Biofuels and the Globalization of Risk: The Biggest Change in North-South Relationships Since Colonialism?

Biofuels and the Globalization of Risk: The Biggest Change in North-South Relationships Since Colonialism?

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-161

  Smith, James ^a,b,c  

^a Chrystal Macmillan Building   (United Kingdom)

^b ESRC Centre for Economic and Social Research on Innovation in Genomics   (United Kingdom)

^c OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85203337794     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (175)

1. ActionAid (2008) Cereal Offenders? G8 Leaders on Biofuel/Hunger Charges, London: ActionAid.
2. ActionAid (2010) Meals per Gallon: The Impact of Industrial Biofuels on People and Global Hunger, London: ActionAid.
3. Adams, J., C. King and N. Ma (2009) ‘China: research and collaboration in the new geography of science’, Leeds: Thomson Reuters.
4. Aldous, P. (2007) ‘Interview: DNA’s messengers’, New Scientist, 2626: 57.
5. Alston, J., S. Dehmer and P. Pardey (2006) ‘International initiatives in agricultural R&D: the changing fortunes of the CGIAR’, in P. Pardey, J. Aston and R. Piggot (eds), Agricultural R&D in the Developing World: Too Little, Too Late?, Washington, DC: IFPRI.
6. Altenbuerg, T. et al. (2009) Biodiesel in India, German Development Institute, www.die-gdi.de.
7. Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, London: Sage.
8. Beddington, J. (2009) ‘Food security: a global challenge’, Paper given at a BBSRC workshop on ‘Food security’, London, 19 February.
9. Bello, W. (2009) The Food Wars, London: Verso.
10. Bishop, M. and M. Green (2008) Philanthrocapitalism: How the Rich Can Save the World and Why We Should Let Them, London: A. & C. Black.
11. Cadenas, A. and S. Cabezudo (1998) ‘Biofuels as sustainable technologies: perspectives for less developed countries’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 58(1): 83–104.
12. Callon, M. (1986) ‘Some elements of a sociology of translation: domestification of the scallops and fishermen of St Brieuc Bay’, in J. Law (ed.), Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge?, Sociological Review Monograph, Keele: University of Keele, pp. 196–233.
13. Castells, M. (1996) The Rise of the Network Society, London: Blackwell.
14. CFC (2007) Biofuels: Strategic Choices for Commodity Dependent Developing Countries, Amsterdam: Common Fund for Commodities.
15. CGIAR (2008) Biofuels Research in the CGIAR: A Science Council Perspective, Rome: Science Council of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research.
16. Christian Aid (2009) Growing Pains: The Possibilities and Problems of Biofuels, London: Christian Aid.
17. Clancy, J. (2008) ‘Are biofuels propoor? Assessing the evidence’, European Journal of Development Research, 20(30): 416–31.
18. CONCAWE (Oil Companies’European Association for Environment, Health and Safety in Refining and Distribution, but the acronym is derived from ‘Conservation of Clean Air and Water in Europe’), Joint Research Centre of the EU Commission, and European Council for Automotive R&D (2004) Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains in the European Context, Version 1b, January, ies.jrc.cec.eu.int/Download/eh.
19. Conceição, P. and R. Mendoza (2009) ‘Anatomy of the global food crisis’, Third World Quarterly, 30(6): 1159–82.
20. Cotula, L., N. Dyer and S. Vermeulen (2008) Fuelling Exclusion? The Biofuels Boom and Poor People’s Access to Land, London: IIED.
21. Cotula, L., S. Vermeulen, R. Leonard and J. Keeley (2009) Land Grab or Development Opportunity? Agricultural Investment and International Arms Deals in Africa, London: IIED.
22. Coyle, W. (2007) ‘The future of biofuels: a global perspective’, Amber Waves, US Department of Agriculture.
23. Crutzen, P., A. Mosier, K. Smith and W. Winiwarter (2008) ‘N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels’, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8(2): 389–95.
