Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region

Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-374

  Cordesman, Anthony H ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85186015260     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (293)

1. Energy Information Agency (EIA), “Projections of Liquid Fuels and Other Petroleum Production in Five Cases,” Department of Energy, June 2008, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/ieopol.html.
2. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), The World Factbook, 2006, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.
3. Organization of the Petroleum Producing Countries, “Annual Statistical Bulletin 2007,” 2008, p. 9, http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/pdf/ASB2007.pdf;
4. Ian Talley, “Saudis Adjust Long-Term Oil Strategy,” Dow Jones Newswire, January 10, 2007, http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=39941.
5. Christopher M. Blanchard, “Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations,” Washington, Congressional Research Service, RL33533, May 22, 2008, p. 16.
6. Blanchard, “Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations,” pp. 22-24.
7. CIA, “UAE,” The World Factbook, 2006, http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ae.html.
8. Blanchard, “Saudi Arabia: Background and U.S. Relations,” p. 24.
9. Population Division of the Department of Economic and social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpp/p2k0data.asp;
10. CIA, The World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html.
11. CIA The World Factbook, available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld- factbook/geos/sa.html.
12. CIA, “Saudi Arabia,” The World Factbook, 2008.
13. Andy Sambidge, “Saudi Unemployment Down to Single Figures,” Arabian Business, September 15, 2008, available at http://www.arabianbusiness.com/531040-saudiunemployment- down-to-single-figures?ln=en.
14. “External Affairs, Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment: The Gulf States, March 31, 2008.
15. “Security and Foreign Forces,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment: The Gulf States, April 3, 2008.
16. Ian Talley, “Saudis Adjust Long-Term Oil Strategy,” Dow Jones Newswire, January 10, 2007, http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=39941.
17. The CIA The World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/sa.html.
18. “Middle East Stock Markets Plunge,” BBC News Online, October 7, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7657644.stm.
19. P. K. Abdul Ghafour, “Naif Raps West on N-Policy,” Arab News, February 2, 2006, http://www.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=0&article=77201&d=2&m=2&y=2006.
20. Walter Pincus, “Push for Nuclear-Free Middle East Resurfaces,” Washington Post, March 6, 2005, p. A24.
21. “United Arab Emirates-Terminal High Altitude Air Defense,” Department of Defense Security Cooperation Agency, September 9, 2008, http://www.dsca.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2008/UAE_08-19.pdf.
22. Christopher M. Blanchard, “Islam: Sunnis and Shiite,” Washington, Congressional Research Service, RS21745 January 23, 2008, p. 1.
23. Anthony H. Cordesman and Nawaf Obaid, “Saudi Counterterrorism Efforts,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Working Draft, revised on February 2, 2005.
24. “Bahrain’s Sectarian Challenge,” The International Crisis Group, Middle East Report #40, May 6, 2005.
25. GlobalSecurity.org, “Hezbollah,” http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/hizballah.htm.
26. “Abu Musa,” Wikepedia, November 27, 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu _Musa;
27. “Greater and Lesser Tunbs,” Wikepedia, November 27, 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs;
28. Richard Schofield, Unfinished Business: Iran, the Uae, Abu Musa and the Tunbs, (London, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2003), ISBN 0-905031-90-3.
29. Agence France-Press, “Iran, UAE Ink Accord Despite Islands Dispute,” October 29, 2008.
30. Organization of the Petroleum Producing Countries, “Annual Statistical Bulletin 2007,” 2008, p. 9, http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/pdf/ASB2007.pdf.
31. Barbra Slavin, “Iraq Coming Apart: Saudi Official Warns,” USA Today, September 22, 2005, http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-09-22-saudi-warning-iraq_x.htm.
32. For an interesting Israeli analysis of these issues, see Y. Carmon, Y. Yehoshua, A. Savyon, and H. Migron, “An Escalating Regional Cold War-Part I: The 2009 Gaza War,” MEMRI, Inquiry and Analysis no. 492, February 2009.
33. Assad Abboud, “Iraq Charter Rattles Nervous Arab Regimes,” Associated Press, October 11, 2005.
34. Robin Wright and Peter Baker, “Iraq, Jordan See Threat to Election from Iran,” Washington Post, December 8, 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43980-2004Dec7.html.
35. Robert Gibbons, “Saudi Says U.S. Policy Handing Iraq over to Iran,” Reuters, September 21, 2005, http://in.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2005-09-21T030042Z_01_NOOTR_RTRJONC_0_India-216835-1.xml.
36. Ma’ad Fayad, “Q & A with Iraqi Interior Minister Bayan Jabr,” Asharq Alawsat, October 10, 2005, http://www.aawsat.com/english/news.asp?id=2085§ion=3.
37. For detailed discussion on the evolving nature of the insurgency, see Anthony H. Cordesman, “Iraq’s Evolving Insurgency,” Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), December 9, 2005, http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/051209_iraqiinsurg.pdf.
