Energetics and the evolution of the genus homo

Annual Review of Anthropology

Volumn 31, Issue , 2002, Pages 323-338

  Aiello, Leslie C ^a   Wells, Jonathan C K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Australopithecines; Brain evolution; Diet; Growth; Homo erectus; Homo ergaster; Human evolution; Metabolic rate

Indexed keywords

BRAIN; DIET; ENERGETICS; EVOLUTION; METABOLISM;

EID: 0037978228     PISSN: 00846570     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085403     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Aiello LC. 1997. Brains and guts in human evolution: the expensive tissue hypothesis. Braz. J. Genet. 20:141-48
2. Aiello LC, Bates N, Joffe T. 2001. In defense of the expensive tissue hypothesis. In Evolutionary Anatomy of the Primate Cerebral Cortex, ed. D Falk, K Gibson, pp. 57-78. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
3. Aiello LC, Key C. 2002. The energetic consequences of being a Homo erectus female. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:In press
4. Aiello LC, Wheeler P. 1995. The expensive tissue hypothesis: the brain and digestive system in human and primate evolution. Curr. Anthropol. 36:199-221
5. Aiello LC, Wood BA. 1994. Cranial variables as predictors of hominine body mass. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 95:409-26
6. Barton RA. 1992. Allometry of food intake in free-ranging anthropoid primates. Folia Primatol. 58:56-59
7. Bogin B, Smith BH. 1996. Evolution of the human life cycle. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 8:703-16
8. Broadhurst CL, Cunnane SC, Crawford MA. 1998. Rift Valley lake fish and shellfish provided brain-specific nutrition for early Homo. Br. J. Nutr. 7:3-21
9. Coelho AM. 1974. Socio-bioenergetics and sexual dimorphism in primates. Primates 15: 263-69
10. Coelho AM, Bramblett CA, Quick LB. 1979. Activity patterns in howler and spider monkeys: an application of socio-bioenergetic methods. In Primate Ecology and Human Origins, ed. IS Bernstein, EO Smith, pp. 175-200. New York/London: Garland STPM
11. Dean C, Leakey MG, Reid D, Schrenk F, Schwartz GT, et al. 2001. Growth processes in teeth distinguish modern humans from Homo erectus and earlier hominins. Nature 414:628-31
12. de Menocal PB. 1995. Plio-Pleistocene African climate. Science 270:53-59
13. Durnin JVGA, Passmore R. 1967. Energy, Work and Leisure. London: Heinemann. 166 pp.
14. FAO/WHO/UNU. 1985. Energy and protein requirements. WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. 724. Geneva: WHO
15. Fedak MA, Pinshow B, Schmidt-Nielsen K. 1974. Energetic cost of bipedal running. Am. J. Physiol. 227:1038-44
16. Fedak MA, Seeherman AJ. 1979. Reappraisal of energetics of locomotion shows identical costs in bipeds and quadrupeds including ostrich and horse. Nature 282:713-16
17. Foley RA. 1987. Another Unique Species: Patterns in Human Evolutionary Ecology. Harlow: Longman Sci. Tech.
18. Foley RA. 1992. Evolutionary ecology of fossil hominids. In Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, ed. EA Smith, B Winterhalder, pp. 131-64. Chicago: Aldine de Gruyter
19. Foley RA, Elton S. 1998. Time and energy: the ecological context for the evolution of bipedalism. In Primate Locomotion, ed. E Strasser, J Fleagle, A Rosenberger, H McHenry, pp. 419-33. New York/London: Plenum
20. Foley RA, Lee PC. 1991. Ecology and energetics of encephalisation in hominid evolution. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 334:223-32
21. Forbes GB. 1987. Human Body Composition: Growth, Aging, Nutrition and Activity. New York: Springer-Verlag. 350 pp.
22. Frisch RE, McArthur JW. 1974. Menstrual cycles; fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science 185:949-51
23. Galdikas BMF, Wood JW. 1990. Birth spacing patterns in humans and apes. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 83:185-91
24. Garby L, Garrow JS, Jørgensen B, Lammert O, Madsen K, et al. 1988. Relation between energy expenditure and body composition in man: specific energy expenditure in vivo of fat and fat-free tissue. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 42:301-5
25. Gittleman JL, Thompson DS. 1988. Energy allocation in mammalian reproduction. Am. Zool. 28:863-75
26. Hawkes K, O'Connell JF, Blurton Jones NG. 1997a. Menopause: evolutionary causes, fossil and archaeological consequences. J. Hum. Evol. 32:A8-9 (Abstr.)
27. Hawkes K, O'Connell JF, Blurton Jones NG. 1997b. Hadza women's time allocation, offspring provisioning, and the evolution of long post-menopausal lifespans. Curr. Anthropol. 38:551-77
28. Hawkes K, O'Connell JF, Blurton-Jones NG, Alvarez H, Charnov EL. 1998. Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:1336-39
29. Hirschfield MF, Tinkle DW. 1975. Natural selection and the evolution of reproductive effort. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:2227-31