24. Dauvergne, P. and K. Neville (2009) ‘The changing pattern of north–south and south–south political economy of biofuels’, Third World Quarterly, 30(6): 1087–102.
25. De Fraiture, C., M. Giordano and L. Yongsong (2008) ‘Biofuels: implications for agricultural waste water use: blue impacts of green energy’, Water Policy Supplement, 1: 67–81.
26. De La Torre Ugarte, D. (2006) ‘Developing bioenergy economic and social issues: bioenergy and agriculture promises and challenges’, 2020 Vision Briefs, 14(2), Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
27. Delucchi, M. A. (2003) A Lifecycle Emissions Model (LEM): Lifecycle Emissions from Transportation Fuels, Motor Vehicles, Transportation Modes, Electricity Use, Heating and Cooking Fuels, and Materials – Documentation of Methods and Data, UCD-ITS-RR-03-17, Davis: Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California.
28. Demirbas, A. (2007) ‘Progress and recent trends in biofuels’, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 33: 1–18.
29. Dufey, A. (2007) International Trade in Biofuels: Good for Development? And Good for Environment?, IIED Briefing, London.
30. Escobar, A. (2009) Territories of Difference: Place, Movements, Life, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
31. European Union (2007) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament/Renewable Energy Roadmap/Renewable Energies in the 21st Century: Building a More Sustainable Future, 10 January.
32. FAO (2000) ‘The energy and agriculture nexus’, Environment and Natural Resources Working Paper no. 4, Rome: FAO.
33. FAO (2009a) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2009, Rome: FAO.
34. FAO (2009b) Small Scale Bioenergy Initiatives: Brief Description and Preliminary Lessons on Livelihood Impacts from Case Studies in Asia, Latin America and Africa, Rome: FAO/PAC/PISCES.
35. Fargione, J., J. Hill, D. Tilman, S. Polasky and P. Hawthorne (2008) ‘Land clearing and the carbon debt’, Science, 319(5867): 1235–8.
36. Farrell, A., R. Plevin, B. Turner, B. Jones, M. O’Hare and D. Kammen (2006) ‘Ethanol can contribute to energy and environmental goals’, Science, 311: 506–8.
37. FoE (2005) The Oil for Ape Scandal: How Palm Oil is Threatening the Orang-utan, London: Friends of the Earth.
38. FoE Netherlands (2009) Failing Governance – Avoiding Responsibilities: European Biofuel Policies and Oil Palm Plantation Expansion in Ketapang District, West Kalimantan, Amsterdam: Friends of the Earth Netherlands and WALHI KalBar.
39. Frow, E., D. Ingram, W. Powell, D. Steer, J. Vogel and S. Yearley (2009) ‘The politics of plants’, Food Security, 1(1): 17–23.
40. Fulton, L. et al. (2004) Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective, Paris: International Energy Agency.
41. Gerbens-Leenes, P., A. Hoekstra and T. van der Meer (2009) ‘Water footprint of bioenergy and other primary energy carriers’, Value of Water Research Report series, no. 29, Delft: UNESCO.
42. Giampietro, M. and K. Mayumi (2009) The Biofuel Delusion: The Fallacy of Large-scale AgroBiofuel Production, London: Earthscan.
43. Gibson, D., D. Glass, J. Venter et al. (2010) ‘Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome’, Science online, 20 May.
44. Giddens, A. (2009) The Politics of Climate Change, London: Polity Press.
45. Giovannucci, D. and S. Ponte (2005) ‘Standards as a new form of social contract? Sustainability initiatives in the coffee industry’, Food Policy, 30(3): 284–301.
46. Goldemberg, J. (2006) ‘The ethanol program in Brazil’, Environmental Research Letters, 1.
47. Goldemberg, J., S. Coehlo, P. Nastari and O. Lucon (2003) ‘Ethanol learning curve – the Brazilian experience’, Biomass Bioenergy, 26(3): 301–4.
