Biomimetic Coatings, Proteins, and Biocatalysts: A New Approach to Tailor the Properties of Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable Systems in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 223-250

  Leonor, I B ^a   Azevedo, Helena S ^a   Alves, Catarina M ^a   Reis, Rui L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85144164249     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9780203491232-20     Document Type: Chapter

References (224)

1. Hench, L.L., Bioactive Materials: The Potential for Tissue Regeneration, Society for Biomaterials 24th annual meeting, San Diego, 1998.
2. Doremus, R.H., Review bioceramics. J. Mater. Sci., 27, 285, 1992.
3. Hench, L.L. and Wilson, J., Surface-active biomaterials, Science, 226, 630, 1984.
4. Hench, L.L., Bioceramics: from concept to clinic, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74, 1487, 1991.
5. Campbell, A.A., Bioceramics for implant coatings, Mater. Today, 6, 26, 2003.
6. Hench, L.L., Bioactive ceramics, in Bioceramics: Material Characteristics versus In Vivo Behaviour, Ducheyne, P. and Lemons, J.E., Eds., Academy of Sciences, New York, 1988, p. 54.
7. Hench, L.L., Biomaterials: a forecast for the future, Biomaterials, 19, 1419, 1998.
8. LeGeros, R.Z. and LeGeros, J.P., Dense hydroxyapatite, in An Introduction to Bioceramics, Hench, L.L. and Wilson, J., Eds., World Scientific, London, 1993, p. 139.
9. Aoki, H., Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite, Japanese Association of Apatite Science, Takayama Press System Centre, Tokyo, 1991.
10. Ohtsuki, C. et al., Apatite formation on the surface of Ceravital-type glass-ceramic in the body, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 25, 1363, 1991.
11. Kokubo, T. et al., Apatite- and wollastonite-containing glass-ceramics for prosthetic application, Bull. Inst. Chem. Res., 60, 260, 1982.
12. Bonfield, W., Bowman, J., and Grynpas, M.D., Composite Material for Use in Orthopaedics., U.K. Patent 8,032,647, 1981.
13. Bonfield, W. et al., Hydroxyapatite reinforced polyethylene — a mechanically compatible implant material for bone-replacement, Biomaterials, 2, 185, 1981.
14. Abe, Y., Kokubo, T., and Yamamuro, T., Apatite coating on ceramics, metals and polymers utilizing a biological process, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 1, 233, 1990.
15. Sarikaya, M. et al., Molecular biomimetics: nanotechnology through biology, Nat. Mater., 2, 577, 2003.
16. Sarikaya, M., Biomimetics: materials fabrication through biology, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96, 14183, 1999.
17. Posner, A.S., The mineral of bone, Clin. Orthopaed. Relat. Res., 200, 87, 1985.
18. Lacout, J.L., Calcium phosphate as bioceramics, in Biomaterials: Hard Tissue Repair and Replacement, Muster, D., Ed., Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., North-Holland, 1992, p. 81.
19. Yamashita, K. and Kanazawa, T., Hydroxyapatite, in Inorganic Phosphate Materials, Kanazawa, T., Ed., Kodansha, Tokyo, 1989, p. 15.
20. Gibson, I.R., Best, S.M., and Bonfield, W., Chemical characterization of silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 44, 422, 1999.
21. Oonishi, H. and Oomamiuda, K., Degradation/resorption in bioactive ceramics in orthopaedics, in Handbook of Biomaterials Properties, Black, J. and Hastings, G., Eds., Chapman Hall, London, 1998, p. 407.
22. de Groot, K., Effect of porosity and physicochemical properties on the stability, resorption, and strength of calcium phosphate ceramics, in Bioceramics: Material Characteristics versus In Vivo Behaviour, Ducheyne, P. and Lemons, J.E., Eds., Academy of Sciences, New York, 1988, p. 227.
23. Cao, W.P. and Hench, L.L., Bioactive materials, Ceram. Int., 22, 493, 1996.
24. Ducheyne, P., Radin, S., and King, L., The effect of calcium phosphate ceramic composition and structure on in vitro behavior. I. Dissolution, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, 25, 1993.
25. Neo, M. et al., A comparative study of ultrastructures of the interfaces between four kinds of surfaceactive ceramic and bone, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26, 1419, 1992.
26. Neo, M. et al., Apatite formation on three kinds of bioactive material at an early stage in vivo: a comparative study by transmission electron microscopy, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, 999, 1993.
