Wisdom, Integrity, and Life Satisfaction in Very Old Age

Handbook of Research on Adult Learning and Development

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 732-760

  Ardelt, Monika ^a   Jacobs, Steve ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85145535059     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203887882-30     Document Type: Chapter

References (179)

1. Achenbaum, A. W., and Orwoll, L. (1991). Becoming wise: A psycho-gerontological interpretation of the Book of Job. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 21-39.
2. Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
3. Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52B, P15-P27.
4. Ardelt, M. (1998). Social crisis and individual growth: The long-term effects of the Great Depression. Journal of Aging Studies, 12, 291-314.
5. Ardelt, M. (2000a). Antecedents and effects of wisdom in old age: A longitudinal perspective on aging well. Research on Aging, 22, 360-394.
6. Ardelt, M. (2000b). Intellectual versus wisdom-related knowledge: The case for a different kind of learning in the later years of life. Educational Gerontology: An International Journal of Research and Practice, 26, 771-789.
7. Ardelt, M. (2003). Development and empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25, 275-324.
8. Ardelt, M. (2004a). Where can wisdom be found? - A reply to the commentaries by Baltes and Kunzmann, Sternberg, and Achenbaum. Human Development, 47, 304-307.
9. Ardelt, M. (2004b). Wisdom as expert knowledge system: A critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept. Human Development, 47, 257-285.
10. Ardelt, M. (2005). How wise people cope with crises and obstacles in life. ReVision: A Journal of Consciousness and Transformation, 28, 7-19.
11. Arlin, P. K. (1990). Wisdom: The art of problem finding. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 230-243). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
12. Assmann, A. (1994). Wholesome knowledge: Concepts of wisdom in a historical and cross-cultural perspective. In D. L. Featherman, R. M. Lerner, and M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 12, pp. 187-224). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Baltes, P. B. (1993). The aging mind: Potential and limits. The Gerontologist, 33, 580-594.
14. Baltes, P. B., and Freund, A. M. (2003). The intermarriage of wisdom and selective optimization with compensation: Two meta-heuristics guiding the conduct of life. In C. L. M. Keyes and J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 249-273). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
15. Baltes, P. B., Glueck, J., and Kunzmann, U. (2002). Wisdom: Its structure and function in regulating successful life span development. In C. R. Snyder and S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 327-347). London: Oxford University Press.
16. Baltes, P. B., and Smith, J. (1990). Towards a psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 87-120). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
17. Baltes, P. B., and Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55, 122-136.
18. Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M., Maercker, A., and Smith, J. (1995). People nominated as wise: A comparative study of wisdom-related knowledge. Psychology and Aging, 10, 155-166.
19. Bassett, C. (2005). Emergent wisdom. Living a life in widening circles. ReVision: A Journal of Consciousness and Transformation, 27, 6-11.
20. Bassett, C. L. (2006). Laughing at gilded butterflies: Integrating wisdom, development, and learning. In C. Hoare (Ed.), Handbook of adult development and learning (pp. 281-306). New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Bianchi, E. C. (1994). Elder wisdom. Crafting your own elderhood. New York: Crossroad.
22. Birren, J. E., and Fisher, L. M. (1990). The elements of wisdom: Overview and integration. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 317-332). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
23. Birren, J. E., and Svensson, C. M. (2005). Wisdom in history. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives (pp. 3-31). New York: Cambridge University Press.
24. Blanchard-Fields, F., and Norris, L. (1995). The development of wisdom. In M. A. Kimble, S. H. McFadden, J. W. Ellor, and J. J. Seeber (Eds.), Aging, spirituality, and religion: A handbook (pp. 102-118). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
25. Block, J. (1971). Lives through time. Berkeley, CA: Bancroft Books.
26. Bluck, S., and Glück, J. (2004). Making things better and learning a lesson: Experiencing wisdom across the lifespan. Journal of Personality, 72, 543-572.
27. Bluck, S., and Glück, J. (2005). From the inside out: People’s implicit theories of wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives (pp. 84-109). New York: Cambridge University Press.
28. Bradley, G. W. (1978). Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A reexamination of the fact or fiction question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 56-71.