48. Gonsalves, J. (2006) ‘An assessment of the biofuels industry in India’, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 18 October.
49. Gordon-Maclean, A., J. Laizer, P. Harrison and R. Shemdoe (2008) Biofuel Industry Study, Tanzania, Tanzania and Sweden: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
50. Green, R., S. Cornell, J. Scharlemann and A. Balmford (2005) ‘Farming and the fate of wild nature’, Science, 307: 550–55.
51. Greene, N. (principal author) (2004) Growing Energy: How Biofuels Can Help End America’s Oil Dependence, New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, December.
52. Hagens, N., R. Costanza and K. Mulder (2006) ‘Letter in response to Farrell, et al.’, Science, 312: 1747.
53. Hamelinck, C. N. et al. (2005) ‘Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: techno-economic performance in short-, middle- and long-term’, Biomass and Bioenergy, 28: 384–410.
54. Harrar, J., P. Mangelsdorf and W. Weaver (1952) ‘Notes on Indian agriculture’, Royal Agricultural College Archive, 11 April.
55. HM Treasury (2008) The King Review of Low Carbon Cars, London: Government Printers.
56. Howarth, R. and S. Bringezu (2009) ‘Biofuels and environmental impacts. Scientific analysis and implications for sustainability’, Policy Brief Series, UNESCOSCOPE-UNEP.
57. Howse, R., P. van Bork and C. Hebebrand (2006) ‘WTO disciplines and biofuels: opportunities and constraints in the creation of a global marketplace’, Washington, DC: International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Institute.
58. Hulme, M. (2009) Why We Disagree about Climate Change: Understanding Controversy, Inaction and Opportunity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59. International Energy Agency (2006) World Energy Outlook 2006, Paris: International Energy Agency.
60. International Energy Agency (2009) World Energy Outlook 2009, Paris: International Energy Agency.
61. Jessop, B. (1998) ‘The rise of governance and the risks of failure: the case of economic development’, International Social Sciences Journal, 50(155): 30–45.
62. Johnson, F. and F. Yamba (2005) ‘Comparative advantage in the production of biofuels’, Renewable Energy for Development, Stockholm: SEI.
63. Jongschaap, R., P. Corré, P. Bindraban and W. Brandenburg (2007) ‘Claims and facts on jatrophs curcas L.: global jatropha curcas evaluation, breeding and propagation programmes’, Plant Research International, 158: 1–42.
64. Jordan, A., R. Wurzel and A. Zito (2005) ‘The rise of “new” policy instruments in comparative perspective: has governance eclipsed government?’, Political Studies, 53(3): 477–96.
65. Junginger, M. et al. (2008) ‘Developments in international bioenergy trade’, Biomass and Bioenergy, 32: 717–29.
66. Kadam, K. L. (2002) ‘Environmental benefits on a life cycle basis of using bagasse-derived ethanol as a gasoline oxygenate in India’, Energy Policy, 30(5): 371–84.
67. Kamanga, K. (2008) The Agrofuel Industry in Tanzania: A Critical Enquiry into Challenges and Opportunities. A Research Report, Dar es Salaam: Hakiardhi and Oxfam Livelihoods Initiative for Tanzania (JOLIT).
68. Kammen, D., R. Bailis and A. Herzog (2001) ‘Clean energy for development and economic growth: biomass and other renewable energy options to meet energy and development needs in poor countries’, UNDP Policy Discussion Paper, New York.
69. Kartha, S., G. Leach and S. Rajan (2005) Advancing Bioenergy for Sustainable Development: Guidelines for Policymakers and Investors, Washington, DC: World Bank.
70. Kaufmann, R. (2006) ‘Letter in response to Farrell, et al.’, Science, 312: 1747.
71. Kehati Foundation (2007) Revising the Hope: Review on Bio-fuel Development Policy and Its Role in Policy Reduction in Indonesia.
