000) 31 Law and Policy in International Business 593.
197. STEWART RB ‘International Trade and Environment: Lessons from the Federal Experience’ (1992) 49 Washington and Lee Law Review 1329.
198. STEWART RB ‘Environmental Regulatory Decisionmaking under Uncertainty’ (preliminary discussion draft) (UCL Symposium on the Law & Economics of Environmental Policy 2001) (available at on 16August 2002).
199. STILWELL M and B VAN DYKE ‘An Activist’s Handbook on Genetically Modified Organisms and the WTO’ (Consumer’s Choice Council 1999, available at .
200. STIRLING A On Science and Precaution in the Management of Technological Risk (Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Seville 1999).
201. STIRLING A ‘The Precautionary Principle in Science and Technology’ in T O’Riordan, J Cameron and A Jordan (eds) Reinterpreting the Precautionary Principle (Cameron May London 2002) 61.
202. SUNSTEIN C After the Rights Revolution: Reconceiving the Regulatory State (Harvard UP Cambridge MA 1990).
203. SUNSTEIN CR ‘Beyond the Precautionary Principle’ (preliminary draft) (John M Olin Law & Economics Working Paper No 149 Chicago 2002).
204. SUNSTEIN CR and R PILDES ‘Experts, Economists, and Democrats’ in CR Sunstein Free Markets and Social Justice (OUP New York 1997) 128.
205. SUPPERSTONE M QC and J COPPEL ‘Judicial Review after the Human Rights Act’ [1999] European Human Rights Law Review 301.
206. SYKES AO Product Standards for Internationally Integrated Goods Markets (Brookings Institution Washington DC 1995).
207. SYKES AO ‘Regulatory Protectionism and the Law of International Trade’ (1999) 66 University of Chicago Law Review 1.
208. SYKES AO ‘Exploring the Need for International Harmonization: Domestic Regulation, Sovereignty, and Scientific Evidence Requirements: A Pessimistic View’ (2002) 3 Chicago Journal of International Law 353.
209. TARULLO DK ‘The Hidden Costs of International Dispute Settlement: WTO Review of Domestic Anti-Dumping Decisions’ (2002) 34 Law & Policy in International Business 109.
210. THORN C and M CARLSON ‘The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade’ (2000) 31 Law and Policy in International Business 841.
211. THOMAS RD ‘Where’s the Beef? Mad Cows and the Blight of the SPS Agreement’ (1999) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 487.
212. TICKNER J and C RAFFENSPERGER ‘The American View on the Precautionary Principle’ in T O’Riordan, A Jordan and J Cameron (eds) Reinterpreting the Precautionary Principle (Cameron May London 2002) 183.
213. TREBILCOCK MJ and R HOWSE The Regulation of International Trade (2nd edn Routledge London 1999).
214. TREBILCOCK M and J SOLOWAY ‘International Trade Policy and Domestic Food Safety Regulation: The Case for Substantial Deference by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body under the SPS Agreement’ in DLM Kennedy and JD Southwick (eds) The Political Economy of International Trade Law (CUP Cambridge UK 2002) 537.
215. TRIBE LH American Constitutional Law (Vol 1, 3rd edn Foundation Press New York 2000).
216. TRIDIMAS T The General Principles of EC Law (OUP Oxford 1999).
217. UNITED STATES (1994) 6 US Code Congressional and Administrative News 4040.
218. UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL’S COMMITTEE ON ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE Final Report (1941).
219. US FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION Precaution in US Food Safety Decisionmaking (Annex II to the US’s National Food Safety System Paper submitted to the OECD, SG/ADHOC/FS(2002)5/ANN/FINAL).
220. VERHOOSEL G National Treatment and WTO Dispute Settlement: Adjudicating the Boundaries of Regulatory Autonomy (Hart Publishing Oxford 2002).
221. VOGEL D Ships Passing in the Night: The Changing Politics of Risk Regulation in Europe and the United States (EUI Working Paper 2001/16 Florence 2001).