27. Bailey, J.E. and Ollis, D.F., Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Chemical Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1986.
28. Price, N.C. and Stevens, L., Fundamentals of Enzymology. The Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press Inc., New York, 1999.
29. Voet, D., Voet, J.G., and Pratt, C.W., Fundamentals of Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1999.
30. Norde, W. and Zoungrana, T., Surface-induced changes in the structure and activity of enzymes physically immobilized at solid/liquid interfaces, Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 28, 133, 1998.
31. Permyakov, E.A., Luminescent Spectroscopy of Proteins, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993.
32. Xie, J. et al., FTIR/ATR study of protein adsorption and brushite transformation to hydroxyapatite, Biomaterials, 23, 3609, 2002.
33. Norde, W. and Giacomelli, C.E., BSA structural changes during homomolecular exchange between the adsorbed and the dissolved states, J. Biotechnol., 79, 259, 2000.
34. Weiner, S., Traub, W., and Wagner, H.D., Lamellar bone: Structure-function relations, J. Struct. Biol., 126, 241, 1999.
35. Engstrom, A., Ultrastructure of bone, J. Bone Jt. Surg. — Br. Vol., 43, 185, 1961.
36. Engstrom, A. and Zetterstrom, R., Studies on the ultrastructure of bone, Exp. Cell Res., 2, 268, 1951.
37. Traub, W. et al., Bone Structure: Angstroms to Millimeters, Abstracts of papers of the American Chemical Society, 212, 172, 1996.
38. Weiner, S. and Wagner, H.D., The material bone: Structure mechanical function relations, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci., 28, 271, 1998.
39. Weiner, S. and Traub, W., Bone structure — from angstroms to microns, Faseb J., 6, 879, 1992.
40. Ziv, V. et al., Transitional structures in lamellar bone, Microsc. Res. Tech., 33, 203, 1996.
41. Karsenty, G., The complexities of skeletal biology, Nature, 423, 316, 2003.
42. Engstrom, A., Aspects of the molecular structure of bone, in The Biochemistry and Physiology of the Bone, Bourne, G.H., Ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1972, p. 237.
43. Hollinger, J.O. et al., Role of bone substitutes, Clin. Orthopaed., 324, 55, 1996.
44. Schmitt, J.M. et al., Bone morphogenetic proteins: an update on basic biology and clinical relevance, J. Orthopaed. Res., 17, 269, 1999.
45. Kenley, R.A. et al., Biotechnology and bone graft substitutes, Pharm. Res., 10, 1393, 1993.
46. Desilets, C.P. et al., Development of synthetic bone-repair materials for craniofacial reconstruction, J. Craniofac. Surg., 1, 150, 1990.
47. Tortora, G.J. and Grabowski, S.R., Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 8th ed., Roesch, B., Ed., Harper Collins College Publishers, New York, 1996.
48. Rho, J.-Y., Kuhn-Spearing, L., and Zioupos, P., Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone, Med. Eng. Phys., 20, 92, 1998.
49. Bonfield, W. and Gryspan, M.D., Anysotropy of Young’s modulus of bone, Nature, 270, 473, 1977.
50. Marks, S.C. and Hermey, D.C., The structure and development of bone, in Principles in Bone Biology, Rodan, G.A., Ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1996, p. 3.
51. Weiner, S., Traub, W., and Arad, T., Molecular organization of bone, Micron and Microsc. Acta, 22, 292, 1991.
52. Posner, A.S., The mineral of bone, Clin. Orthopaed. Rel. Res., 200, 87, 1985.
53. Sikavitsas, V.I., Temenoff, J.S., and Mikos, A.G., Biomaterials and bone mechanotransduction, Biomaterials, 22, 2581, 2001.
54. Anselme, K., Osteoblast adhesion on biomaterials, Biomaterials, 667, 2000.
55. Teitelbaum, S.L., Bone resorption by osteoclasts, Science, 289, 1504, 2000.
56. Ducy, P., Schinke, T., and Karsenty, G., The osteoblast: a sophisticated fibroblast under central surveillance, Science, 289, 1501, 2000.
57. Ziv, V. and Weiner, S., Bone crystal sizes — a comparison of transmission electron-microscopic and x-ray-diffraction line-width broadening techniques, Connect. Tissue Res., 30, 165, 1994.
58. Lodding, A.R., Ficher, P.M., and Odelius, H., Secondary ion mass spectrometry in the study of biomineralizations and biomaterials, Anal. Chim. Acta, 241, 299, 1990.
