Goals and plans: Their relationship to well-being

Social Indicators Research Series

Volumn 51, Issue , 2013, Pages 33-50

  Macleod, Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Approach Goal; Avoidance Goal; Extrinsic Goal; Implementation Intention; Intrinsic Goal

Indexed keywords

EID: 85200501174     PISSN: 13876570     EISSN: 22150099     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4963-4_3     Document Type: Chapter

References (72)

1. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
2. Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Walshaw, P. D., Gerstein, R. K., Keyser, J. D., Whitehouse, W. G., et al. (2009). Behavioral approach system (BAS)-relevant cognitive styles and bipolar spectrum disorders: Concurrent and prospective associations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 459-471.
3. Austin, J. T., & Vancouver, J. B. (1996). Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process and content. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 338-375.
4. Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Trotschel, R. (2001). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1014-1027.
5. Brandstatter, V., Lengfelder, A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2001). Implementation intentions and efficient action initiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 946-960.
6. Brulde, B. (2007). Happiness theories of the good life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 15-49.
7. Brunstein, J. C., Schultheiss, O. C., & Grassman, R. (1998). Personal goals and emotional well-being: The moderating role of motive dispositions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 494-508.
8. Bylsma, L. M., Taylor-Clift, A., & Rottenberg, J. (2011). Emotional reactivity to daily events in major and minor depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 155-167.
9. Cantor, N., & Sanderson, C. A. (1999). Life task participation and well-being: The importance of taking part in daily life. In D. Kanneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwartz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 230-243). New York: Russell Sage.
10. Carlin, D., Bonerba, J., Phipps, M., Alexander, G., Shapiro, M., & Grafman, J. (2000). Planning impairments in frontal lobe dementia and frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia, 38, 655-665.
11. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control process view. Psychological Review, 97, 19-35.
12. Cochran, W., & Tesser, A. (1996). The “what the hell” effect: Some effects of goal proximity and goal framing on performance. In L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feeling (pp. 99-120). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
13. Cohen, P., & Cohen, J. (2001). Life values and mental health in adolescence. In P. Schmuck & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Life goals and well-being: Towards a positive psychology of human striving (pp. 167-181). Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber.
14. Danchin, C. L., MacLeod, A. K., & Tata, P. (2010). Painful engagement in deliberate self-harm: The role of conditional goal setting. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 915-920.
15. Davidson, R. J. (1998). Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 307-330.
16. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 4, 227-268.
17. Dickson, J. M., & MacLeod, A. K. (2004a). Approach and avoidance goals and plans: Their relationship to anxiety and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 415-432.
18. Dickson, J. M., & MacLeod, A. K. (2004b). Anxiety, depression, and approach and avoidance goals. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 423-430.
19. Dickson, J. M., & MacLeod, A. K. (2006). Dysphoric adolescents’ causal explanations and expectancies for approach and avoidance goals. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 177-191.
20. Dickson, J. M., Moberly, N. J., & Kinderman, P. (2011). Depressed people are not less motivated by personal goals but are more pessimistic about attaining them. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 975-980.
21. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
22. Dijksterhuis, A., & Aarts, H. (2010). Goals, attention, and (un)consciousness. Annual Review of Psychology, 16, 467-490.
23. Elliot, A., Sheldon, K., & Church, M. (1997). Avoidance personal goals and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 915-927.
24. Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1058-1068.
25. Ferguson, G., Conway, C., Endersby, L., & MacLeod, A. (2009). Increasing subjective well-being in long-term forensic rehabilitation: Evaluation of well-being therapy. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20, 906-918.
26. Fowles, D. (1994). A motivational theory of psychopathology. In W. Spaulding (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Integrated views of motivation and emotion (Vol. 41, pp. 181-238). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
27. Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences (The Royal Society of London), 359, 1367-1377.
28. Friedman, S. L., & Scholnick, E. K. (1997). The developmental psychology of planning: Why, how and when do we plan? Mahwah: Erlbaum.
29. Gard, D. E., Kring, A. M., Gard, M. G., Horan, W. P., & Green, M. F. (2007). Anhedonia in schizophrenia: Distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Schizophrenia Research, 93(1-3), 253-260.
30. Gilbert, D. (2006). Stumbling on happiness. London: Harper.
31. Gray, J. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
32. Hadley, S., & MacLeod, A. M. (2010). Conditional goal-setting, personal goals and hopelessness about the future. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 1191-1198.
33. Haybron, D. (2008). The pursuit of unhappiness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34. Heckhausen, J. (1997). Developmental regulation across adulthood: Primary and secondary control of age-related challenges. Developmental Psychology, 33, 176-187.
35. Isen, A. M. (1999). Positive affect. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 521-540). Chichester: Wiley.
36. Johnson, S. L., & Carver, C. S. (2006). Extreme goal setting and vulnerability to mania among undiagnosed young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 377-395.