29. Brooks, J. B. (1981). Social maturity in middle age and its developmental antecedents. In D. H. Eichorn, J. A. Clausen, N. Haan, M. P. Honzik, and P. H. Mussen (Eds.), Present and past in middle life (pp. 244-265). New York: Academic Press.
30. Brown, S. C. (2004). Learning across the campus: How college facilitates the development of wisdom. Journal of College Student Development, 45, 134-148.
31. Brown, S. C., and Greene, J. A. (2006). The Wisdom Development Scale: Translating the conceptual to the concrete. Journal of College Student Development, 47, 1-19.
32. Brugman, G. M. (2000). Wisdom: Source of narrative coherence and eudaimonia. Delft, The Netherlands: Eburon.
33. Bursik, K. (1991). Adaptation to divorce and ego development in adult women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 300-306.
34. Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concerns. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
35. Caspi, A., Bem, D. J., and Elder, G. H., Jr. (1989). Continuities and consequences of interactional styles across the life course. Journal of Personality, 57, 375-406.
36. Caspi, A., and Elder, G. H., Jr. (1986). Life satisfaction in old age: Linking social psychology and history. Journal of Psychology and Aging, 1, 18-26.
37. Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Morgan, J., Rutter, M., Taylor, A., Arseneault, L., Tully, L., Jacobs, C., Kim-Cohen, J., and Polo-Tomas, M. (2004). Maternal expressed emotion predicts children’s antisocial behavior problems: Using monozygotic-twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioral development. Developmental Psychology, 40, 149-161.
38. Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., and Shiner, R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 453-483.
39. Chandler, M. J., and Holliday, S. (1990). Wisdom in a postapocalyptic age. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 121-141). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
40. Clausen, J. A. (1993). American lives. Looking back at the children of the Great Depression. New York: The Free Press.
41. Clayton, V. (1975). Erikson’s theory of human development as it applies to the aged: Wisdom as contradictory cognition. Human Development, 18, 119-128.
42. Clayton, V. (1982). Wisdom and intelligence: The nature and function of knowledge in the later years. International Journal of Aging and Development, 15, 315-323.
43. Clayton, V. P., and Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life-span: A reexamination of an ancient topic. In P. B. Baltes and O. G. Brim Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 103-135). New York: Academic Press.
44. Colerick, E. J. (1985). Stamina in later life. Social Science and Medicine, 21, 997-1006.
45. Csikszentmihalyi, M., and Nakamura, J. (2005). The role of emotions in the development of wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives (pp. 220-242). New York: Cambridge University Press.
46. Csikszentmihalyi, M., and Rathunde, K. (1990). The psychology of wisdom: An evolutionary interpretation. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 25-51). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
47. Curnow, T. (1999). Wisdom, intuition, and ethics. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate.
48. Deci, E. L. (1980). The psychology of self-determination. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
49. Diener, E., and Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? Social Indicators Research, 57, 119-169.
50. Diener, E., and Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 1-31.
51. Dittmann-Kohli, F., and Baltes, P. B. (1990). Toward a neofunctionalist conception of adult intellectual development: Wisdom as a prototypical case of intellectual growth. In C. N. Alexander and E. J. Langer (Eds.), Higher stages of human development. Perspectives on adult growth (pp. 54-78). New York: Oxford University Press.
52. Eisenberg, L. (1999). Experience, brain, and behavior: The importance of a head start. Pediatrics, 103, 1031-1034.
53. Elder, G. H., Jr. (1991). Making the best of life: Perspectives on lives, times, and aging. Generations, 15, 12-17.
54. Elder, G. H., Jr. (1994). Time, human agency, and social change: Perspectives on the life course. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, 4-15.
55. Elder, G. H., Jr., Caspi, A., and Nguyen, T. V. (1986). Resourceful and vulnerable children: Family influences in hard times. In R. K. Silbereisen, K. Eyferth, and G. Rudinger (Eds.), Development as action in context: Problem behavior and normal youth development (pp. 167-186). Berlin: Springer.
56. Elder, G. H., Jr., and Liker, J. K. (1982). Hard times in women’s life: Historical influences across forty years. American Journal of Sociology, 88, 241-269.
57. Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
58. Erikson, E. H. (1964). Insight and responsibility. Lectures on the ethical implications of psychoanalytic insight. New York: Norton.
