Transcranial Magnetic and Electric Stimulation in Perception and Cognition Research

Transcranial Brain Stimulation

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 335-355

  Miniussi, Carlo ^a,b   Ambrus, Géza Gergely ^c   Pellicciari, Maria Concetta ^b   Walsh, Vincent ^d,e   Antal, Andrea ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

^b IRCCS ISTITUTO CENTRO SAN GIOVANNI DI DIO FATEBENEFRATELLI   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85137442263     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b14174-21     Document Type: Chapter

References (130)

1. Accornero, N., Li Voti, P., La Riccia, M., and Gregori, B. 2007. Visual evoked potentials modulation during direct current cortical polarization. Exp Brain Res 178: 261-266.
2. Amassian, V. E., Cracco, R. Q., Maccabee, P. J. et al. 1989. Suppression of visual perception by magnetic coil stimulation of human occipital cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 74: 458-462.
3. Ambrus, G. G., Paulus, W., and Antal, A. 2010. Cutaneous perception thresholds of electrical stimulation methods: Comparison of tDCS and tRNS. Clin Neurophysiol 121:1908-1914.
4. Ambrus, G. G., Zimmer, M., Kincses, Z. T. et al. 2011. The enhancement of cortical excitability over the DLPFC before and during training impairs categorization in the prototype distortion task. Neuropsychologia 49: 1974-1980.
5. Andoh, J., Artiges, E., Pallier, C. et al. 2006. Modulation of language areas with functional MR image-guided magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage 29: 619-627.
6. Andrews, S. C., Hoy, K. E., Enticott, P. G. et al. 2011. Improving working memory: The effect of combining cognitive activity and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Brain Stimul 4: 84-89.
7. Antal, A., Kincses, T. Z., Nitsche, M. A., Bartfai, O., and Paulus, W. 2004a. Excitability changes induced in the human primary visual cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation:Direct electrophysiological evidence. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45: 702-707.
8. Antal, A., Kincses, T. Z., Nitsche, M. A., and Paulus, W. 2003a. Manipulation of phosphene thresholds by transcranial direct current stimulation in man. Exp Brain Res 150:375-378.
9. Antal, A., Kincses, T. Z., Nitsche, M. A., and Paulus, W. 2003b. Modulation of moving phosphene thresholds by transcranial direct current stimulation of V1 in human. Neuropsychologia 41: 1802-1807.
10. Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., Kincses, T. Z. et al. 2004b. Facilitation of visuo-motor learning by transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor and extrastriate visual areas in humans. Eur J Neurosci 19: 2888-2892.
11. Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., Kruse, W. et al. 2004c. Direct current stimulation over V5 enhances visuomotor coordination by improving motion perception in humans. J Cogn Neurosci 16: 521-527.
12. Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., and Paulus, W. 2001. External modulation of visual perception in humans. Neuroreport 12: 3553-3555.
13. Antal, A. and Paulus, W. 2008. Transcranial direct current stimulation and visual perception. Perception 37: 367-374.
14. Antal, A., Polania, R., Schmidt-Samoa, C., Dechent, P., and Paulus, W. 2011. Transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex during fMRI. Neuroimage 55:590-596.
15. Antal, A., Terney, D., Poreisz, C., and Paulus, W. 2007. Towards unravelling task-related modulations of neuroplastic changes induced in the human motor cortex. Eur J Neurosci 26:2687-2691.
16. Antal, A., Varga, E. T., Nitsche, M. A. et al. 2004d. Direct current stimulation over MT+/V5 modulates motion aftereffect in humans. Neuroreport 15: 2491-2494.
17. Ashbridge, E., Walsh, V., and Cowey, A. 1997. Temporal aspects of visual search studied by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychologia 35: 1121-1131.
18. Barker, A. T., Jalinous, R., and Freeston, I. L. 1985. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet 1: 1106-1107.
19. Baudewig, J., Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W., and Frahm, J. 2001. Regional modulation of BOLD MRI responses to human sensorimotor activation by transcranial direct current stimulation. Magn Reson Med 45: 196-201.
20. Bestmann, S., Ruff, C. C., Blankenburg, F. et al. 2008. Mapping causal interregional influences with concurrent TMS-fMRI. Exp Brain Res 191: 383-402.
21. Boggio, P. S., Castro, L. O., Savagim, E. A. et al. 2006. Enhancement of non-dominant hand motor function by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Neurosci Lett 404: 232-236.