38. Transcript of Briefing with Major General Rick Lynch, Multi-National Force-Iraq, October 6, 2005, http://www.mnf-iraq.com/Transcripts/051005b.htm.
39. Nawaf Obaid and Anthony H. Cordesman, “Saudi Militants in Iraq: Assessment and Kingdom’s Response,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, September 19, 2005, http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/050919_saudimiltantsiraq.pdf.
40. Jonathan Finer, “Among Insurgents in Iraq, Few Foreigners Are Found,” Washington Post, November 17, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/16/AR2005111602519.html;
41. “Israeli, Irishman among Foreign Fighters in Iraq: US” Daily Times, October 21, 2005, http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2005%5c10%5c21%5cstory_21-10-2005_pg7_40.
42. “Aid Money Falls Short of Pledges,” Seattle Times, July 13, 2004, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2001978174_iraqdig13.html.
43. Reuven Paz, “Arab Volunteers Killed in Iraq: An Analysis,” PRISM (The Project for the Research of Islamist Movements) Series of Global Jihad, 3, no. 1/3 (March 2005), www.eprism.org.
44. Murad Al-Shishani, “The Salafi-Jihadist Movements in Iraq: Recruitment Methods and Arab Volunteers,” Terrorism Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation, 3, no. 23 (December 2, 2005), Figure 1, http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369842.
45. Dominic Evans, “Saudi Arabia Says Ready to Beat Militants from Iraq,” Reuters, July 10, 2005.
46. For a good discussion of the current factors shaping Yemeni instability, see Ginny Hill, “Yemen: Fear of Failure,” London, Chatham House, Middle East Program, November 2008.
47. “The Human Development Index-2007/2008,” United Nations Development Programme, accessed October 30, 2008, http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_YEM.html.
48. Jeremy M. Sharp, “Yemen: Current Conditions and U.S. Relations, Washington, Congressional Research Service, RL34170 September 12, 2007, p. 1.
49. Data derived from the World Bank GDP and population database at http://siteresource.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf and http://.siteresource.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/POP.pdf.
50. Organization of the Petroleum Producing Countries, “Annual Statistical Bulletin 2007,” 2008, p. 9, http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/pdf/ASB2007.pdf.
51. “Stoking the Fire-Anger Flares at Yemeni Government,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, October 16, 2008, http://www8.janes.com.
52. Donald McClelland, “Some Major Aspects of the Economy of the Yemen Arab Republic,” USAID discussion paper, Washington DC, United States Agency for International Development, 1980, p. 5.
53. F. Gregory Gause III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994), pp. 161-162.
54. F. Gregory Gause III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994), p. 299.
55. “Security and Foreign Forces-Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment-The Gulf States (London: Jane’s Information Group, April 3, 2008).
56. Michael Knights, “U.S. Embassy Bombing in Yemen: Counterterrorism Challenges in Weak States,” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Watch #1404, September 24, 2008, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2929.
57. Jeremy M. Sharp, “Yemen: Current Conditions and U.S. Relations, Washington, Congressional Research Service, RL34170, September 12, 2007, p. 7.
58. “Yemen and al-Qaeda: A Nice Safe Haven for Jihadists,” The Economist print edition, January 29, 2009.
59. Fred Burton and Scott Stewart, “Al Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula: Desperation or New Life?" Stratfor Global Security and Intelligence Report, January 28, 2009.
60. Michael Knights, “Jihadist Paradise-Yemen’s Terrorist Threat Re-Emerges,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, May 15, 2008, http://www8.janes.com;
61. Stephen F. Hayes and Thomas Joscelyn, “Anywhere but Yemen,” Weekly Standard, February 9, 2009.
62. “Fearing Multiple Insurgencies in Yemen,” Jane’s Islamic Affairs Analyst, August 18, 2008, http://www8.janes.com.
63. Faiza Saleh Ambah, “After Hijacking, “Saudi Foreign Minister Says Nation Will Join Anti-Piracy Efforts,” Washington Post, November 19, 2008, p. A12.
64. Patrick Cullen, “Fighting Gulf of Aden Piracy,” ISN Security Watch, October 8, 2008, http://www.isn.hthz.ch.
65. Ambah, “After Hijacking,” p. A12.
66. Edmund O. Sullivan, “The UAE Flexes Its Regional Muscles,” Middle East Economic Digest, January 2006.
67. Simon Henderson, “Map Wars: The UAE Reclaims Lost Territory from Saudi Arabia,” The Washington Institute for Near East Studies, Policy Watch #1069, January 19, 2006, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2431.
68. “Qatari-Saudi Border Panel Reaches Two Agreements,” The Peninsula, February 3, 2009.
69. For an interesting Israeli analysis of these issues, see Y. Carmon, Y. Yehoshua, A. Savyon, and H. Migron, “An Escalating Regional Cold War-Part I: The 2009 Gaza War,” MEMRI, Inquiry and Analysis 492, February 2009.