222. WAGNER JM ‘The WTO’s Interpretation of the SPS Agreement has Undermined the Right of Governments to Establish Appropriate Levels of Protection Against Risk’ (2000) 31 Law and Policy in International Business 855.
223. WALD PM ‘Judicial Review in Midpassage: The Uneasy Partnership Between Courts and Agencies Plays On’ (1996) 32 Tulsa Law Journal 221.
224. WALKER VR ‘Keeping the WTO from Becoming the “World Trans-science Organization”: Scientific Uncertainty, Science Policy, and Factfinding in the Growth Hormones Dispute’ (1998) 31 Cornell International Law Journal 251.
225. WARD H ‘Trade and Environmental Issues in Voluntary Eco-Labelling and Life Cycle Analysis’ (1997) 6(2) Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 139.
226. WEILER JHH ‘The Constitution of the Common Market Place: Text and Context in the Evolution of the Free Movement of Goods’ in P Craig and G de Búrca (eds) The Evolution of EU Law (OUP Oxford 1999) 349.
227. WEILER JHH ‘The Rule of Lawyers and the Ethos of Diplomats: Reflections on WTO Dispute Settlement’ in RB Porter et al (eds) Efficiency, Equity, and Legitimacy: The Multilateral System at the Millennium (Brookings Institution Washington DC 2001) 334.
228. WHO and WTO WTO Agreements and Public Health (WTO/WHO Geneva 2002).
229. WIENER JB and MD ROGERS ‘Comparing Precaution in the United States and Europe’ (2002) 5 Journal of Risk Research 317.
230. WIENER JB ‘Whose Precaution After All? A Comment on the Comparison and Evolution of Risk Regulatory Systems’ (2003) 13 Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 207.
231. WILSON JS and T OTSUKI Global Trade and Food Safety: Winners and Losers in a Fragmented System (Working Paper No 2689 World Bank Washington DC 2001).
232. WIRTH DA ‘The Role of Science in the Uruguay Round and NAFTA Trade Disciplines’ (1994) 27 Cornell International Law Journal 817.
233. WIRTH DA ‘European Communities–Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products’ (1998) 92 American Journal of International Law 755.
234. WTO COMMITTEE ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES Summary of the Meeting Held on 15–16 March 2000 (G/SPS/R/18 18 April 2000).
235. WTO SECRETARIAT Trade Policy Review: Australia (WT/TPR/S/104 26 August 2002).
236. WTO SECRETARIAT Implementation of the Provisions for Review, Future Work or Negotiations in the WTO Agreement and Related Decisions and Declarations (WT/L/271 7 May 1998).
237. WYNNE B ‘Uncertainty and Environmental Learning: Reconceiving Science and Policy in the Preventative Paradigm’ (2000) Global Environmental Change 111.
238. WYNTER M ‘The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures in the Light of the WTO Decisions on EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)’ in P Mengozzi (ed) International Trade Law on the 50th Anniversary of the Multilateral Trade System (A Giuffrè Editore Milano 1999) 471.
239. ZAMPETTI AB and P SAUVÉ ‘New Dimensions of Market Access: An Overview’ in OECD New Dimensions of Market Access in a Globalising World Economy (OECD Paris 1995) 13.
240. ZEDALIS RJ ‘The Environment and the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement: Did the Reformulated Gasoline Panel Miss a Golden Opportunity?’ (1997) 44 Netherlands International Law Review 186.
241. ZELLMER SB ‘The Devil, the Details, and the Dawn of the 21st Century Administrative State: Beyond the New Deal’ (2000) 32 Arizona State Law Journal 941.
242. ZIEGLER AR ‘WTO Rules Supporting Environmental Protection’ in F Weiss, E Denters and P de Waart (eds) International Economic Law with a Human Face (Kluwer Law International The Hague 1998) 203.
243. ZLEPTNIG S ‘The Standard of Review in WTO Law: An Analysis of Law, Legitimacy and the Distribution of Legal and Political Authority’ (2002) 13 European Business Law Review 427.