59. Anderson, H.C., Mechanisms of mineral formation in bone, Lab. Invest., 60, 320, 1989.
60. Gay, C.V., Schraer, H., and Hargest, T.E., Ultrastructure of matrix vesicles and mineral in unfixed embryonic bone, Metab. Bone Dis. Rel. Res., 1, 105, 1978.
61. Ali, S.Y. et al., Preparation of thin cryosections for electron probe analysis of calcifying cartilage, J. Microsc., 111, 65, 1977.
62. Carter, D.H. et al., Effects of deproteination on bone mineral morphology: implications for biomaterials and aging, Bone, 31, 389, 2002.
63. Arsenault, A.L., A comparative electron microscopic study of apatite crystals in collagen fibrils of rat bone, dentin and calcified turkey tendons, Bone Miner., 6, 165, 1989.
64. Komarova, S.V. et al., Mathematical model predicts a critical role for osteoclast autocrine regulation in the control of bone remodeling, Bone, 33, 206, 2003.
65. Boyan, B.D. et al., Pretreatment of bone with osteoclasts affects phenotypic expression of osteoblastlike cells, J. Orthopaed. Res., 21, 638, 2003.
66. Doll, B. et al., Critical aspects of tissue-engineered therapy for bone regeneration, Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr., 11, 173, 2001.
67. Martin, J.Y. et al., Proliferation, differentiation, and protein synthesis of human osteoblast-like cells (MG63) cultured on previously used titanium surfaces, Clin. Oral Impl. Res., 7, 27, 1996.
68. Giuliani, N. et al., Bisphosphonates stimulate formation of osteoblast precursors and mineralized nodules in murine and human bone marrow cultures in vitro and promote early osteoblastogenesis in young and aged mice in vivo, Bone, 22, 455, 1998.
69. Kiebzak, G.M., Age-related bone changes, Exp. Gerontol., 26, 171, 1991.
70. Walsh, W.R. and Christiansen, D.L., Demineralized bone matrix as a template for mineral-organic composites, Biomaterials, 16, 1363, 1995.
71. Termine, J.D., Cellular activity, matrix proteins, and aging bone, Exp. Gerontol., 25, 217, 1990.
72. Boyan, B.D., Schwartz, Z., and Boskey, A.L., The importance of mineral in bone and mineral research, Bone, 27, 341, 2000.
73. Lerner, U.H., Minireview: Osteoclast formation and resorption, Matrix Biol., 19, 107, 2000.
74. Roodman, G.D., Cell biology of the osteoclast, Exp. Hematol., 27, 1229, 1999.
75. Kaneko, H. et al., Direct stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and expression of BMP receptors in mature osteoclasts, Bone, 27, 479, 2000.
76. Duong, L.T. et al., Integrins and signaling in osteoclast function, Matrix Biol., 19, 97, 2000.
77. Suzuki, R. et al., The reaction of osteoclasts when releasing osteocytes from osteocytic lacunae in the bone during bone modeling, Tissue Cell, 35, 189, 2003.
78. Troen, B.R., Molecular mechanisms underlying osteoclast formation and activation, Exp. Gerontol., 38, 605, 2003.
79. Sela, J. et al., Primary mineralization at the surfaces of implants, Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med., 11, 423, 2000.
80. Schwartz, Z. and Boyan, B.D., Underlying mechanisms at the bone-biomaterial interface, J. Cell. Biochem., 56, 340, 1994.
81. Boyan, B.D. et al., Epithelial-cell lines that induce bone-formation in vivo produce alkaline phosphatase-enriched matrix vesicles in culture, Clin. Orthopaed. Relat. Res., 277, 266, 1992.
82. Robey, P.G., The biochemistry of bone, Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am., 18, 859, 1989.
83. Eanes, E., Dynamics of calcium phosphate precipitation, in Calcification in Biological Systems, Bonucci, E., Ed., CRC Press, London, 1992, p. 2.
84. Matsuzawa, T. and Anderson, H.C., Phosphatases of epiphyseal cartilage studied by electron microscopic cytochemical methods, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 19, 801, 1971.
85. Genge, B.R. et al., Correlation between loss of alkaline phosphatase activity and accumulation of calcium during matrix vesicle mediated mineralization, J. Biol. Chem., 263, 118513, 1988.
86. Akisaka, T. and Gay, C.V., Ultrastructural localization of calcium-activated adenosine tri-phosphate(Ca2+-ATPase) in growth plate cartilage, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 33, 925, 1985.