70. “Security and Foreign Forces,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment: The Gulf States (Jane’s Information Group, London, April 3, 2008), http://www.janes.com.
71. P. K. Abdul Ghafour, “Cabinet OKs Anti-Terror Pact,” Arab News, October 4, 2005.
72. “Final Report on the Counterterrorism International Conference,” Riyadh, February 5-8, 2005, http://www.ctic.org.sa/.
73. Saudi-US Relations Information Service, “Arab Peace Initiative-2002; King Abdullah’s Peace Plan,” http://www.saudi-us-relations.org/fact-book/documents/2006/060609- arab-peace-plan.html.
74. Bruce Hoffman, “The Changing Face of Al Qa’ida and the Global War on Terrorism,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 27, no. 6 (November 2004), pp. 549-560.
75. Also see the reporting by Thomas Hegghammer, “Islamist Violence in Regime Stability in Saudi Arabia,” International Affairs, July 2008, http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/ia/archive/view/-/id/2300/.
76. Samir Al-Saadi, "40 Terror Suspects Held in Sweep,” Arab News, March 30, 2006, www.arabnews.com.
77. Gulf News, February 19, 2004, http://www.gulf-news.com/Articles/news.asp?ArticleID=111432.
78. For a more detailed series of quotes from senior Saudi leaders and clerics, see the Web site of the Saudi Embassy to the United States: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, “Public Statements by Senior Officials and Religious Scholars Condemning Extremism and Promoting Moderation,” November 2008, http://www.saudiembassy.net/IssuesMain.asp.
79. Souhail Karam, “Al-Qa’ida Vows More Attacks after Saudi Oil Raid,” Reuters, February 25, 2006.
80. “Five Al-Qa’ida Militants Arrested in Riyadh Raid,” Arab News, January 18, 2006, www.arabnews.com.
81. MEMRI, “Saudi Interior Min Urges Fight against Ideological Extremism,” November 26, 2008.
82. A somewhat different chronology can be found in the Wikepedia section on “Insurgency in Saudi Arabia,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Saudi_Arabia.
83. For more details, see Fred Burton and Scott Stewart, “Al Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula: Desperation or New Life?" Stratfor Global Security and Intelligence Report, January 28, 2009;
84. “Saudi Arabia’s Ambitious al-Qaida Fighter,” Dateline NBC, July 11, 2005, http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8304825/.
85. EIA, “OPEC Fact Sheet,” various editions, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/opec.html.
86. Brad Bourland, “Saudi Arabia’s 2008 Budget,” Jadwa Investment, December, 2007, http://www.saudi-us-relations.org/articles/2007/ioi/071212-budget-bourland.html.
87. See Brad Bourland, “Saudi Arabia’s 2009 Budget,” Jadwa Investment, December 23, 2008, http://mail.google.com/mail/#inbox/11e649628f8807b4;
88. Khalil Hanware and P. K. Abdul Ghafour, “King Unveils Visionary Budget,” Arab News, December 22, 2008;
89. John Sfakianakis, “Saudi Arabia’s 2009 Budget Overview,” SUSRIS (Saudi Arabia US Relations Information Service), December 23, 2008, http://mail.google.com/mail/#inbox/11e638168652c5d1;
90. Brad Bourland, Chief Economist, “Saudi Arabia and the Global Financial Crisis, Monthly Bulletin, Jawda Investment, December 2008;
91. Mohamed aly Sergie, “Saudi Arabia to Boost Spending,” Wall Street Journal, December 22, 2003, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122997337825827113.html?mod= googlenews_wsj.
92. Institute of International Finjance, Inc. (IFF), “Summary Appraisal, Gulf Cooperation Countries,” November 6, 2008;
93. Charles Seville, “How the GCC Is Dealing with Lower Oil Prices and the Credit Crunch,” Fitch Ratings, January 22, 2009.
94. “Saudi Arabia to Spend $ 400b on Infrastructure,” Saudi Gazette, February 3, 2009.
95. P. K. Abdul Ghafour, “Census Finds Expat Numbers below Estimate,” Arab News, November 26, 2004.
96. “The economic impact of rapid population growth in Saudi Arabia,” Arab News, February 16, 2009.
97. Abdul Wahab Bashir, “Jobless Figure Put at 180, 433,” Arab News, January 13, 2005.
98. “Saudi Business Women to Participate in Dubai Conference,” Arab News, November 24, 2004.
99. Javid Hassan, “Move to Saudize Ten More Job Categories,” Arab News, January 6, 2005.
100. “Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988,” Global Security, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm (accessed March 1, 2005).
101. A. J. Venter, “Iran Still Exporting Terrorism,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, November 1997, pp. 511-516.