30. Holliday MA. 1986. Body composition and energy needs during growth. In Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise, ed. F Falkner, JM Tanner, 2:101-7. New York: Plenum. 2nd ed.
31. Horrobin DF. 1998. Schizophrenia: the illness that made us human. Med. Hypotheses 50: 269-88
32. Horrobin DF. 2001. The Madness of Adam and Eve. London: Bantam. 275 pp.
33. Janson CH, van Schaik CP. 1993. Ecological risk aversion in juvenile primates: slow and steady wins the race. In Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development and Behaviour, ed. ME Pereira, LA Fairbanks, pp. 57-74. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
34. Jungers WL. 1982. Lucy's limbs, skeletal allometry and locomotion in Australopithecus africanus. Nature 297:676-78
35. Jungers WL. 1991. A pygmy perspective on body size and shape in Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288-1, 'Lucy'). In Origines de la Bipedie chez les Hominides, ed. Y Coppens, B Senut, pp. 215-24. Paris: Editions Centre Natl. Rech. Sci.
36. Kaplan H, Hill K, Lancaster J, Hurtado AM. 2000. A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evol. Anthropol. 9:156-85
37. Kappelman J. 1996. The evolution of body mass and relative brain size in fossil hominids. J. Hum. Evol. 30:243-76
38. Key CA. 1998. Cooperation, paternal care and the evolution of hominid social groups. Doctoral diss. Dep. Anthropol., Univ. Coll. London/Univ. London
39. Key CA. 1999. Non-reciprocal altruism and the evolution of paternal care. In Proceedings of Genetic Algorithms and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-99), ed. W Banzhaf, J Daida, AE Eiben, MH Garzon, V Honavar, M Jakiela, RE Smith, 2:1313-20. San Francisco: Morgan-Kaufman
40. Key CA, Aiello LC. 1999. The evolution of social organization. In The Evolution of Culture, ed. RIM Dunbar, C Knight, C Power, pp. 15-33. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press
41. Key CA, Aiello LC. 2000. A prisoner's dilemma model of the evolution of paternal care. Folia Primatol. 71:77-92
42. Key CA, Ross C. 1999. Sex differences in energy expenditure in non-human primates. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 266:2479-85
43. Kleiber M. 1932. Body size and metabolism. Hilgardia 6:315-53
44. Kleiber M. 1961. The Fire of Life: An Introduction to Animal Energetics. Huntington, NY: Krieger
45. Knott CD. 1997. The effects of changes in food availability on diet, activity and hormonal patterns in wild Bornean orangutans. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. (Suppl.) 24:145
46. Kramer PA. 1998. The costs of human locomotion: maternal investment in child transport. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 107:71-85
47. Kramer PA. 1999. Modelling the locomotor energetics of extinct hominids. J. Exp. Biol. 202:2807-18
48. Kramer PA, Eck GG. 2000. Locomotor energetics and leg length in hominid bipedality. J. Hum. Evol. 38:651-66
49. Lawrence M, Coward WA, Lawrence F, Cole TJ, Whitehead RG. 1987. Fat gain during pregnancy in rural African women: the effect of season and dietary status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 45:1442-50
50. Leonard WR, Robertson ML. 1992. Nutritional requirements and human evolution: a bioenergetics model. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 4:179-95
51. Leonard WR, Robertson ML. 1994. Evolutionary perspectives on human nutrition: the influence of brain and body size on diet and metabolism. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 6:77-88
52. Leonard WR, Robertson ML. 1995. Energetic efficiency of human bipedality. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 97:335-38
53. Leonard WR, Robertson ML. 1997. Comparative primate energetics and hominid evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 102:265-81
54. Martin RD. 1996. Scaling of the mammalian brain: the maternal energy hypothesis. News Physiol. Sci. 11:149-56
55. McFarland R. 1997. Female primates: fat or fit? In The Evolving Female, ed. ME Morbeck, A Galloway, AL Zihlman, pp. 163-75. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press
56. McHenry HM. 1991. Femoral lengths and stature in Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 85:149-58
57. McHenry HM. 1992a. Body size and propertions in early hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 87:407-31
58. McHenry HM. 1992b. How big were early homnids? Evol. Anthropol. 1:15-19
59. McHenry HM. 1994. Behavioral ecological implications of early hominid body size. J. Hum. Evol. 27:77-87
60. McHenry HM, Coffing K. 2000. Australopithecus to Homo: transformations in body and mind. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 29:125-46
61. Milton K. 1999. A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution. Evol. Anthropol. 8:11-21