87. Denhardt, D.T. and Guo, X., Osteopontin: a protein with diverse functions, FASEB J., 7, 1475, 1993.
88. Linde, A. and Lussi, A., Mineral induction by polyanionic dentin and bone proteins at physiologic ionic conditions, Connect. Tissue Res., 21, 197, 1989.
89. Weiss, R.E. and Reddi, A.H., Appearance of fibronectin during the differentiation of cartilage, bone, and bone marrow, J. Cell Biol., 88, 630, 1981.
90. Globus, R.K. et al., Fibronectin is a survival factor for differentiated osteoblasts, J. Cell Sci., 111, 1385, 1998.
91. Boskey, A.L. and Timchak, D.M., Phospholipid changes in the bones of the vitamin D deficient phosphate deficient immature rat, Metab. Bone Dis. Rel. Res., 5, 81, 1989.
92. Fisher, L.W. et al., Human bone sialoprotein. Deduced protein sequence and chromosomal localization, J. Biol. Chem., 265, 2347, 1990.
93. Anderson, H.C., The role of cells versus matrix in bone induction, Connect. Tissue Res., 24, 3, 1990.
94. Caplan, A. and Boyan, B., Endochondral bone formation: the lineage cascade, in Bone, Hall, B., Ed., CRC Press, London, 1994.
95. Mundy, G.R. and Bonewald, L.F., Role of TGF-beta in bone remodeling, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 593, 91, 1990.
96. Buckwalter, J.A. et al., Bone biology, J. Bone Jt. Surg., 77A, 1256, 1996.
97. Boyan, B.D. et al., The effect of vitamin D metabolites on the plasma and matrix vesicle membranes of growth and resting cartilage cells in vitro, Endocrinology, 122, 2851, 1988.
98. Lian, J.B. and Stein, G.S., Concepts of osteoblast growth and differentiation: basis for modulation of bone cell development and tissue formation, Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med., 3, 269, 1992.
99. Palma, F.D. et al., Physiological strains remodel extracellular matrix and cell-cell adhesion in osteoblastic cells cultured on alumina-coated titanium alloy, Biomaterials, in press.
100. Sahin, S., Cehreli, M.C., and Yalcin, E., The influence of functional forces on the biomechanics of implant-supported prostheses — a review, J. Dentist., 30, 271, 2002.
101. Wahlgren, M. and Arnebrant, T., Protein adsorption to solid surfaces, TIBTECH, 9, 201, 1991.
102. Missirlis, Y.F., How to deal with the complexity of the blood-polymer interactions, Clin. Mater., 11, 9, 1992.
103. Schakenraad, J.M. and Busscher, K.J., Cell-polymer interactions: the influence of protein adsorption, Colloids Surf., 42, 331, 1989.
104. Absolom, D.R. and Neumann, W., Modification of substrate surface properties through protein adsorption, Colloids Surf., 30, 25, 1988.
105. Horbett, T.A., Principles underlying the role of adsorbed plasma proteins in blood interactions with foreign materials, Cardiovasc. Pathol., 2, 137S, 1993.
106. Garcia, A.J., Vega, M.D., and Boettiger, D., Modulation of cell proliferation and differentiation through substrate-dependent changes in fibronectin conformation, Mol. Biol. Cell., 10, 785, 1999.
107. Stephansson, S.N., Byers, B.A., and García, A.J., Enhanced expression of the osteoblastic phenotype on substrates that modulate fibronectin conformation and integrin receptor binding, Biomaterials, 23, 2527, 2002.
108. Garcia, A.J. and Boettiger, D., Integrin-fibronectin interactions at the cell material interface: initial integrin binding and signaling, Biomaterials, 20, 2427, 1999.
109. Hughes, D.E. et al., Integrin expression in human bone, J. Bone Miner. Res., 8, 527, 1993.
110. Gehron, R.P., Fedarko, N.S., and Hefferan, T.E., Structure and molecular regulation of bone matrix proteins, J. Bone Miner. Res., 8, S483, 1993.
111. Hynes, R.O., Integrins: a family of cell surface receptors, Cell, 69, 11, 1992.
112. Ferris, D.M. et al., RGD-coated titanium implants stimulate increased bone formation in vivo, Biomaterials, 20, 2323, 1999.
113. Kim, Y.W. et al., Effects of organic matrix proteins on the interfacial structure at the bone-biocompatible nacre interface in vitro, Biomaterials, 23, 2089, 2002.