102. Anthony H. Cordesman and Khalid Al-Rodhan, “The Gulf Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars: Iran,” CSIS Burke Chair in Strategy, June 28, 2006.
103. Jonathan S. Landay, “Quds: Iran’s Secret Weapon,” Seattle Times, February 25, 2008, http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003588016_quds25.html.
104. Fariborz Haghchenass, “Iran’s Asymmetrical Naval Warfare,” The Washington Institute for Near East Studies Policy Focus #87, September 2008, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC04.php?CID=298.
105. “Iran Opens Fourth Naval Base in Persian Gulf,” Fars News Agency, November 18, 2008, http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8708281695.
106. “Iran Building Naval Bases along Sea of Oman Coast,” www.chinaview.cn, October 30, 2008, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/30/content_10281436.htm.
107. “Iran Opens Fourth Naval Base in Persian Gulf” Payvand News, from Fars News Agency, November 19, 2008, http://www.payvand.com/news/08/nov/1182.html.
108. Captain Wade F. Wilkenson, U.S. Navy, “A New Underwater Threat,” Proceedings, Military.com, October 14, 2008, http://www.military.com/forums/0,15240,177265,00.html.
109. Lauren Gelfand and Alon Ben-David “New Missile Marks ‘Significant Leap’ for Iran Capabilities,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, November 14, 2008, http://www.janes.com/news/defence/systems/jdw/jdw081114_1_n.shtml.
110. “Iran Starts Large-Scale Naval Drills,” Fars News Agency, December 2, 2008, http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8709121583.
111. “Iran Holds Naval War Games in Strategic Waterway,” International Herald Tribune, Reuters, December 2, 2008, http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/12/02/africa/OUKWD-UK-IRAN-WARGAMES.php.
112. Iran Early Bird Newsletter, December 3, 2008, http://www.kayhannews.ir/Detail.aspx? cid=1148.
113. “Iran Holds Second Stage of Naval Drills in Gulf of Oman,” Russian News and Information Agency, Novosti, December 3, 2008, http://en.rian.ru/world/20081203/118671711.html.
114. “Iran Tests New Missile from Warship: Reports,” Reuters, Iran Focus, December 7, 2008, http://www.iranfocus.com/en/iran-general-/iran-tests-new-missile-from-warshipreports-16812.html.
115. Jahangir Arasli, “Obsolete Weapons, Unconventional Tactics, and Martyrdom Zeal: How Iran Would Apply Its Asymmetric Warfare Doctrine in a Future Conflict,” George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, Occasional Paper Series No. 10, April 2007.
116. OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/OPEC_Revenues/Factsheet.html.
117. The U.S. Department of Defense, "‘Eagle Resolve’ Focused on Reducing WMD Vulnerabilities,” Gulf Exercise, May 23, 2005.
118. Richard Nield, “Steady as She Goes,” Middle East Economic Digest 48, no. 48 (November 26, 2004): pp. 4-6.
119. Brad Bourland, “Saudi Arabia’s 2005 Budget; 2004 Performance.” SAMBA Economy Watch, December 11, 2004.
120. U.S. Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review Report, Washington, Department of Defense, February 6, 2006, http://www.defenselink.mil/qdr/, p. 24.
121. “Armed Forces,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment: The Gulf States, December 12, 2007, http://www.janes.com.
122. “Saudi Arabia,” Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-2007, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100605.htm.
123. P. K. Abdul Ghafour, “Security Body to Draw Out Domestic, Foreign Policies,” Arab News, October 18, 2005, www.arabnews.com.
124. “NSC Given Wide Powers,” Arab News, October 19, 2005, www.arabnews.com.
125. IISS, The Military Balance, 2008.
126. “Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s World Armies, August 7, 2008, http://www.janes.com;
127. “Armed Forces,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment: The Gulf States, December 12, 2007, http://www.janes.com.
128. “Air Force-Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessments: the Gulf States, November 19, 2007, http://www.janes.com.
129. “Navy-Saudi Arabi,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessments: The Gulf States, October 17, 2007, http://www.janes.com.
130. Report on Allied Contributions to the Common Defense, March 2001, June 2002, and July 2003 Report to the U.S. Congress by the Secretary of Defense, http://www .defenselink.mil/pubs/allied.html.
131. James Boxell, “Saudis in $19bn Eurofighter Deal,” Financial Times, August 18, 2006.
132. Department of Defense Security Cooperation Agency, News Releases, various editions, http://www.dsca.mil/PressReleases/36-b/36b_index.htm.
133. Department of Defense Security Cooperation Agency, News Releases, various editions, http://www.dsca.mil/PressReleases/36-b/36b_index.htm.
134. “Saudi Arabia in Talks With Russia Over Weapons Sales,” The Peninsula, September 10, 2006.
135. “Procurement-Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessments: The Gulf States, June 6, 2008, http://www.janes.com.