59. Erikson, E. H. (1980). Identity and the life cycle. New York: Norton.
60. Erikson, E. H. (1982). The life cycle completed. A review. New York: Norton.
61. Erikson, E. H., Erikson, J. M., and Kivnick, H. Q. (1986). Vital involvement in old age: The experience of old age in our time. New York: Norton.
62. Estevez, E., Musitu, G., and Herrero, J. (2005). The influence of violent behavior and victimization at school on psychological distress: The role of parents and teachers. Adolescence, 40, 183-196.
63. Etheredge, L. S. (2005). Wisdom in public policy. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 297-328). New York: Cambridge University Press.
64. Ewens, W. L. (1984). Becoming free: The struggle for human development. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources.
65. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., and Ridder, E. M. (2005a). Show me the child at seven II: Childhood intelligence and later outcomes in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 850-858.
66. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., and Ridder, E. M. (2005b). Show me the child at seven: The consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 837-849.
67. Furstenberg, F. F., Jr., Cook, T., Eccles, J. S., Elder, G. H., Jr., and Sameroff, A. (Eds.). (1999). Managing to make it: Urban families and adolescent success. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
68. Gadamer, H.-G. (1960). Wahrheit und Methode. Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik [Truth and method. Outline of a philosophical hermeneutics]. Tübingen: Mohr.
69. George, L. K. (1990). Social structure, social processes, and social-psychological states. In R. H. Binstock and L. K. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (3rd ed., pp. 186-204). New York: Academic Press.
70. George, L. K., and Clipp, E. C. (1991). Subjective components of aging well. Generations, 15, 57-60.
71. Giesen, C. B., and Datan, N. (1980). The competent older woman. In N. Datan and N. Lohmann (Eds.), Transitions of aging (pp. 57-72). New York: Academic Press.
72. Glover, R. J. (1998). Perspectives on aging: Issues affecting the latter part of the life cycle. Educational Gerontology, 24, 325-331.
73. Glück, J., Bluck, S., Baron, J., and McAdams, D. P. (2005). The wisdom of experience: Autobiographical narratives across adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 197-208.
74. Green, S. K., and Gross, A. E. (1979). Self-serving biases in implicit evaluations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 214-217.
75. Haan, N. (1969). A tripartite model of ego functioning: Values and clinical research applications. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 148, 14-30.
76. Hart, W. (1987). The art of living: Vipassana meditation as taught by S. N. Goenka. San Francisco: Harper.
77. Heath, D. H. (1991). Fulfilling lives: Paths to maturity and success. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
78. Helson, R., and Srivastava, S. (2002). Creative and wise people: Similarities, differences and how they develop. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1430-1440.
79. Holliday, S. G., and Chandler, M. J. (1986). Wisdom: Explorations in adult competence. Basel, New York: Karger.
80. Horney, K. (1970). Neurosis and human growth. New York: W.W. Norton.
81. Ikels, C., Dickerson-Putman, J., Draper, P., Fry, C. L., Glascock, A., Harpending, H., and Keith, J. (1995). Comparative perspectives on successful aging. In L. A. Bond, S. J. Cutler, and A. Grams (Eds.), Promoting successful and productive aging (pp. 304-323). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
82. Jaffee, S. R., Belsky, J., Harrington, H. L., Caspi, A., and Moffitt, T. E. (2006). When parents have a history of conduct disorder: How is the caregiving environment affected? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 309-319.
83. Jarvis, P. (1992). Paradoxes of learning: On becoming an individual in society. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
84. Jax, C. (2005). No soul left behind: Paths to wisdom in American schools. ReVision: A Journal of Consciousness and Transformation, 28, 34-41.
85. Jordan, J. (2005). The quest for wisdom in adulthood: A psychological perspective. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 160-188). New York: Cambridge University Press.