114. Puleo, D.A. and Nanci, A., Understanding and controlling the bone-implant interface, Biomaterials, 20, 2311, 1999.
115. Boyan, B.D. et al., Role of material surfaces in regulating bone and cartilage cell response, Biomaterials, 17, 137, 1996.
116. Hollinger, J.O. and Schmitz, J.P., Macrophysiologic roles of a delivery system for vulnerary factors needed for bone regeneration, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 831, 427, 1997.
117. Burg, K.J., Porter, S., and Kellam, J.F., Biomaterial developments for bone tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 21, 2347, 2000.
118. Gopferich, A., Mechanical of polymer degradation and erosion, Biomaterials, 17, 103, 1996.
119. Hollinger, J.O., Biodegradable bone repair materials, Clin. Orthopaed. Rel. Res., 207, 290, 1986.
120. Kim, H.-M., Ceramic bioactivity and related biomimetic strategy, Curr. Opin. Sol. State Mater. Sci., 2003.
121. Engineers, H.A.P.f.M.
122. Jenney, C.R. and Anderson, J.M., Adsorbed serum proteins responsible for surface dependent human macrophage behavior, J. Biomed. Mat. Res., 49, 435, 2000.
123. Mann, S., On the nature of boundary-organized biomineralization (BOB), J. Inorg. Biochem., 28, 363, 1986.
124. Shin, H., Jo, S., and Mikos, A.G., Biomimetic materials for tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 24, 4353, 2003.
125. Rebaron, R.G. and Athanasiou, K.A., Extracellular matrix cell adhesion peptides: functional applications in orthopaedic materials, Tissue Eng., 6, 82, 2000.
126. Scharnweber, D. et al., Mineralization behaviour of collagen type I immobilized on different substrates, Biomaterials, in press.
127. Puleo, D.A. and Bizios, R., RGDS tetrapeptide binds to osteoblasts and inhibits fibronectin-mediated adhesion, Bone, 12, 271, 1991.
128. Dee, K.C., Andersen, T.T., and Bizios, R., Design and function of novel osteoblast-adhesive peptides for chemical modification of biomaterials, J. Biomed. Mat. Res., 40, 371, 1998.
129. Jennissen, H.P., Accelerated and improved osteointegration of implants biocoated with bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP-2), Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 961, 139, 2002.
130. Ripamonti, U., Crooks, J., and Rueger, D.C., Induction of bone formation by recombinant human osteogenetic protein-1 and sintered porous hydroxyapatite in adult primates, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 107, 977, 2001.
131. Sousa, R.A. et al., Injection molding of a starch/EVOH blend aimed as an alternative biomaterial for temporary applications, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 77, 1303, 2000.
132. Reis, R.L. et al., Processing and in vitro degradation of starch/EVOH thermoplastic blends, Polym. Int., 43, 347, 1997.
133. Reis, R.L. et al., Mechanical behavior of injection-molded starch-based polymers, Polym. Adv. Technol., 7, 784, 1996.
134. Vaz, C.M., Reis, R.L., and Cunha, A.M., Degradation model of starch-EVOH plus HA composites, Mater. Res. Innov., 4, 375, 2001.
135. Araújo, M.A. et al., In-vitro degradation behaviour of starch/EVOH biomaterials, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 73, 237, 2001.
136. Reis, R.L. and Cunha, A.M., New degradable load-bearing biomaterials based on reinforced thermoplastic starch incorporating blends, J. Appli. Med. Polym., 4, 1, 2000.
137. Gomes, M.E. et al., Cytocompatibility and response of osteoblastic-like cells to starch-based polymers: effect of several additives and processing conditions, Biomaterials, 22, 1911, 2001.
138. Marques, A.P., Reis, R.L., and Hunt, J.A., The biocompatibility of novel starch-based polymers and composites: in vitro studies, Biomaterials, 23, 1471, 2002.
139. Hastings, G., Is there an ideal biomaterial for use as an implant for fracture fixation?, in Biodegradable Implants in Fracture Fixation, Ping-Chung, L., Ed., World Scientific, Hong Kong, 1994, p. 19.
140. Bostman, O. and Pihlajamaki, H., Clinical biocompatibility of biodegradable orthopaedic implants for internal fixation: a review, Biomaterials, 21, 2615, 2000.
141. Middleton, J.C. and Tipton, A.J., Synthetic biodegradable polymers as orthopedic devices, Biomaterials, 21, 2335, 2000.