136. Authors’ estimate based on the CIA World Factbook, 2008, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html.
137. “Security and Foreign Forces-Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessments: The Gulf States, April 3 2008, http://www.janes.com.
138. Robin Hughes, “Saudi Arabia Continues with Defense Push,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, August 9, 2006, p. 18.
139. “Saudi Arabi-M1A1 and Upgrade of M1A2 to M1A2S Abrams Tanks,” News Release, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, July 26, 2006, http://www.dsca.mil.
140. “Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s World Armies, August 7, 2008, http://www.janes.com.
141. Donald McFarlane, “Saudi Arabia Requests Purchase of US Arms and Support,” Jane’s Defence Industry, October 5, 2007, http://www.janes.com.
142. “Procurement-Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessments: The Gulf States, June 6, 2008, http://www.janes.com.
143. Robin Hughes, “Saudi Arabia Continues with Defense Push,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, August 9, 2006, p. 18.
144. “Saudi Arabia-AH-64D APACHE Longbow Helicopters,” News Release, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, September 9, 2008, http://www.dsca.mil.
145. Robin Hughes, “SANG to Expand Its Capabilities,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, July 26, 2006, p. 7.
146. David Long, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997).
147. “Security and Foreign Forces-Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessments: The Gulf States, April 3, 2008, http://www.janes.com.
148. Robin Huges, “SANG to Expand Its Capabilities,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, July 26, 2006, p. 7.
149. Grzegorz Holdanowicz, “Saudi Arabia Receives Final Batch of All-Terrain Vehicles,” Jane’s International Defense Review, July 1, 2006, http://www.janes.com.
150. “Saudi Arabia-Continued Assistance in the Modernization of the SANG,” News Release, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, September 27, 2006, http://www.dsca.mil.
151. Christopher F. Foss, “Saudi Arabia Plans Three Regiments of New CAESARs,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, April 11, 2008, http://www.janes.com.
152. Robin Hughes, “Modernization Drive for Saudi National Guard,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, December 3, 2003.
153. Richard Scott, “Sawari II Frigates Set Sail,” Jane’s Navy International, January 1, 2005. Updates by Saudi experts in 2008.
154. Naval-Technonogy.com, www.naval-technology.com/projects/al_riyadh/.
155. Richard Scott, “New Saudi Frigates to Receive Oto Melara Guns,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, November 27, 2002. Updates by Saudi experts in 2008.
156. Christopher Cavas, “Saudi Arabia Eyes Heavily Armed, Aegis LCS, Defense News, September 25, 2006, p. 1.
157. Richard Scott, “Saudi Arabia Eyes UK’s Type 45 Destroyer,” Jane’s Defence Industry, April 1, 2007, http://www.janes.com.
158. “Navy-Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessments: The Gulf States, October 17, 2007, http://www.janes.com. Updates by Saudi experts in 2008.
159. J. A. C. Lewis, “Saudis Move Closer to NH 90 Purchase for Navy,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, December 24, 2003.
160. Russel H. Smith, “Fixing Somali Piracy the ‘Jefferson’ Way,” Epoch Times, December 10, 2008, http://en.epochtimes.com/n2/opinion/somali-piracy-thomas-jefferson-8348.html.
161. “Procurement-Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessments: The Gulf States, June 6, 2008, http://www.janes.com.
162. Andrew Chuter and Pierre Tran, “Saudi Aircraft Moves Prompt Speculation about Ties with UK,” Defense News, April 25, 2005, p. 4.
163. http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey= RAF+Tornado+GR4&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1;
164. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/tornado.htm (accessed on May 6, 2005).
165. Chuter and Tran, “Saudi Aircraft Moves Prompt Speculation About Ties with UK,” p. 4;
166. http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=RAF+ Tornado+GR4&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1;
167. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/tornado.htm.
168. Tim Ripley, “Saudis Launch Tornado Upgrade,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, September 11, 2007, http://www.janes.com.
169. “Saudi Arabia Agrees Major Typhoon Deal with UK,” Jane’s Defence Industry, October 1, 2007, http://www.janes.com.
170. See Chris Pocock, “Saudi Deals Done for Helos and Typhoons,” http://www.ainonline.com/airshow-convention-news/paris-air-show/singlepublication-story/article/saudi-deals-done-for-helos-and-typhoons/.
171. Tim Ripley, “Saudis Opt for Typhoon Buy,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, January 4, 2006.
172. Riad Kahwaj, “Saudi Crown Prince Confirms Typhoon Deal with U.K.,” Defense News, December 28, 2005.
173. For futher details, see Eurofighter, http://www.eurofighter.com/;
174. Federation of American Scientists, http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/row/eurofighter.htm;
175. Global Aircraft, http://www.globalaircraft.org/planes/eurofighter.pl;
176. Aerospace.org, http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/fighter/typhoon/;
177. Wikepedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon.
178. “Saudi Arabia Eyes More BAE Euofighter Jets,” Defense News, August 11, 2008, http://www.defensenews.com.
