Meat made us human

Evolution Of The Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable

Volumn , Issue , 2023, Pages 191-211

  Bunn, Henry T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptations; Pleistocene; Pleistocene Hominin; Reminiscent

Indexed keywords

EID: 85201627298     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195183474.003.0011     Document Type: Chapter

References (79)

1. Abe, Y., Marean, C.W., Nilssen, P.J., Assefa, Z., and Stone, E.C., 2002. The analysis of cut marks on archaeofauna: A review and critique of quantification procedures, and a new image-analysis GIS approach. Am. Antiq. 67, 643-663.
2. Aiello, L.C., and Wells, C.K., 2002. Energetics and the evolution of the genus Homo. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 31, 323-338.
3. Aiello, L.C., and Wheeler, P., 1995. The expensive-tissue hypothesis: The brain and the diges tive system in human and primate evolution. Curr. Anthropol. 36, 199-221.
4. Andrews, P., 1983. Small mammal faunal diversity at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. In: Clutton Brock, J., and Grigson, C. (Eds.), Animals and Archaeology. 1. Hunters and Their Prey. British Archaeological Reports International Series 163, Oxford, pp. 77-85.
5. Asfaw, B., White, T., Lovejoy, O., Latimer, B., Simpson, S., and Suwa, G., 1999. Australop ithecus garhi: A new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science 284, 629-635.
6. Behrensmeyer, A.K., 1975. The taphonomy and palaeoecology of Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages east of Lake Rudolf, Kenya. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 146, 473-578.
7. Behrensmeyer, A.K., 1978. Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering. Paleobiology 4, 150-162.
8. Behrensmeyer, A.K., 1983. Patterns of natural bone distribution on recent and Pleistocene land surfaces: Implications for archaeological site formation. In: Clutton-Brock, J., and Grigson, C. (Eds.), Animals and Archaeology. 1. Hunters and Their Prey. British Ar chaeological Reports International Series 163, Oxford, pp. 93-106.
9. Bellomo, R.V., 1994. Methods of determining early hominid behavioral activities associated with the controlled use of fire at FxJj 20 Main, Koobi Fora, Kenya. J. Hum. Evol. 27, 173-195.
10. Binford, L.R., 1968. Archaeological perspectives. In: Binford, S., and Binford, L. (Eds.), New Perspectives in Archeology. Aldine Press, Chicago, pp. 5-32.
11. Binford, L.R., 1972. An Archaeological Perspective. Seminar Press, New York.
12. Binford, L.R., 1981. Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths. Academic Press, New York.
13. Blumenschine, R.J., 1987. Characteristics of an early hominid scavenging niche. Curr. An thropol. 28, 383-407.
14. Blumenschine, R.J., Masao, F.T., 1991. Living sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania? Preliminary landscape archaeology results in the basal Bed II lake margin zone. J. Hum. Evol. 21, 451-462.
15. Brain, C.K., 1967. Hottentot food remains and their bearing on the interpretation of fossil bone assemblages. Scientific Papers of the Namib Desert Research Station, No. 32, 1-11.
16. Brain, C.K., 1969. The contribution of Namib Desert Hottentots to an understanding of aus tralopithecine bone accumulations. Scientific Papers of the Namib Desert Research Sta tion, No. 39, 13-22.
17. Bunn, H.T., 1981. Archaeological evidence for meat-eating by Plio-Pleistocene hominids from Koobi Fora and Olduvai Gorge. Nature 291, 574-577.
18. Bunn, H.T., 1982. Meat-eating and human evolution: studies on the diet and subsistence pat terns of Plio-Pleistocene hominids in East Africa. PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley.
19. Bunn, H.T., 1986. Patterns of skeletal representation and hominid subsistence activities at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and Koobi Fora, Kenya. J. Hum. Evol. 15, 673-690.
20. Bunn, H.T., 1989. Diagnosing Plio-Pleistocene hominid activity with bone fracture evidence. In: Bonnichsen, R., and Sorg, M., (Eds.), Bone Modification. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Orono, Maine, pp. 299-316.
21. Bunn, H.T., 1991. A taphonomic perspective on the archaeology of human origins. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 20, 433-467.
22. Bunn, H.T., 1993. Bone assemblages at base camps: A further consideration of carcass transport and bone destruction by the Hadza. In: Hudson, J., (Ed.), From Bones to Behavior. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, pp. 156-168.
23. Bunn, H.T., 1999. Comment on The raw and the stolen: Cooking and the ecology of human origins, by Wrangham, R.W., et al. Curr. Anthropol. 40, 579-580.
24. Bunn, H.T., 2001. Hunting, power scavenging, and butchering by Hadza foragers and by Plio Pleistocene Homo. In: Stanford, C.B., and Bunn, H.T., (Eds.), Meat-Eating and Human Evolution, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 199-218.