142. Vainionpää, S., Rokkanen, P., and Törmälä, P., Surgical applications of biodegradable polymers in human tissues, Program Polym. Sci., 14, 679, 1989.
143. Malafaya, P.B. et al., Porous starch-based drug delivery systems processed by a microwave route, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 12, 1227, 2001.
144. Gomes, M.E. et al., Alternative tissue engineering scaffolds based on starch: processing methodologies, morphology, degradation and mechanical properties, Mater. Sci. Eng. C: Biomim. Supramol. Syst., 20, 19, 2002.
145. Hench, L.L. and Anderson, Ö., Bioactive glasses, in An Introduction to Bioceramics, Hench, L.L. and Wilson, J., Eds., World Scientific, London, 1993, p. 41.
146. Gross, K.A. and Berndt, C.C., In vitro testing of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 5, 219, 1994.
147. Clèries, L., Fernandez-Pradas, J.M., and Morenza, J.L., Behavior in simulated body fluid of calcium phosphate coatings obtained by laser ablation, Biomaterials, 21, 1861, 2000.
148. Wei, M. et al., Interfacial bond strength of electrophoretically deposited hydroxyapatite coatings on metals, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 10, 401, 1999.
149. Kaciulis, S. et al., XPS study of apatite-based coatings prepared by sol-gel technique, Appl. Surf. Sci., 151, 1, 1999.
150. Kaciulis, S. et al., Surface analysis of biocompatible coatings on titanium, J. Elect. Spectrosc. Rel. Phenom., 95, 61, 1998.
151. Yamashita, K. et al., Preparation of apatite thin films through rf-Sputtering from calcium phosphate glasses 2401-2407, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77, 2401, 1994.
152. Leonor, I.B. and Reis, R.L., An innovative auto-catalytic deposition route to produce calcium-phosphate coatings on polymeric biomaterials, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 14, 435, 2003.
153. Tanahashi, M. et al., Apatite coated on organic polymers by biomimetic process: improvement in its adhesion to substrate by glow-discharge treatment, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 29, 349, 1995.
154. Hayashi, K. et al., Comparison of bone-implant interface shear strength of solid hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 27, 557, 1993.
155. de Groot, K., Calcium phosphate coatings: alternatives to plasma spray, in Bioceramics, Vol. 11, LeGeros, R.Z. and LeGeros, J.P., Eds., World Scientific, New York, 1998, p. 41.
156. Shirkhanzadeh, M., Bioactive calcium phosphate coatings prepared by electrodeposition, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 10, 1415, 1991.
157. Leeuwenburgh, S. et al., Osteoclastic resorption of biomimetic calcium phosphate coatings in vitro, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 56, 208, 2001.
158. Gledhill, H.C., Turner, I.G., and Doyle, C., In vitro dissolution behaviour of two morphologically different thermally sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings, Biomaterials, 22, 695, 2001.
159. Fazan, F. and Marquis, P.M., Dissolution behaviour of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 11, 787, 2000.
160. Kim, H.M. et al., Preparation of bioactive Ti and its alloys via simple chemical surface treatment, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 32, 409, 1996.
161. Stupp, S.I. et al., Supramolecular materials: Self-organized nanostructures, Science, 276, 384, 1997.
162. Hata, K. et al., Growth of a bonelike apatite layer on a substrate by a biomimetic process, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 78, 1049, 1995.
163. Yuan, X., Mak, A.F., and Li, J., Formation of bone-like apatite on poly(L-lactic acid) fibers by a biomimetic process, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 57, 140, 2001.
164. Kokubo, T., Bioactive glass-ceramics: Properties and applications, Biomaterials, 12, 155, 1991.
165. Kokubo, T. et al., Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glassceramic A-W, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 24, 721, 1990.
166. Tanahashi, M. et al., Apatite formation on organic polymers by biomimetic process using Na2O-SiO2 glasses as nucleating agent, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 102, 822, 1994.
167. Tanahashi, M. et al., Apatite coating on organic polymers by a biomimetic process, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77, 2805, 1994.
168. Kokubo, T. et al., Ceramic-metal and ceramic-polymer composites prepared by a biomimetic process, Composites Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., 30, 405, 1999.
169. Kim, H.M. et al., Composition and structure of the apatite formed on PET substrates in SBF modified with various ionic activity products, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 46, 228, 1999.
170. Liu, G.J. et al., Apatite organic polymer composites prepared by a biomimetic process: improvement in adhesion of the apatite layer to the substrate by ultraviolet irradiation, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 9, 285, 1998.