179. “Potential Saudi Typhoon Order Offers Budget Hope,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, August 22, 2008, http://www.janes.com.
180. Tim Ripley, “RSAF Pilots Commence Typhoon Training,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, May 23, 2008, http://www.janes.com.
181. Jean-Pierre Neu, “Saudis Pledge to Buy French Jets in 6.0 Deal,” The Financial Times, April 15, 2005.
182. J. Lewus, “France, Saudi Arabia on Verge of Closing Major Arms Deal,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, September 13, 2006, p. 5.
183. P. K. Abdul Ghafour, “No Arms Deals during French Visit, Says Saud,” Arab News, April 18, 2005.
184. “Saudi Arabia-Mission Equipment for AWACS Aircraft,” News Release, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, December 7, 2007, http://www.janes.com.
185. Defense News, September 9, 1996, p. 26.
186. “Saudi Arabia-AIM-9X SIDEWINDER Missiles,” News Release, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, September 26, 2008, http://www.dsca.mil.
187. “Saudi Arabia-Joint Direct Attack Munitions,” News Release, Defense Security Cooperation Agency, January 18, 2008, http://www.dsca.mil.
188. William Matthews, “Foes of U.S. JDAM Sale to Saudis Weigh Legislation,” Defense News, February 15, 2008, http://www.defensenews.com.
189. “Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessments: The Gulf States, June 6, 2008, http://www.janes.com.
190. Doug Richardson, “Thales Mobile EW Centres Deal with Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Missiles & Rockets, November 1, 2007, http://www.janes.com.
191. Claude Salhani, “U.S. Wants Gulf to Buy into Missile Defense System,” Middle East Times, December 15, 2008.
192. See Saudi Arabia, Business Press Releases, Cooperation Council of the Arab States of the Gulf, February 27, 2001, http://www.saudia-online.com/press/press3.shtml.
193. Walter Pincus, “Push for Nuclear-Free Middle East Resurfaces,” Washington Post, March 6, 2005, p. A24.
194. Hassan M. Fattah, “Gulf States Join Call for Tougher Action toward Iran,” New York Times, February 1, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/international/middleeast/01 arab.html.
195. Elaine Sciolino and William J. Broad, “Atomic Agency Sees Possible Link of Military to Iran Nuclear Work,” New York Times, February 1, 2006, p. 1.
196. Dafna Linzer, “Powell Says Iran Is Pursuing Bomb,” Washington Post, November 18, 2004, p. A01.
197. Dafna Linzer, “Strong Leads and Dead Ends in Nuclear Case against Iran,” Washington Post, February 8, 2006, p. A01.
198. IAEA, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Resolution Adopted on February 4, 2006, February 4, 2006, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2006/gov2006-14.pdf.
199. David Albright, Jacqueline Shire, and Paul Brannan, “IAEA Report on Iran: Centrifuge Operation Significantly Improving; Gridlock on Alleged Weaponization Issues,” ISIS Report, September 15, 2008.
200. Mark Heinrich, “IAEA Shows Photos Alleging Iran Nuclear Missile Work,” Reuters, September 17, 2008, http://www.iranfocus.com/en/nuclear/iaea-shows-photos-alleging-irannuclear- missile-work.html.
201. IAEA Director General Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei, “Statement to the Sixty-Third Regular Session of the United Nations General Assembly,” UN General Assembly, New York, October 28, 2008, http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2008/ebsp2008n010.html.
202. Figure 11.1 is adapted from the “Iran Nuclear Timetable,” Iran Watch.org, University of Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, January 1, 2009, http://www.iranwatch.org/ourpubs/articles/iranucleartimetable.html.
203. http://www.iranwatch.org/international/IAEA/documents/iaea-iranreport-111908.pdf.
204. www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/nvs-3-cd/PDF/NVS3_prn.pdf.
205. http://www.iranwatch.org/international/IAEA/documents/iaea-iranreport-111908. pdf.
206. www.iranwatch.org/international/IAEA/iaea-iranreport-091508.pdf.
207. http://www.iranwatch.org/international/IAEA/documents/iaea-iranreport-111908. pdf.
208. The Separative Work Unit is the standard measure of the effort required to increase the concentration of the fissionable U-235 isotope. See www.urenco.com/Content/89/Glossary.aspx.
209. See the SWU calculator published by URENCO, a European uranium enrichment consortium: web.archive.org/web/20021226100607/www.urenco.de/trennarbeit/swucal _e.html.
210. http://www.iranwatch.org/international/IAEA/documents/iaea-iranreport-111908. pdf.
211. Figure 11.2 is adapted from the “Iran Nuclear Timetable,” Iran Watch.org, University of Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, January 1, 2009, http://www.iranwatch.org/ourpubs/articles/iranucleartimetable.html.