86. Kekes, J. (1983). Wisdom. American Philosophical Quarterly, 20, 277-286.
87. Kekes, J. (1995). Moral wisdom and good lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
88. Kitchener, K. S., and Brenner, H. G. (1990). Wisdom and reflective judgment: Knowing in the face of uncertainty. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 212-229). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
89. Kivnick, H. Q. (1993). Everyday mental health: A guide to assessing life strengths. Generation, 17, 13-20.
90. Kohn, M. (1977). Class and conformity: A study in values. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
91. Kohn, M., and Schoenbach, C. (1983). Class, stratification, and psychological functioning. In M. Kohn and C. Schooler (Eds.), Work and personality: An inquiry into the impact of social stratification (pp. 154-189). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
92. Kramer, D. A. (1990). Conceptualizing wisdom: The primacy of affect-cognition relations. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 279-313). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
93. Kramer, D. A. (2000). Wisdom as a classical source of human strength: Conceptualization and empirical inquiry. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 83-101.
94. Kunzmann, U., and Baltes, P. B. (2003). Beyond the traditional scope of intelligence: Wisdom in action. In R. J. Sternberg, J. Lautrey, et al. (Eds.), Models of intelligence: International perspectives (pp. 329-343). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
95. Kunzmann, U., and Baltes, P. B. (2005). The psychology of wisdom: Theoretical and empirical challenges. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 110-135). New York: Cambridge University Press.
96. Kupperman, J. J. (2005). Morality, ethics, and wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 245-271). New York: Cambridge University Press.
97. Labouvie-Vief, G. (1990). Wisdom as integrated thought: Historical and developmental perspectives. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 52-83). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
98. Larson, R. (1978). Thirty years of research on subjective well-being of older Americans. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 109-125.
99. Lehr, U. (1978). Kontinuität und Diskontinuität im Lebenslauf [Continuity and discontinuity in the life course]. In L. Rosenmayr (Ed.), Die menschlichen lebensalter: Kontinuität und krisen [The human life stages: Continuity and crises]. München: R. Piper.
100. Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., and Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-transcendence: Conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 60, 127-143.
101. Levitt, H. M. (1999). The development of wisdom: An analysis of Tibetan Buddhist experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39, 86-105.
102. Lohmann, N. (1980). Life satisfaction research in aging: Implications for policy development. In N. Datan and N. Lohmann (Eds.), Transitions of aging (pp. 27-40). New York: Academic Press.
103. Maas, H. S., and Kuypers, J. A. (1974). From thirty to seventy: A forty-year longitudinal study of adult life styles and personality. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
104. Manheimer, R. J. (1992). Wisdom and method: Philosophical contributions to gerontology. In T. R. Cole, D. D. Van Tassel, and R. Kastenbaum (Eds.), Handbook of the humanities and aging (pp. 426-440). New York: Springer.
105. Markstrom, C. A., Li, X., Blackshire, S. L., and Wilfong, J. J. (2005). Ego strength development of adolescents involved in adult-sponsored structured activities. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 85-95.
106. Marris, P. (1986). Loss and change (revised ed.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
107. Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
108. Mason, W. D. (1974). Aging and lifelong learning. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 7, 68-76.
109. McKee, P., and Barber, C. (1999). On defining wisdom. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 49, 149-164.
110. Meacham, J. A. (1989). Autonomy, despair, and generativity in Erikson’s theory. In P. S. Fry (Ed.), Psychological perspectives of helplessness and control in the elderly (pp. 63-98). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
111. Meacham, J. A. (1990). The loss of wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 181-211). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
112. Meyers, D. (1989). Self, society, and personal choice. New York: Columbia University Press.
113. Montgomery, A., Barber, C., and McKee, P. (2002). A phenomenological study of wisdom in later life. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 54, 139-157.
114. Moody, H. R. (1986). Late life learning in the information society. In D. A. Peterson, J. E. Thornton, and J. E. Birren (Eds.), Education and aging (pp. 122-148). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
115. Nanamoli, B. (2001). The life of the Buddha. According to the Pali Canon. Seattle, WA: BPS Pariyatti Editions.
116. Naranjo, C. (1972). The one quest. New York: Viking.
117. Nicholson, J. (1980). Seven ages. The truth about life crises - Does your age really matter? Glasgow: William Collins Sons and Co.
118. Oishi, S., Diener, E. F., and Lucas, R. E. (1999). Cross-cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: Perspectives from needs and values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 980-990.