72. Kill, J. (2007) ‘Biofuels are not the answer’, Transnational Institute website.
73. Kojima, M. and T. Johnson (2005) Potential for Biofuels for Transport in Developing Countries, Washington, DC: World Bank.
74. Koplow, D. (2007) ‘Biofuels – at what cost? Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in the United States: 2007 update’, Geneva: Global Subsidies Initiative of the International Institute for Sustainable Development.
75. Kovarik, B. (1998) ‘Henry Ford, Charles F. Kettering and the fuel of the future’, Automotive History Review, 32: 7–27, www. radford.edu/~wkovarik/papers/fuel.html.
76. Kumar Biswas, P., S. Pohit and R. Kumar (2010) ‘Biodiesel from jatropha: can India meet the 20% blending target?’ Energy Policy, 38(3): 1477–84.
77. Kutas, G., C. Lindberg and R. Steenblik (2007) ‘Biofuels – at what cost? Government support for ethanol and biodiesel in the European Union’, Geneva: Global Subsidies Initiative of the International Institute for Sustainable Development.
78. Larson, E. (2006) ‘A review of lifecycle analysis studies on liquid biofuel systems for the transport sector’, Energy for Sustainable Development, X(2).
79. Latour, B. (1992) ‘Where are the missing masses? The sociology of a few mundane artefacts’, in W. Bijker and J. Law (eds), Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
80. Latour, B. (1996) Aramis. Or the Love of Technology, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
81. Leach, M. and I. Scoones (2006) The Slow Race: Making Technology Work for the Poor, London: Demos.
82. Luxemburg, R. (1913) The Accumulation of Capital, London.
83. Luxresearch (2010) ‘Ranking biofuel startups on the Lux innovation grid’, Lux Research Report.
84. Macedo, I. C., M. R. L. V. Leal and J. E. A. R. da Silva (2004) Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Production and Use of Fuel Ethanol in Brazil, São Paulo: São Paulo State Secretariat of the Environment, May.
85. MacKay, D. (2009) Sustainable Energy – without the Hot Air, Cambridge: UIT.
86. Mackenzie, D. (2009) ‘Rich countries carry out “21st century land grab”’, New Scientist, 2685: 8–9.
87. Mandal, R. (2005) Energy – Alternate Solutions for India’s Needs: Biodiesel, New Delhi: Planning Commission, Government of India.
88. McCullough, E., P. Pingali and K. Stamoulis (eds) (2008) The Transformation of Agri-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers, London: Earthscan.
89. McMichael, P. (2009) ‘The agrofuels project at large’, Critical Sociology, 35(6): 825–39.
90. Meillassoux, C. (1981) Maidens, Meals and Money: Capitalism and the Domestic Community, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
91. Melillo, J., A. Gurgel, D. Kicklighter, J. Reilly, T. Cronin, B. Felzer, S. Paltsev, C. Schlosser, A. Sokolov and X. Wang (2009) ‘Unintended environmental consequences of a global biofuels programme’, Report no. 168, Cambridge, MA: MIT Joint Programme on the Science and Policy of Global Change.
92. Menichetti, E. and M. Otto (2008) ‘Existing knowledge and limits of scientific assessment of the sustainability impacts due to biofuels by LCA methodology’, Final report for the United Nations Environment Programme.
93. Ministry of Energy (2008) Biodiesel Strategy for Kenya, Draft, Nairobi: Kenyan Government.
94. Mitchell, D. (2008) ‘A note on rising food prices’, Washington, DC: World Bank.
95. Modi, V., S. McDade, D. Lallement and J. Saghir (2006) Energy and the Millennium Development Goals, Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme, United Nations Development Programme, UN Millennium Project and World Bank.
96. Mol, A. (2007) ‘Boundless biofuels? Between environmental sustainability and vulnerability’, Sociologia Ruralis, 47(4): 297–315.