212. Ali Akbar, “Iran Confirms Uranium-to-Gas Conversion,” Associated Press, May 9, 2005.
213. “Iran Far From Nuclear Bomb-Making Capacity: Ex-UN Weapons Chief Blix,” Agence France-Presse, June 23, 2005.
214. Kelly Hearn, “Iranian Pact with Venezuela Stokes Fears of Uranium Sales,” Washington Times, March 13, 2006, p. 1.
215. Drawn from quotes assembled by Y. Mansharof of The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), Inquiry and Analysis-Iran, No. 342, www.themeriblog.org.
216. “Iran: We Won’t Halt Enrichment even if Nuclear Fuel Supply Guaranteed,” Associated Press, October 5, 2008;
217. “Iran Refuses to Halt Enrichment for Fuel Guarantees,” Global Security Newswire, October 6, 2008.
218. “Iranian Engineers Ready to Work on Nuclear Plant,” Associated Press, October 14, 2008;
219. “Western Nations Consider Independent Iran Sanctions,” Global Security Newswire, October 14, 2008;
220. “Iran: Russia to Ship Nuke Plant Supplies,” United Press International, October 17, 2008;
221. “Russia Plans Major Supply Shipment to Iran,” Global Security Newswire, October 20, 2008.
222. Washington Times, October 4, 1988, p. A-2;
223. Christian Science Monitor, October 8, 1988, p. 2.
224. Defense News, March 17, 1997, p. 3;
225. Associated Press, May 12, 1997;
226. Jane’s Defence Weekly, July 30, 1997, p. 17.
227. Associated Press, May 12, 1997, 0251.
228. Jane’s Defence Weekly, July 30, 1997, p. 17.
229. Jane’s Defence Weekly, October 1, 1988, pp. 744-755, July 30, 1997, p. 17;
230. Associated Press, May 12, 1997, 0251.
231. Jane’s Defence Weekly, October 1, 1990, pp. 744-746.
232. Fred Donovan, “Mideast Missile Flexing,” Arms Control Today, May 1990, p. 31;
233. Robert D. Shuey, Warren W. Lenhart, Rodney A. Snyder, Warren H. Donnelley, James E. Mielke, and John D. Moteff, “Missile Proliferation: Survey of Emerging Missile Forces,” Report 88-642F, Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC, February 9, 1989.
234. Shuey, Lenhart, Snyder, Donnelley, Mielke, and Moteff, “Missile Proliferation,” pp. 64-65.
235. Jane’s Defence Weekly, October 1, 1990, pp. 744-746, July 30, 1997, p. 17;
236. Donovan, “Mideast Missile Flexing,” p. 31;
237. Jane’s Defence Weekly, July 30, 1997, p. 17.
238. Duncan Lennox, Jane’s Strategic Weapons Systems 46, Surrey: Jane’s Information Group, January 2007, pp. 13-14;
239. Missile Threat.com, “CSS-5,” http://www.missilethreat.com/missilesoftheworld/id.54/missile_detail.asp (accessed November 28, 2008);
240. Sinodefence, “CSS-5 (DF21A),” http://www.sinodefence.com/space/missile/df21.asp.
241. “President Hu Arrives in Riyadh for a State Visit,” Xinhua, April 22, 2006, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-04/22/content_574220.htm;
242. Richard Russell, “Oil for Missiles,” Wall Street Journal, January 25, 2006, available at http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110007866.
243. GlobalSecurity.org, http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/saudi/.
244. Ed Blanche “Gulf-Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Footprints,” Jane’s Islamic Affairs Analyst, September 1, 2003.
245. Missile Threat.com, “Hatf-6,” http://www.missilethreat.com/missilesoftheworld/id.54/missile_detail.asp (accessed November 28, 2008).
246. Usman Ansari, “Pakistan Pushes to Improve Missile Strike Capability,” Defense News, November 17, 2008, p. 20;
247. Federation of American Scientists, http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/hatf-5.htm.
248. Ansari, “Pakistan Pushes to Improve Missile Strike Capability,” p. 20.
249. “United Arab Emirates-Terminal High Altitude Air Defense,” Department of Defense Security Cooperation Agency, September 9, 2008, http://www.dsca.mil/Press Releases/36-b/2008/UAE_08-19.pdf.
250. “Security and Foreign Forces, Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessments, August 8, 2005.
251. Gulf Daily News, August 30, 2004, http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/arc_Articles.asp?Article=90497&Sn=WORL&IssueID=27163.
252. Ed Blanche, “Saudi Extremists Target Intelligence Chiefs,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, February 1, 2004.
253. P. K. Abdul Ghafour, “Prince Muqrin New Intelligence Chief,” Arab News, October 23, 2005, www.arabnews.com.
254. Arab News, Jeddah, July 8, 2001, http://www.arabnews.com/article.asp?ID=3823.
255. “Security and Foreign Forces, Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment: The Gulf States, posted December 23, 2004.