171. Tanahashi, M. et al., Apatite coated on organic polymers by biomimetic process — Improvement in adhesion to substrate by HCl treatment, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 6, 319, 1995.
172. Tanahashi, M. et al., Apatite coated on organic polymers by biomimetic process: improvement in its adhesion to substrate by NaOH treatment, J. Appl. Biomater., 5, 339, 1994.
173. Wen, H.B. et al., Preparation of bioactive microporous titanium surface by a new two-step chemical treatment, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 9, 121, 1998.
174. Baskaran, S. et al., Titanium oxide thin films on organic interfaces through biomimetic processing, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81, 401, 1998.
175. Miyaji, F. et al., Bonelike apatite coating on organic polymers: novel nucleation process using sodium silicate solution, Biomaterials, 20, 913, 1999.
176. Reis, R.L., Cunha, A.M., Fernandes, M.H., and Correia, R.N., Treatments to induce the nucleation and growth of apatite like layers onto polymeric surfaces and foams, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 8, 897, 1997.
177. Oliveira, A.L. et al., Surface modification tailors the characteristics of biomimetic coatings nucleated on starch-based polymers, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 10, 827, 1999.
178. Reis, R.L. et al., Treatments to induce the nucleation and growth of apatite-like layers on polymeric surfaces and foams, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 8, 897, 1997.
179. Burke, E.M. et al., Influence of coating strain on calcium phosphate thin-film dissolution, J. Biomed. Mat. Res., 57, 41, 2001.
180. MacDonald, D.E. et al., Physicochemical study of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite-coated implants in humans, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 54, 480, 2001.
181. Cuisinier, F.J.G., Bone mineralization, Curr. Opin. Sol. State Mater. Sci., 1, 436, 1996.
182. Tanahashi, M. and Matsuda, T., Surface functional group dependence on apatite formation on selfassembled monolayers in a simulated body fluid, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 34, 305, 1997.
183. Mann, S., Biomineralization, Principles and Concepts in Bioinorganic Materials Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001.
184. Teng, H.H. et al., Thermodynamics of calcite growth: baseline for understanding biomineral formation, Science, 282, 724, 1998.
185. Lakshminarayanan, R., Kini, R.M., and Valiyaveettil, S., Investigation of the role of ansocalcin in the biomineralization in goose eggshell matrix, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99, 5155, 2002.
186. Hartgerink, J.D., Beniash, E., and Stupp, S.I., Self-assembly and mineralization of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers, Science, 294, 1684, 2001.
187. Douglas, T., Materials science. A bright bio-inspired future, Science, 299, 1192, 2003.
188. Stupp, S.I. and Braun, P.V., Molecular manipulation of microstructures: biomaterials, ceramics, and semiconductors, Science, 277, 1242, 1997.
189. Eiden-Abmann, S. et al., The influence of amino acids on the biomineralization of hydroxyapatite in gelatin, J. Inorg. Biochem., 91, 481, 2002.
190. Walsh, D. et al., Influence of monosaccharides and related molecules on the morphology of hydroxyapatite, J. Crystal Growth, 133, 1, 1993.
191. Weiner, S., Addadi, L., and Wagner, H.D., Materials design in biology, Mater. Sci. Eng. C: Biomim. Supramol. Syst., 11, 1, 2000.
192. Aizenberg, J. et al., Direct fabrication of large micropatterned single crystals, Science, 299, 1205, 2003.
193. Aizenberg, J., Black, A.J., and Whitesides, G.M., Control of crystal nucleation by patterned selfassembled monolayers, Nature, 398, 495, 1999.
194. Filmon, R. et al., Poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate)-alkaline phosphatase: A composite biomaterial allowing in vitro studies of bisphosphonates on the mineralization process, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 11, 849, 2000.
195. Liu, Y. et al., Biomimetic coprecipitation of calcium phosphate and bovine serum albumin on titanium alloy, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 57, 327, 2001.
196. Zeng, H., Chittur, K.K., and Lacefield, W.R., Analysis of bovine serum albumin adsorption on calcium phosphate and titanium surfaces, Biomaterials, 20, 377, 1999.
197. Hunter, G.K. et al., Nucleation and inhibition of hydroxyapatite formation by mineralized tissue proteins, Biochem. J., 317, 59, 1996.
198. Combes, C. and Rey, C., Adsorption of proteins and calcium phosphate materials bioactivity, Biomaterials, 23, 2817, 2002.