97. Mol, A. (2010) ‘Environmental authorities and biofuel controversies’, Environmental Politics, 19(1): 61–79.
98. Molony, T. and J. Smith (2010) ‘Biofuels, food security and Africa’, African Affairs, 109(436): 489–98.
99. Moore, D. (2008a) ‘Biofuels are dead: long live biofuels(?) – part one’, New Biotechnlogy, 25(1): 6–12.
100. Moore, D. (2008b) ‘Biofuels are dead: long live biofuels(?) – part two’, New Biotechnology, 25(2/3): 96–100.
101. Moreira, J. (2006) ‘Brazil’s experience with bioenergy’, Brief 8 in P. Hazell and R. Pachauri (eds), Bioenergy and Agriculture: Promises and Challenges, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
102. Mosse, D. (2005) Cultivating Development: An Ethnography of Aid and Practice, London: Pluto Press.
103. Motaal, D. (2008) ‘The biofuels landscape: is there a role for the WTO?’, Journal of World Trade, 42(1): 61–86.
104. Mouk, B., S. Kirui, D. Theuri and J. Wakhungu (2010) ‘Policies and regulations affecting biofuel development in Kenya’, PISCES Policy Brief no. 1, Nairobi.
105. Nitske, W. R. and C. M. Wilson (1965) Rudolf Diesel, Pioneer of the Age of Power, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
106. OECD/FAO (2008) OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2008–2017, Paris/Rome.
107. OECD/IEA (2008) Energy Technology Perspectives. Scenarios and Strategies to 2050, Paris.
108. Ong, A. and S. Collier (2005) Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics and Ethics as Anthropological Problems, London: Blackwell.
109. Openshaw, K. (2000) ‘A review of Jatropha curcas: an oil plant of unfulfilled promise’, Biomass and Bioenergy, 19: 1–15.
110. Oxfam (2001) Rigged Rules and Double Standards – Trade, Globalisation and the Fight against Poverty, Oxford: Oxfam.
111. Oxfam (2007) Biofuelling Poverty: Why the EU Renewable Fuel Target May be Disastrous for Poor People, Oxford: Oxfam International.
112. Oxfam (2008) ‘Another inconvenient truth: how biofuel policies are deepening poverty and accelerating climate change’, Oxfam Briefing Paper 114, Oxford.
113. Padilla, A. (2007) Biofuels: A New Wave of Imperialist Plunder of Third World Resources, 5, Penang: People’s Coalition on Food Sovereignty.
114. Patel, R. (2007) Stuffed and Starved: From Farm to Fork, the Hidden Battle for the World Food System, London: Portobello Books.
115. Perrow, C. (1999) Normal Accidents: Living with High-risk Technologies, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
116. Peskett, L., R. Slater, C. Stevens and A. Dufey (2007) ‘Biofuels, agriculture and poverty reduction’, Natural Resource Perspectives, 107, London: Overseas Development Institute.
117. Pimentel, D. (2004) ‘Ethanol fuels: energy balance, economic and environmental impacts are negative’, Natural Resources Research, 12(2): 127–34.
118. Pin Koh, L. and J. Ghazoul (2008) ‘Biofuels, biodiversity and people: understanding the conflicts and finding opportunities’, Biological Conservation, 141: 2450–60.
119. Polanyi, K. (1944) The Great Transformation, Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
120. Ponte, S. (2005) The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development, London: Zed Books.
121. Pousa, G., A. Santos and P. Saurez (2007) ‘History and policy of biodiesel in Brazil’, Energy Policy, 35: 5393–8.
122. Quirin, M., S. O. Gartner, M. Pehnt and G. A. Reinhardt (2004) ‘CO 2 mitigation through biofuels in the transport sector: status and perspectives’, Main report, Heidelberg: Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (IFEU).
123. Raguaskas, A., C. Williams, B. Davidson, G. Britovsek, J. Cairney, C. Eckert, W. Frederick, J. Hallett, D. Leak, C. Liotta, J. Milenz, R. Murphy, R. Templer and T. Tschplinski (2006) ‘The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials’, Science, 313(1742).
