The cartagena protocol on biosafety and the WTO—Co-existence or incoherence?

International and Comparative Law Quarterly

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 835-855

  Qureshi, Asif H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85016707764     PISSN: 00205893     EISSN: 14716895     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020589300064678     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. World Trade Organization Agreements. For text see WTO, The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, 1994.
2. For general background on biotechnology see for example Hcnk Hobbelink, Biotechnology and the future of world agriculture. Zed Books Ltd. (1991).
3. See for example Art. 3(1) of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. For background material on biotechnology see for example OECD, “Modern Biotechnology and the OECD” (June 1999) available at www.oecd.org.
4. Genes are present in all living organisms, in each of their cells; and contain instructions which gives the organism its particular characteristics. The complete set of instructions in an organism is referred to as genome. See OECD, “Modern Biotechnology and the OECD” at p.4.
5. See OECD, “Modern Biotechnology and the OECD” at p.4.
6. E.g., forests and coastal dunes. See for example K. Bosselmann, “Plants and Politics: The International Legal Regime Concerning Biotechnology and Biodiversity” in Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, Vol. 7, Number 1 (Winter 1996) p.111 at 112.
7. See OECD, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy at p.1.
8. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy.
9. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy.
10. OECD, Observer, 1 Mar. 1999.
11. OECD (June 1999) Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy at p.3.
12. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, at p. 3 referring to a survey by Ernst & Young.
13. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy.
14. OECD, Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy at p.4.
15. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy.
16. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy.
17. See, for example, Donald J. Johnstone OECD Observer (1 Mar. 1999).
18. See WTO, The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. 1994.
19. For a basic overview of the WTO see for example Asif H. Qureshi, World Trade Organization—Implementing International Trade Norms M.U.P (1996)
20. World Trade Organization—Implementing International Trade Norms M.U.P. International Economic Law, Sweet & Maxwell (1999).
21. OECD, International Economic Law. at p.7.
22. 31 I.L.M 818 (1992).
23. Edward Alden, “Greens and free-traders join to cheer GM crop deal” in Financial Times, 31 Jan. 2000.
24. See H. Miller & G. Conko, Financial Times (7 Mar. 2000).
25. See, for example, P. Sands, Principles of international environmental law, M.U.P (1995)at p.386.
26. On the precautionary approach see for example, P. Sands, Principles of international environmental law. MUP (1994) pp.208–213.
27. See also the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992 in 31 I.L.M 874 (1992).
28. I.L.M.
29. I.L.M.
30. I.L.M.
31. I.L.M.
32. I.L.M.
33. I.L.M.
34. See H. Miller & G. Conko I.L.M n.27.
35. See H. Miller & G. Conko I.L.M n.27.
36. I.L.M.
37. I.L.M.
38. I.L.M.
39. See OECD, Observer “regulatory oversight” Mar. 1999.
40. Observer “regulatory oversight”.
41. Observer “regulatory oversight”.
42. Observer “regulatory oversight”. This has been described somewhat too glowingly as a “means to decide” for developing countries where they do not have relevant domestic legislation. See U.K. Cabinet Office Press Release, 29 Jan. 2000 at www.gminfo.gov.uk/200/prcssbiosafety.htm.
43. Observer “regulatory oversight”.
44. Observer “regulatory oversight”.
45. See WTO Press Pack, World Trade Organization 3rd Ministerial Conference, Seattle, issued 28 Nov. 1999 at p.20.
46. See Canada Proposals for the Establishment of a Working Party on Biotechnology in WTO (WT/GC/W/359 (12 Oct. 1999))
47. Japan, Proposal of Japan on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) (WT/GC/W/365 (12 Oct. 1999)).
48. Canada, Proposal of Japan on Genetically Modified Organisms.
49. Proposal of Japan on Genetically Modified Organisms SPS Agreement Annex A.
50. Proposal of Japan on Genetically Modified Organisms
51. S. P. Quintillan, “Free Trade, Public Health Protection and Consumer Information in the European and WTO Context” J.W.T. 33(6) (1999) at p.171.
52. Proposal of Japan on Genetically Modified Organisms. EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) WTO AB-1997–4.
53. Proposal of Japan on Genetically Modified Organisms., Annex A.
54. Proposal of Japan on Genetically Modified Organisms., Article 5(7) and EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) WTO AB-1997–4.
55. Proposal of Japan on Genetically Modified Organisms., Article 1.5.
56. Proposal of Japan on Genetically Modified Organisms., Article 2(2).
57. See for example E. McGovern International Trade Regulation, Globefield Press at p.7.21–2.
58. International Trade Regulation. S. P. Quintillan at p.190.
59. See Article 2 and Annex I Agreement on Agriculture. See also for example E.McGovem International Trade Regulation at p.14.11–2.
60. See Article XI(2) c (1) of GATT1994. Not agricultural products within the meaning of the Agreement on Agriculture. See E. McGovern International Trade Regulation at p.14.33.
61. See E McGovern International Trade Regulation at p.14.31.
62. See 1999 OECD Report mentioned in OECD Policy Brief International Trade Regulation at p.3.
63. See D. Gervais, The TRIPs Agreement, Sweet & Maxwell (1998) at p.151.
64. Sec for example McGovern The TRIPs Agreement at p.21.22–14.
65. See for example K. Bossclmann The TRIPs Agreement at p.125.
66. The TRIPs Agreement.
67. See for example R.Acharya, “Patenting of biotechnology” (1991) 6 J.W.T. 71
68. Marian A. L Miller, The Third World in Global Environmental Politics, Open University Press (1995) especially ch.6.
69. The Third World in Global Environmental Politics, at p.82
70. The Third World in Global Environmental Politics, at p.81.
71. See WTO Press Pack, The Third World in Global Environmental Politics n. 133 at p.27.
72. The Third World in Global Environmental Politics. Article 1 of the Convention.
73. The Third World in Global Environmental Politics. Article 15 of the Convention.
74. The Third World in Global Environmental Politics. Article 15(5) of the Convention.
75. See WTO, Trade and Environment in the WTO at www/wto/org/environ
76. Trade and Environment in the WTO.
77. See for example R. Hudec in J. N. Bhagwati & R. E. Hudec (eds) Fair Trade and Harmonisation (1996) at p.121.
78. Fair Trade and Harmonisation.
79. See also, for example, the United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products: Report of the WTO Appellate Body, WT/DS58/AB/R.