25. Bunn, H.T., Bartram, L.E., and Kroll, E.M., 1988. Variability in bone assemblage formation from Hadza hunting, scavenging, and carcass processing. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 7, 412-457.
26. Bunn, H.T., and Ezzo, J.A., 1993. Hunting and scavenging by Plio-Pleistocene hominids: Nu tritional constraints, archaeological patterns, and behavioral implications. J. Archaeol. Sci. 20, 365-398.
27. Bunn, H., Harris, J.W.K., Isaac, G., Kaufulu, Z., Kroll, E., Schick, K., Toth, N., and Behrens meyer, A.K., 1980. FxJj 50: An early Pleistocene site in northern Kenya. World Ar chaeol. 12, 109-136.
28. Bunn, H.T., and Kroll, E.M., 1986. Systematic butchery by Plio/Pleistocene hominids at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Curr. Anthropol. 27, 431-452.
29. Bunn, H.T., and Kroll, E.M., 1987. On butchery by Olduvai hominids, reply to Potts, R., Curr. Anthropol. 29, 96-98.
30. Bunn, H.T., and Kroll, E.M., 1988. Fact and fiction about the Zinjanthropus floor: Data, argu ments, and interpretations, reply to Binford, L.R., Curr. Anthropol. 29, 135-155.
31. Bunn, H.T., Kroll, E.M., and Bartram, L.E., 1991. Bone distribution on a modern East African landscape and its archaeological implications. In: Clark, J.D. (Ed.), Cultural Beginnings: Approaches to Understanding Early Hominid Lifeways in the African Savanna. Romisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Forschungsinstitut fur Vor- und Fruhgeschichte, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GMBH, Bonn, pp. 33-54.
32. Bunn, H.T., Kroll, E.M., Kaufulu, Z., and Isaac, G.Ll., 1997. FxJj 50. In: Isaac, G.Ll. (Ed.), Koobi Fora Research Project. Vol. 5: Plio-Pleistocene Archaeology. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 192-211.
33. Capaldo, S.D., 1997. Experimental determinations of carcass processing by Plio-Pleistocene hominids and carnivores at FLK 22 (Zinjanthropus), Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. J. Hum. Evol. 33, 555-597.
34. Capaldo, S.D., and Blumenschine, R.J., 1994. A quantitative diagnosis of notches made by ham merstone percussion and carnivore gnawing on bovid long bones. Am. Antiq. 59, 724-748.
35. Dart, R.A., 1957. The Osteodontokeratic culture of Australopithecus prometheus. Trans. Mus. Mem. 10, 1-105.
36. de Heinzelin, J., Clark, J.D., White, T.W., Hart, W., Renne, P., WoldeGabriel, G., Beyene, Y., and Vrba, E., 1999. Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids. Science 284, 625-629.
37. deMenocal, P.B., 1995. Plio-Pleistocene African climate. Science 270, 53-59.
38. Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., 1997. Meat-eating by early hominids at the FLK 22 Zinjanthropus site, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania): An experimental approach using cut-mark data. J. Hum. Evol. 33, 669-690.
39. Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., 1999. Flesh availability and bone modifications in carcasses con sumed by lions: Palaeoecological relevance in hominid foraging patterns. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 149, 373-388.
40. Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., 2002. Hunting and scavenging by early humans: the state of the de bate. J. World Prehist. 16, 1-54.
41. Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., and Barba, R., 2006. New estimates of tooth mark and percussion mark frequencies at the FLK Zinj site: The carnivore-hominid-carnivore hypothesis fal sified. J Hum. Evol. 50, 170-194.
42. Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., and Piqueras, A., 2003. The use of tooth pits to identify carnivore taxa in tooth-marked archaeofaunas and their relevance to reconstruct hominid carcass processing behaviours. J. Archaeol. Sci. 30, 1385-1391.
43. Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Pickering, T.R., Semaw, S., and Rogers, M.J., 2005. Cutmarked bones from Pliocene archaeological sites at Gona, Afar, Ethiopia: Implications for the function of the world's oldest stone tools. J. Hum. Evol. 48, 109-121.
44. Hay, R.L., 1976. Geology of the Olduvai Gorge: A Study of Sedimentation in a Semi-Arid Basin. University of California Press, Berkeley.
45. Hill, A.P., 1975. Taphonomy of contemporary and late Cenozoic East African vertebrates. PhD diss., University of London.
46. Isaac, G.Ll., 1971. The diet of early man: Aspects of archaeological evidence from Lower and Middle Pleistocene sites in Africa. World Archaeol. 2, 278-299.
47. Isaac, G.Ll., 1978. The food-sharing behavior of protohuman hominids. Sci. Am. 238, 90-108.
48. Isaac, G.Ll., 1984. The archaeology of human origins: Studies of the Lower Pleistocene in East Africa, 1971-1981. Adv. World Archaeol. 3, 1-87.
49. Isaac, G.Ll. (Ed.), 1997. Koobi Fora Research Project. Vol. 5: Plio-Pleistocene Archaeology. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