62. Mink JW, Blumenschine RJ, Adams DB. 1981. Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates: its constancy and functional basis. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 241:R203-12
63. Mueller P, Diamond J. 2001. Metabolic rate and environmental productivity: well-provisioned animals evolved to run and idle fast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:12550-54
64. O'Connell JF, Hawkes K, Blurton Jones NGB. 1999. Grandmothering and the evolution of Homo erectus. J. Hum. Evol. 36:461-85
65. Oftedal TO. 1984. Milk composition, milk yield and energy output at peak lactation: a comparative review. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 51:33-85
66. Peccei JS. 2001. Menopause: adaptation or epiphenomenona? Evol. Anthropol. 10:43-57
67. Pond C. 1991. Adipose tissue in human evolution. In The Aquatic Ape: Fact or Fiction?, ed. M Roede, J Wind, JM Patrick, V Reynolds, pp. 193-220. London: Souvenir
68. Pond C. 1997. The biological origins of adipose tissue in humans. In The Evolving Female, ed. ME Morbeck, A Galloway, AL Zihlman, pp. 147-62. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press
69. Reed KE. 1997. Early hominid evolution and ecological change through the African Plio-Pleistocene. J. Hum. Evol. 32:289-322
70. Roberts SB, Young VR. 1988. Energy costs of fat and protein deposition in the human infant. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48:951-55
71. Rodman PS, McHenry HM. 1980. Bioenergetics and the origin of hominid bipedalism. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 52:103-6
72. Ruff CB. 1991. Climate and body shape in hominid evolution. J. Hum. Evol. 21:81-105
73. Rutenberg GW, Coehlo AM Jr, Lewis DS, Carey KD, Gill HC Jr. 1987. Body composition in baboons: evaluating a morphometric method. Am. J. Primatol. 12:275-85
74. Sear R, Mace R, McGregor IA. 2000. Maternal grandmothers improve nutritional status and survival of children in rural Gambia. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 267:1641-47
75. Sikes NE. 1999. Plio-Pleistocene floral context and habitat preferences of sympatric hominid species in East Africa. In African Biogeography, Climate Change, and Human Evolution, ed. T Bromage, F Schrenk, pp. 301-15. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
76. Simonsen L, Bulow J, Madsen J. 1994. Adipose tissue metabolism in humans determined by vein catheterization and microdialysis techniques. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 266:E357-65
77. Speth JD. 1989. Early hominid hunting and scavenging: the role of meat as an energy source. J. Hum. Evol. 18:329-43
78. Speth JD, Spielmann KA. 1983. Energy source, protein metabolism, and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 2:1-31
79. Stahl WR. 1965. Organ weights in primates and other mammals. Science 150:1039-42
80. Stearns SC. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
81. Taylor CR, Rowntree VJ. 1973. Running on two or four legs: which consumes more energy? Science 179:186-87
82. Taylor CR, Schmidt-Nielsen K, Raab JL. 1970. Scaling of energetic cost of running to body size in mammals. Am. J. Physiol. 219:1104-7
83. Ulijaszek SJ. 1995. Energetics and human evolution. In Human Energetics in Biological Anthropology, ed. SJ Ulijaszek, pp. 166-75. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
84. Walker A, Leakey R, eds. 1993. The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
85. Webb D. 1996. Maximum walking speed and lower limb length in hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 101:515-25
86. Wells JCK. 2002. Thermal environment and human birth weight. J Theor. Biol. 214:413-25
87. Welis JCK, Cole TJ. 2002. Birth weight and environmental heat load: a between-population analysis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. In press
88. Wheeler PE. 1992. The thermoregulatory advantages of large body size for hominids foraging in savanna environments. J. Hum. Evol. 23:351-62
89. Wheeler PE. 1993. The influence of stature and body form on hominid energy and water budgets: a comparison of Australopithecus and early Homo. J. Hum. Evol. 24:13-28
90. Wood B. 1992. Origin and evolution of the genus Homo. Nature 355:783-90
91. Wood B, Aiello LC. 1998. Taxonomic and functional implications of mandibular scaling in early hominins. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 105:523-38
92. Wood B, Collard M. 1999. The human genus. Science 284:65-71
93. Wrangham RW, Jones JH, Laden G, Pilbeam D, Conklin-Brittain N. 1999. The raw and the stolen: cooling and the ecology of human origins. Curr. Anthropol. 5:567-94
94. Zihlman AL, McFarland RK. 2000. Body mass in lowland gorillas: a quantitative analysis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 113:61-78