124. REN21 (2008) Renewables 2007 Global Status Report, Paris: REN21 Secretariat.
125. REN21 (2009) Renewables 2009 Global Status Report, Paris: REN21 Secretariat.
126. Rothkopf, G. (2007) ‘A blueprint for green energy in the Americas: strategic analyis of opportunities for Brazil and the hemisphere Global Biofuels Outlook, Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
127. Royal Society (2008) Sustainable Biofuels: Prospects and Challenges, Policy Document 01/08, London.
128. Sachs, J. (1999) ‘Helping the world’s poorest’, The Economist, 14 August, pp. 17–20.
129. Searchinger, T., R. Heimlich, R. Houghton, F. Dong, A. Elobeid, J. Fabiosa, S. Tokgoz, D. Hayes and T. Yu (2008) ‘Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change’, Science, 319: 1238–340.
130. Searchinger, T., S. Hamburg, J. Melillo, W. Chameides, P. Havlik, D. Kamen, G. Likens, R. Lubrowski, M. Obersteiner, M. Oppenheimer, G. Robertson, W. Schlesinger and G. Tilman (2009) ‘Fixing a critical climate accounting error’, Science, 326: 527–8.
131. Sen, A. (1981) Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
132. Shackleton, C., C. Shackleton, B. Buiten and N. Bird (2007) ‘The importance of dry woodlands and forests in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa’, Forest Policy and Economics, 9(5): 558–77.
133. Shapouri, H., J. Duffield and M. Wang (2002) ‘The energy balance of corn ethanol: an update’, Agricultural Economics Reports, Washington, DC: Office of the Chief Economist.
134. Shay, E. (1993) ‘Diesel fuels from vegetable oils – status and opportunities’, Biomass and Bioenergy, 4: 227–42.
135. Shiva, V. (2009) Soil, Not Oil: Climate Change, Peak Oil and Food Insecurity, London: Zed Books.
136. Shukla, S. (2008) ‘Biofuel development programme of Chattisgarh’, Fifth International Development Conference on Biofuels, Winrock International, India.
137. Smith, J. (2007) ‘Culturing development: bananas, petri dishes and “mad science” in Kenya’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 1(2): 212–33.
138. Smith, J. (2009) Science and Technology for Development, London: Zed Books.
139. Smith, J. (2010) ‘New institutional arrangements for development, science and technology’, Development, 53(1): 48–53.
140. Smolker, R., B. Tokar and A. Petermann (2008) The Real Cost of Agrofuels: Impacts on Food, Forests, Peoples and the Planet, Global Forest Coalition and Global Justice Ecology Project.
141. Songela, F. and A. Maclean (2008) Scoping Exercise on the Biofuels Industry within and outside Tanzania, Energy for Sustainable Development Report for the WWF Tanzania Programme Office.
142. Steenblik, R. (2007) Biofuels – At What Cost? Government Support for Ethanol and Biodiesel in Selected OECD Countries, Global Studies Initiative of the International Institute for Sustainable Development, Geneva.
143. Stern, N. (2007) The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
144. Sticklen, M. (2006) ‘Plant genetic engineering to improve biomass characteristics for biofuels’, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 17: 315–19.
145. Stoker, G. (1998) ‘Governance as theory: five propositions’, International Social Science Journal, 50: 17–28.
146. Stokstad, E. (2009) ‘Agricultural science gets more money, new faces’, Science, 326(5950): 216.
147. Sulle, E. and R. Nelson (2009) Biofuels, Land Access and Rural Livelihoods in Tanzania, London: IIED.
148. Tauli-Corpuz, V. and P. Tamang (2007) Oil Palm and Other Commercial Tree Plantations, Monocropping: Impacts on Indigenous Peoples’ Land Tenure and Resource Management Systems and Livelihoods, United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, 6th Session, New York, 14–25 May.