50. Johanson, D.C., Masao, F.T., Eck, G.G., White, T.D., Walter, R.C., Kimbel, W.H., Asfaw, B., Manega, P., Ndessokia, P., and Suwa, G., 1987. New partial skeleton of Homo habilis from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Nature 327, 205-209.
51. Keeley, L.H., Toth, N., 1981. Microwear polishes on early stone tools from Koobi Fora, Kenya. Nature 293, 464-465.
52. Kibunjia, M., 1994. Pliocene archaeological occurrences in the Lake Turkana basin. J. Hum. Evol. 27, 159-171.
53. Kroll, E.M., and Isaac, G. Ll., 1984. Configurations of artifacts and bones at early Pleistocene sites in East Africa, in Hietela, H.J. (Ed.), Intrasite Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 4-31.
54. Kruuk, H., 1972. The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
55. Laden, G., and Wrangham, R., 2005. The rise of the hominids as an adaptive shift in fallback foods: Plant underground storage organs (USOs) and australopith origins. J. Hum. Evol. 49, 482-498.
56. Leakey, M.D., 1971. Olduvai Gorge: Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960-1963. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
57. Leakey, M.G., and Leakey, R.E. (Eds.), 1978. Koobi Fora Research Project. Vol. 1: The Fossil Hominids and an Introduction to Their Context. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
58. Lyman, R.L., 1994. Vertebrate Taphonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
59. Marean, C.W., Spencer, L.M., Blumenschine, R.J., and Capaldo, S.D., 1992. Captive hyaena bone choice and destruction, the schlep effect and Olduvai archaeofaunas. J. Archaeol. Sci. 19, 101-121.
60. McGrew, W.C., 1992. Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
61. Mitani, J.C., and Watts, D.P., 2001. Why do chimpanzees hunt and share meat? Anim. Behav. 61, 915-924.
62. O'Connell, J.F., Hawkes, K., and Blurton Jones, N., 1988. Hadza hunting, butchering, and bone transport and their archaeological implications. J. Anthropol. Res. 44, 113-161.
63. O'Connell, J.F., Hawkes, K., and Blurton Jones, N., 1990. Reanalysis of large mammal body part transport among the Hadza. J. Archaeol. Sci. 17, 301-316.
64. O'Connell, J.F., Hawkes, K., and Blurton Jones, N., 1999. Grandmothering and the evolution of Homo erectus. J. Hum. Evol. 36, 461-485.
65. O'Connell, J., Hawkes, K., and Blurton Jones, N., 2002. Meat-eating, grandmothering, and the evolution of early human diets. In: Ungar, P.S., and Teaford, M.F. (Eds.), Human Diet: Its Origin and Evolution. Bergin & Garvey, Westport, CT, pp. 49-60.
66. Pickering, T.R., Domínguez-Ridrigo, M., Egeland, C.P., and Brain, C.K., 2004. Beyond leop ards: Tooth marks and the contribution of multiple carnivore taxa to the accumulation of the Swartkrans Member 3 fossil assemblage. J. Hum. Evol. 46, 595-604.
67. Plummer, T., 2005. Discord after discard: Reconstructing aspects of Oldowan hominin behav ior. In: Stahl, A.B. (Ed.), African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction. Blackwell, Malden, MA.Potts, R.B., 1988. Early Hominid Activities at Olduvai. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.
68. Potts, R.B., and Shipman, P.B., 1981. Cutmarks made by stone tools on bones from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Nature 291, 577-580.
69. Schaller, G.B., 1972. The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
70. Schoeninger, M.J., Bunn, H.T., Murray, S.S., and Marlett, J.A., 2001a. Composition of tubers used by Hadza foragers of Tanzania. J. Food Composition Analysis 14, 15-25.
71. Schoeninger, M.J., Bunn, H.T., Murray, S., Pickering, T., and Moore, J., 2001b. Meat-eating by the fourth African ape. In: Stanford, C.B., and Bunn, H.T., (Eds.), Meat-eating and Human Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 179-195.
72. Selvaggio, M.M., 1994. Carnivore tooth marks and stone tool butchery marks on scavenged bones: Archaeological implications. J. Hum. Evol. 27, 215-228.
73. Semaw, S., Rogers, M.J., Quade, J., Renne, P.R., Butler, R.F., Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Stout, D., Hart, W.S., Pickering, T., and Simpson, S.W., 2003. 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. J. Hum. Evol. 45, 169-177.
74. Stanford, C.B., 2001. A comparison of social meat-foraging by chimpanzees and human for agers. In: Stanford, C.B., and Bunn, H.T., (Eds.), Meat-Eating and Human Evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 122-140.
75. Tappen, M., 1995. Savanna ecology and natural bone deposition. Curr. Anthropol. 36, 223-260.
76. Wood, B., Collard, M., 1999. The human genus. Science 284, 65-71.
77. Wood, B., Strait, D., 2004. Patterns of resource use in early Homo and Paranthropus. J. Hum. Evol. 46, 119-162.
78. Wrangham, R.W., Jones, J.H., Laden, G., Pilbeam, D., and Conklin-Brittain, N., 1999. The raw and the stolen: Cooking and the ecology of human origins. Curr. Anthropol. 40, 567-594.
79. Zihlman, A.L., Tanner, N., 1978. Gathering and hominid adaptation. In: Tiger, L., and Fowler, H. (Eds.), Female Hierarchies. Beresford Book Service, Chicago, pp. 163-194.