37. Johnson, S. L., Edge, M. D., Holmes, K., & Carver, C. S. (2012). The behavioral activation system and mania. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 243-267.
38. Kashdan, T. B., Biswas-Diener, R., & King, L. A. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: The costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 219-233.
39. Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In P. Schmuck & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Life goals and well-being: Towards a positive psychology of human striving (pp. 116-131). Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber.
40. Koestner, R., Lekes, N., Powers, T. A., & Chicoine, E. (2002). Attaining personal goals: Self-concordance plus implementation intentions equals success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 231-244.
41. Lam, D., Wright, K., & Smith, N. (2004). Dysfunctional assumptions in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 79, 193-199.
42. Luszczynska, A., & Schwarzer, R. (2003). Planning and self-efficacy in the adoption and maintenance of breast self-examination: A longitudinal study on self-regulatory cognitions. Psychology & Health, 18(1), 93-108.
43. MacLeod, A. K., & Conway, C. (2005). Well-being and the anticipation of future positive experiences: The role of income, social networks and planning ability. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 357-374.
44. MacLeod, A. K., & Conway, C. (2007). Well-being and positive future-thinking for the self versus others. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 1114-1124.
45. MacLeod, A. K., & Salaminiou, E. (2001). Reduced positive future-thinking in depression: Cognitive and affective factors. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 99-107.
46. MacLeod, A. K., Coates, E., & Hetherton, J. (2008). Increasing well-being through teaching goal setting and planning skills: Results of a brief intervention. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 185-196.
47. McIntosh, W. D. (1996). When does goal nonattainment lead to negative emotional reactions, and when doesn’t it?: The role of linking and rumination. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect and self-regulation (pp. 53-77). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
48. Nezlek, J. B. (2001). Daily psychological adjustment and the planfulness of day-to-day behavior. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(4), 452-475.
49. Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1987). Towards a cognitive theory of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 29-50.
50. Oettingen, G., & Mayer, D. (2002). The motivating function of thinking about the future: Expectations versus fantasies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(5), 1198-1212.
51. Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 137-152.
52. Platt, J. J., & Spivack, G. (1975). The means end problem solving procedure manual. Philadelphia: Hahnemann University Press.
53. Pomerantz, E. M., Saxon, J. L., & Oishi, S. (2000). The psychological tradeoffs of goal investment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 617-630.
54. Prenda, K. M., & Lachman, M. E. (2001). Planning for the future: A life management strategy for increasing control and life satisfaction in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 16, 206-216.
55. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
56. Ryff, C. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.
57. Schmuck, P., & Sheldon, K. M. (Eds.). (2001). Life goals and well-being: Towards a positive psychology of human striving. Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber.
58. Scholnick, E. K., & Friedman, S. L. (1993). Planning in context: Developmental and situational considerations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 16, 145-167.
59. Scholz, U., Schuz, B., Ziegelmann, J. R., Lippke, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2008). Beyond behavioural intentions: Planning mediates between intentions and physical activity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 479-494.
60. Schwarzer, R. (1992). Self-efficacy in the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors: Theoretical approaches and a new model. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought and control of action (pp. 217-243). Washington: Hemisphere.
61. Sheldon, K. M., & Eliott, A. J. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal wellbeing: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 482-497.
62. Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1998). Pursuing personal goals: Skills enable progress, but not all progress is beneficial. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1319-1331.
63. Sheldon, K. M., Abad, N., Ferguson, Y., Gunz, A., Houser-Marko, L., Nichols, C. P., et al. (2010). Persistent pursuit of need-satisfying goals leads to increased happiness: A 6-month experimental longitudinal study. Motivation and Emotion, 34(1), 39-48.
64. Simon, P. (1973). One man’s ceiling is another man’s floor. On There Goes Rhymin’ Simon. New York: Columbia Warner.
65. Smith, J. (1996). Planning about life: Toward a social-interactive perspective. In P. Baltes & U. Staudinger (Eds.), Interactive minds (pp. 242-275). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
66. Street, H. (2002). Exploring relationships between goal setting, goal pursuit and depression: A review. Australian Psychologist, 37(2), 95-103.
67. United Nations. (2010). Human development index and its components. Retrieved July 2011, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1_reprint.pdf
68. Van Osch, L., Reubsaet, A., Lechner, L., Candel, M., Mercken, L., & De Vries, H. (2008). Predicting parental sunscreen use: Disentangling the role of action planning in the intentionbehavior relationship. Psychology & Health, 23(7), 829-847.
69. Varelius, J. (2004). Objective explanations of individual well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 73-91.
70. Vincent, P. J., Boddana, P., & MacLeod, A. K. (2004). Positive life goals and plans in parasuicide. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 11, 90-99.
71. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
72. Wrosch, C., & Miller, G. E. (2009). Depressive symptoms can be useful: Self-regulatory and emotional benefits of dysphoric mood in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1181-1190.