149. TERI (2004) Liquid Biofuels for Transportation: India Country Study on the Potential and Implications for Sustainable Agriculture and Energy, New Delhi: Government of India.
150. TERI (2005) Detailed Project Report for the National Mission on Biodiesel, Prepared for the Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development, New Delhi: Government of India.
151. Tilman, D. et al. (2006) ‘Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long biodiversity experiment’, Nature, 441: 629–32.
152. Tyner, W. (2007) ‘Policy alternatives for the future biofuels industry’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization, 5(2).
153. Tyner, W. (2008) ‘The US ethanol and biofuels boom: its origins, current status, and future prospects’, BioScience, 58(7): 646–53.
154. Tyner, W. and J. Quear (2006) ‘Comparison of a fixed and variable corn ethanol subsidy’, Choices, 21: 199–202.
155. UNCTAD (2008) World Investment Directory 2008, vol. X: Africa, Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
156. UNDP (1995) Energy as an Instrument for Socioeconomic Development, New York: United Nations Development Programme.
157. UNDP (2004) Reducing Rural Poverty through Increased Access to Energy Services: A Review of Multifunctional Platforms in Mali, New York: United Nations Development Programme.
158. UNDP (2006) Energizing Poverty Reduction: A Review of the Energy–Poverty Nexus in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, New York: United Nations Development Programme.
159. UN-Energy (2007) Sustainable Bioenergy: A Framework for Decision-makers, New York.
160. UN-Energy. UNEP (2009) Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels, New York: United Nations Environment Programme.
161. UNEP and UNESCO (2007) The Last Stand of the Orangutan. State of Emergency: Illegal Logging, Fire and Palm Oil in Indonesia’s National Parks, New York.
162. Van der Voet, E., R. Lifset and L. Luo (2010) ‘Life-cycle assessment of biofuels, convergence and divergence’, Biofuels, 1(3): 435–49.
163. Van Eijck, J. and H. Romijn (2008) ‘Prospects of jatropha biofuels in Tanzania: an analysis with strategic niche management’, Energy Policy, 36: 311–25.
164. Verdonk, M., C. Dieperink and A. Faaij (2007) ‘Governance of the emerging bio-energy markets’, Energy Policy, 35: 3909–24.
165. Vianello, M. (2009) ‘Biofuels and development: exploring the Kenyan reality’, Unpublished MSc dissertation, University of Edinburgh.
166. Wakker, E. (2004) Greasy Palms: The Social and Ecological Impacts of Large Scale Oil Palm Development in Southeast Asia, London: Friends of the Earth.
167. Watts, M. (2001) ‘Black acts’, New Left Review, 9: 125–40.
168. Wetlands International (2006) Peatland Degradation Fuels Climate Change, Wageningen: Wetlands Institute.
169. Wilkinson, J. and S. Herrera (2008) Agrofuels in Brazil: What is the Outlook for its Farming Sector?, Rio de Janeiro: CPDA/UFRRJ/ Oxfam.
170. Wirl, F. (2009) ‘OPEC as a political and economical entity’, European Journal of Political Economy, 25(4): 399–408.
171. Wise, M., K. Calvin, A. Thomson, L. Clarke, B. Bond-Lamberty, R. Sands, S. Smith, A. Janetos and J. Edmonds (2009) ‘Implications for limiting CO 2 concentrations for land use and energy’, Science, 324: 1183–6.
172. Woods, J. and R. Diaz-Chavez (2007) ‘The environmental certification of biofuels’, Discussion Paper no. 2007-6, International Transport Forum, OECD.
173. World Bank (2010) World Development Report 2010. Energy and Development, Washington, DC: World Bank.
174. WorldWatch Institute (2007) Biofuels for Transportation: Global Potential and Implications for Sustainable Agriculture and Energy in the 21st Century, Washington, DC: WorldWatch Institute.
175. Yearley, S. (2005) Making Sense of Science: Understanding the Social Study of Science, London: Sage