199. Campbell, A.A. and Nancollas, G.H., The mineralization of calcium phosphate on separated salivary protein films, Colloids Surf., 54, 33, 1991.
200. Couchourel, D. et al., Effects of fibronectin on hydroxyapatite formation, J. Inorg. Biochem., 73, 129, 1999.
201. Marques, P.A. et al., Mineralisation of two phosphate ceramics in HBSS: role of albumin, Biomaterials, 24, 451, 2003.
202. Bender, S.A. et al., Effect of protein on the dissolution of HA coatings, Biomaterials, 21, 299, 2000.
203. Lobel, K.D. and Hench, L.L., In vitro adsorption and activity of enzymes on reaction layers of bioactive glass substrates, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 39, 575, 1998.
204. Horbett, T.A. et al., Some background concepts, in Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, Ratner, B.D. et al., Eds., Academic Press, San Diego, 1996, p. 133.
205. Boskey, A.L. and Paschalis, E., Matrix proteins and biomineralization, in Bone Engineering, Davies, J.E., Ed., em squared incorporated, Toronto, 2000, p. 44.
206. Mei, J., Shelton, R.M., and Marquis, P.M., Changes in the elemental composition of bioglass during its surface development in the presence or absence of proteins, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 6, 703, 1995.
207. Radin, S. et al., The effect of in vitro modeling conditions on the surface reactions of bioactive glass, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 37, 363, 1997.
208. Combes, C., Rey, C., and Freche, M., In vitro crystallization of octacalcium phosphate on type I collagen: influence of serum albumin, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 10, 153, 1999.
209. Feng, B., Chen, J., and Zhang, X., Interaction of calcium and phosphate in apatite coating on titanium with serum albumin, Biomaterials, 23, 2499, 2002.
210. Areva, S. et al., Effect of albumin and fibrinogen on calcium phosphate formation on sol-gel-derived titania coatings in vitro, Chem. Mater., 14, 1614, 2002.
211. Lu, H.H., Pollack, S.R., and Ducheyne, P., 45S5 bioactive glass surface charge variations and the formation of a surface calcium phosphate layer in a solution containing fibronectin, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 54, 454, 2001.
212. LeGeros, R.Z., Properties of osteoconductive biomaterials: calcium phosphates, Clin. Orthopaed., 395, 81, 2002.
213. Wen, H.B. et al., Incorporation of bovine serum albumin in calcium phosphate coating on titanium, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 46, 245, 1999.
214. Liu, Y. et al., Proteins incorporated into biomimetically prepared calcium phosphate coatings modulate their mechanical strength and dissolution rate, Biomaterials, 24, 65, 2003.
215. Wen, H.B. et al., Fast precipitation of calcium phosphate layers on titanium induced by a simple chemical treatments, Biomaterials, 18, 1471, 1997.
216. Wen, H.B. et al., Preparation of calcium phosphate coatings on titanium implant materials by a simple chemistry, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41, 227, 1998.
217. Vehof, J.W.M. et al., Ectopic bone formation in titanium mesh loaded with bone morphogenetic protein and coated with calcium phosphate, Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 108, 434, 2001.
218. Leonor, I.B. et al., Effects of the incorporation of proteins and active enzymes on biomimetic calciumphosphate coatings, in Bioceramics, Vol. 15, Trans Tech Publications, Zurich, 2003, p. 97.
219. Krajewski, A., Malavolti, R., and Piancastelli, A., Albumin adhesion on some biological and nonbiological glasses and connection with their Z-potentials, Biomaterials, 17, 53, 1996.
220. Klinger, A. et al., Mechanism of adsorption of human albumin to titanium in vitro, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 36, 387, 1997.
221. Boel, E. et al., Calcium binding in alpha-amylases: an X-ray diffraction study at 2.1-A resolution of two enzymes from Aspergillus, Biochemistry, 29, 6244, 1990.
222. Medve, J., Stahlberg, J., and Tjerneld, F., Isotherms for adsorption of cellobiohydrolase I and II from Trichoderma reesei on microcrystalline cellulose, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 66, 39, 1997.
223. Hench, L.L., Bioactive ceramics: theory and clinical applications, in Bioceramics, Vol. 7, Andersson, Ö.H., Happonen, R.-P., and Yli-Urpo, A., Eds., Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Turku, 1994, p. 3.
224. Hench, L.L., Bioactive implants, Chem. Ind., 17, 547, 1995.