256. Jonathan Fenby, “Chirac Takes Charge to Clinch E7BN Franco-Saudi Arms Deal,” Sunday Business Group, May 2, 2004, p. 7.
257. Herve Gattegno, “The Saudi Contract That Pits Mr. Chirac against Mr. Sarkozy,” Le Monde, April 15, 2005.
258. Fenby, “Chirac Takes Charge to Clinch E7BN Franco-Saudi Arms Deal,” p. 7.
259. Douglas Barrie, Michael A. Taverna, and Robert Wall, “Singapore Sling: Eurofighter Typhoon Drops from Singaporean Short List, Faces Potential Competition in Saudi Arabia,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, April 25, 2005.
260. “Security and Foreign Forces-Saudi Arabia,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessments: The Gulf States, April 3, 2008, http://www.janes.com.
261. Anthony H. Cordesman and Nawaf Obaid, “Saudi Petroleum Security: Challenges and Responses,” CSIS, November 30, 2004.
262. Aramco, “Abqaiq Emergency Center Upgraded,” November 28, 2002.
263. "‘Bin Laden” Tape Urges Oil Attack,” BBC News, December 16, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4101021.stm.
264. Paul Marriott, “Oil Back above $60,” Reuters, December 7, 2005.
265. “Iraqi Pipeline Watch,” February 25, 2006, http://www.iags.org/iraqpipeline watch.htm.
266. “Nigerian Militants Claim Attacks,” BBC News, February 20, 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4730754.stm.
267. Christopher Dickey, “Saudi Storms,” Newsweek, October 3, 2005.
268. Donna Abu Nasr, “Al-Qa’ida Threatens More Saudi Attacks,” Associated Press, February 25, 2006.
269. Souhail Karam, “Al-Qa’ida Vows More Attacks after Saudi Oil Raid,” Reuters, February 25, 2006.
270. U.S. Department of State, “Country Report on Human Rights Practices,” various editions, especially “Saudi Arabia,” U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-2007, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100605.htm.
271. U.S. Department of State, “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices,” 1999, available at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/1999/426.htm;
272. Mahmoud Ahmad, “Prince Naif Curbs Power of Virtue Commission,” Arab News, May 25, 2006, www.arabnews.com.
273. Zainy Abba, “Changes in Key Agencies to Boost Reform: Experts Say,” Arab News, February 16, 2009.
274. This text is modified from text provided in the U.S. Department of State, “Country Report on Human Rights Practices,” http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/1999_ hrp_report/saudiara.html;
275. U.S. Department of State, “Saudi Arabia: 1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices,” released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, February 25, 2000;
276. U.S. Department of State, “Saudi Arabia: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-2007,” Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100605.htm.
277. http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2007/index.htm.
278. Royal Saudi Embassy, “Initiatives and Actions Taken by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to Combat Terrorism,” Washington, DC, http://acsa.net/SaudiMar022004.pdf.
279. Christopher Boucek, “Saudi Arabia’s “Soft” Counterterrorism Strategy: Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Aftercare,” Carnegie Papers, Number 97, September, 2008, p. 3.
280. Bobby Ghosh, “Can Jihadis Be Rehabilitated?" Time, January 27, 2009.
281. "85 on Saudi Wanted List of Militants,” Saudi Gazette, February 2009;
282. “King Abdullah Urges Dialogue within Ummah,” Arab News, December 10, 2008.
283. “Islam’s War Within,” Jerusalem Post, December 8, 2008.
284. U.S. Department of State, “Saudi Arabia,” Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-2007, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100605.htm;
285. “Internal Affairs,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment: The Gulf States, April 3, 2008.
286. This analysis is based on work by Brad Bourland, “Saudi Arabia’s 2008 Budget,” Jadwa Investment, December 2007, jadwaresearch@jadwa.com and http://www.saudi-us-relations.org/articles/2007/ioi/071212-budget-bourland.html.
287. Khalil Hanware and P. K. Abdul Ghafour, “King Unveils Visionary Budget,” Arab News, December 22, 2008;
288. “An Expansionary Budget That Builds Confidence,” Arab News, December 23, 2008;
289. John Sfakianakis SUSRIS, “Saudi Arabia’s 2009 Budget Overview,” December 23, 2008, http://mail.google.com/mail/#inbox/11e638168652c5d1;
290. Brad Bourland, Chief Economist, “Saudi Arabia and the Global Financial Crisis,” Monthly Bulletin, Jawda Investment, December 2008;
291. Mohamed aly Sergie, “Saudi Arabia to Boost Spending,” Wall Street Journal, December 22, 2003, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122997337825827113.html?mod=googlenews_wsj.
292. “Saudi Arabia: The struggle against al-Qa’ida,” The Economist, October 23, 2008, Cairo.
293. S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-2007, “Saudi Arabia,” released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, March 11, 2008, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100605.htm.