119. Orwoll, L., and Achenbaum, W. A. (1993). Gender and the development of wisdom. Human Development, 36, 274-296.
120. Orwoll, L., and Perlmutter, M. (1990). The study of wise persons: Integrating a personality perspective. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 160-177). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
121. Osbeck, L. M., and Robinson, D. N. (2005). Philosophical theories of wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 61-83). New York: Cambridge University Press.
122. Park, C. L. (1998). Stress-related growth and thriving through coping: The roles of personality and cognitive processes. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 267-277.
123. Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., and Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality, 64, 71-105.
124. Park, C. L., and Fenster, J. R. (2004). Stress-related growth: Predictors of occurrence and correlates with psychological adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 195-215.
125. Pascual-Leone, J. (1990). An essay on wisdom: Toward organismic processes that make it possible. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 244-278). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
126. Pascual-Leone, J. (2000). Mental attention, consciousness, and the progressive emergence of wisdom. Journal of Adult Development, 7, 241-254.
127. Pasupathi, M., Staudinger, U. M., and Baltes, P. B. (2001). Seeds of wisdom: Adolescents’ knowledge and judgment about difficult life problems. Developmental Psychology, 37, 351-361.
128. Plomin, R., Fulker, D. W., Corley, R., and DeFries, J. C. (1997). Nature, nurture, and cognitive development from 1 to 16 years: A parent-offspring adoption study. Psychological Science, 8, 442-447.
129. Randall, W. L., and Kenyon, G. M. (2001). Ordinary wisdom: Biographical aging and the journey of life. Westport, CT: Praeger.
130. Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Hetherington, E. M., and Plomin, R. (2000). The relationship code: Deciphering genetic and social influences on adolescent development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
131. Reznitskaya, A., and Sternberg, R. J. (2004). Teaching students to make wise judgments: The “Teaching for Wisdom” program. In P. A. Linley and S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 181-196). New York: Wiley.
132. Richardson, M. J., and Pasupathi, M. (2005). Young and growing wiser: Wisdom during adolescence and young adulthood. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives (pp. 139-159). New York: Cambridge University Press.
133. Riess, M., Rosenfeld, P., Melburg, V., and Tedeschi, J. T. (1981). Self-serving attributions: Biased private perceptions and distorted public descriptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 224-231.
134. Robinson, D. N. (1990). Wisdom through the ages. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 13-24). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
135. Rowe, J. W., and Kahn, R. L. (1998). Successful aging. New York: Pantheon Books.
136. Rudinger, G., and Thomae, H. (1990). The Bonn Longitudinal Study of Aging: Coping, life adjustment, and life satisfaction. In P. B. Baltes and M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 265-295) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
137. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.
138. Schneewind, K. A. (1995). Impact of family processes on control beliefs. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Selfefficacy in changing societies (pp. 114-148). New York: Cambridge University Press.
139. Schwartz, A. J., and Power, F. C. (2000). Maxims to live by: The art and science of teaching wise sayings. In W. S. Brown (Ed.), Understanding wisdom: Sources, science, and society (pp. 393-412). Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press.
140. Sherwood, G. G. (1981). Self-serving biases in person perception: A reexamination of projection as a mechanism of defense. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 445-459.
141. Shuldiner, D. (1992). The older student of humanities: The seeker and the source. In T. R. Cole, D. D. Van Tassel, and R. Kastenbaum (Eds.), Handbook of the humanities and aging (pp. 441-457). New York: Springer.
142. Smith, J., and Baltes, P. B. (1990). Wisdom-related knowledge: Age/cohort differences in response to life-planning problems. Developmental Psychology, 26, 494-505.
143. Smith, J., Staudinger, U. M., and Baltes, P. B. (1994). Occupational settings facilitating wisdomrelated knowledge: The sample case of clinical psychologists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 989-999.
144. Solomon, J. L., Marshall, P., and Gardner, H. (2005). Crossing boundaries to generative wisdom: An analysis of professional work. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives (pp. 272-296). New York: Cambridge University Press.
145. Spreitzer, E., and Snyder, E. E. (1974). Correlates of life satisfaction among the aged. Journal of Gerontology, 29, 454-458.
146. Staudinger, U. M. (1999). Older and wiser? Integrating results on the relationship between age and wisdom-related performance. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23, 641-664.
147. Staudinger, U. M., and Baltes, P. B. (1996). Interactive minds: A facilitative setting for wisdom-related performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 746-762.
148. Staudinger, U. M., Dörner, J., and Mickler, C. (2005). Wisdom and personality. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives (pp. 191-219). New York: Cambridge University Press.
149. Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D. F., and Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychometric location of wisdomrelated performance: Intelligence, personality, and more? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1200-1214.
150. Staudinger, U. M., Maciel, A. G., Smith, J., and Baltes, P. B. (1998). What predicts wisdom-related performance? A first look at personality, intelligence, and facilitative experiential contexts. European Journal of Personality, 12, 1-17.
151. Staudinger, U. M., Smith, J., and Baltes, P. B. (1992). Wisdom-related knowledge in a life review task: Age differences and the role of professional specialization. Psychology and Aging, 7, 271-281.
152. Sternberg, R. J. (1990a). Wisdom and its relations to intelligence and creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 142-159). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
153. Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.). (1990b). Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
154. Sternberg, R. J. (1998). A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology, 2, 347-365.
155. Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Why schools should teach for wisdom: The balance theory of wisdom in educational settings. Educational Psychologist, 36, 227-245.
156. Sternberg, R. J. (2005). Older but not wiser? The relationship between age and wisdom. Ageing International, 30, 5-26.
157. Sternberg, R.J., and Jordan, J. (Eds.). (2005). A handbook of wisdom: Psychological perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press.
158. Strijbos, S. (1995). How can systems thinking help us in bridging the gap between science and wisdom. Systems Practice, 8, 361-376.
159. Takahashi, M. (2000). Toward a culturally inclusive understanding of wisdom: Historical roots in the East and West. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 51, 217-230.
160. Takahashi, M., and Bordia, P. (2000). The concept of wisdom: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Psychology, 35, 1-9.
161. Takahashi, M., and Overton, W. F. (2002). Wisdom: A culturally inclusive developmental perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 269-277.
162. Takahashi, M., and Overton, W. F. (2005). Cultural foundations of wisdom: An integrated developmental approach. In R. J. Sternberg and J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom. Psychological perspectives (pp. 32-60). New York: Cambridge University Press.
163. Taranto, M. A. (1989). Facets of wisdom: A theoretical synthesis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 29, 1-21.
164. Taylor, S. E., Lichtman, R. R., and Wood, J. V. (1984). Attributions, beliefs about control, and adjustment to breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 489-502.
165. Thalberg, I. (1978). Socialization and autonomous behavior. Tulane Studies in Philosophy, 28, 21-37.
166. Thomas, L. E. (1991). Dialogues with three religious renunciates and reflections on wisdom and maturity. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32, 211-227.
167. Thornton, J. E. (1986). Life span learning and education. A conceptual progression in the life course. In D. A. Peterson, J. E. Thornton, and J. E. Birren (Eds.), Education and aging (pp. 62-92). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
168. Vaillant, G. E. (1977). Adaptation to life. Boston: Little, Brown.
169. Vaillant, G. E. (1993). The wisdom of the ego. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
170. Vaillant, G. E. (2002). Aging well: Surprising guideposts to a happier life from the landmark Harvard study of adult development. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
171. Veenhoven, R. (1991). Is happiness relative? Social Indicators Research, 24, 1-34.
172. Veenhoven, R. (1994). Is happiness a trait? Tests of the theory that a better society does not make people any happier. Social Indicators Research, 32, 101-160.
173. Weber, M. (1980). Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie [Economy and society. An outline of interpretive sociology] (5th revised ed.). Tübingen: Mohr.
174. Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10, 13-22.
175. Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 65, 163-183.
176. Weinsheimer, J. C. (1985). Gadamer’s Hermeneutics: A reading of Truth and Method. New Haven: Yale University Press.
177. Wink, P., and Dillon, M. (2003). Religiousness, spirituality, and psychosocial functioning in late adulthood: Findings from a longitudinal study. Psychology and Aging, 18, 916-924.
178. Wink, P., and Helson, R. (1997). Practical and transcendent wisdom: Their nature and some longitudinal findings. Journal of Adult Development, 4, 1-15.
179. Wrightsman, L. S. (1988). Personality development in adulthood. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.