22. Boggio, P. S., Valasek, C. A., Campanha, C. et al. 2011. Non-invasive brain stimulation to assess and modulate neuroplasticity in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychol Rehabil 21:703-716.
23. Bolognini, N., Fregni, F., Casati, C., Olgiati, E., and Vallar, G. 2010. Brain polarization of parietal cortex augments training-induced improvement of visual exploratory and attentional skills. Brain Res 1349: 76-89.
24. Brindley, G. S. and Lewin, W. S. 1968. The visual sensations produced by electrical stimulation of the medial occipital cortex. J Physiol 194: 54-5P.
25. Cappa, S. F., Sandrini, M., Rossini, P. M., Sosta, K., and Miniussi, C. 2002. The role of the left frontal lobe in action naming: rTMS evidence. Neurology 59: 720-723.
26. Chaieb, L., Antal, A., and Paulus, W. 2008. Gender-specific modulation of short-term neuroplasticity in the visual cortex induced by transcranial direct current stimulation. Vis Neurosci 25: 77-81.
27. Chen, R., Classen, J., Gerloff, C. et al. 1997. Depression of motor cortex excitability by lowfrequency transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology 48: 1398-1403.
28. Chi, R. P., Fregni, F., and Snyder, A. W. 2010. Visual memory improved by non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Res 1353: 168-175.
29. Cohen Kadosh, R., Soskic, S., Iuculano, T., Kanai, R., and Walsh, V. 2010. Modulating neuronal activity produces specific and long-lasting changes in numerical competence. Curr Biol 20: 2016-2020.
30. Cooke, S. F. and Bliss, T. V. 2006. Plasticity in the human central nervous system. Brain 129:1659-1673.
31. Corthout, E., Hallett, M., and Cowey, A. 2003. Interference with vision by TMS over the occipital pole: A fourth period. Neuroreport 14: 651-655.
32. Cotelli, M., Calabria, M., Manenti, R. et al. 2012. Brain stimulation improves associative memory in an individual with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurocase 18: 217-223.
33. Cotelli, M., Fertonani, A., Miozzo, A. et al. 2011. Anomia training and brain stimulation in chronic aphasia. Neuropsychol Rehabil 21: 717-741.
34. Dmochowski, J. P., Datta, A., Bikson, M., Su, Y., and Parra, L. C. 2011. Optimized multielectrode stimulation increases focality and intensity at target. J Neural Eng 8: 046011.
35. Drager, B., Breitenstein, C., Helmke, U., Kamping, S., and Knecht, S. 2004. Specific and nonspecific effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on picture-word verification. Eur J Neurosci 20: 1681-1687.
36. Epstein, C. M. and Rothwell, J. C. 2003 In Therapeutic Uses of rTMS. Cambridge, U.K.:Cambridge University Press.
37. Ferrucci, R., Marceglia, S., Vergari, M. et al. 2008. Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation impairs the practice-dependent proficiency increase in working memory. J Cogn Neurosci 20: 1687-1697.
38. Fertonani, A., Pirulli, C., and Miniussi, C. 2011. Random noise stimulation improves neuroplasticity in perceptual learning. J Neurosci 31: 15416-15423.
39. Fertonani, A., Rosini, S., Cotelli, M., Rossini, P. M., and Miniussi, C. 2010. Naming facilitation induced by transcranial direct current stimulation. Behav Brain Res 208: 311-318.
40. Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M. et al. 2005. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Exp Brain Res 166: 23-30.
41. Guse, B., Falkai, P., and Wobrock, T. 2010. Cognitive effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A systematic review. J Neural Transm 117: 105-122.
42. Harris, I. M., Benito, C. T., Ruzzoli, M., and Miniussi, C. 2008a. Effects of right parietal transcranial magnetic stimulation on object identification and orientation judgments. J Cogn Neurosci 20: 916-926.
43. Harris, I. M. and Miniussi, C. 2003. Parietal lobe contribution to mental rotation demonstrated with rTMS. J Cogn Neurosci 15: 315-323.
44. Harris, J. A., Clifford, C. W., and Miniussi, C. 2008b. The functional effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation: Signal suppression or neural noise generation? J Cogn Neurosci 20: 734-740.
45. Hesse, M. D., Sparing, R., and Fink, G. R. 2011. Ameliorating spatial neglect with non-invasive brain stimulation: From pathophysiological concepts to novel treatment strategies. Neuropsychol Rehabil 21: 676-702.
46. Hilgetag, C. C., Theoret, H., and Pascual-Leone, A. 2001. Enhanced visual spatial attention ipsilateral to rTMS-induced ‘virtual lesions’ of human parietal cortex. Nat Neurosci 4:953-957.
47. Huang, Y. Z., Edwards, M. J., Rounis, E., Bhatia, K. P., and Rothwell, J. C. 2005. Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron 45: 201-206.
48. Hummel, F., Celnik, P., Giraux, P. et al. 2005. Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke. Brain 128: 490-499.
49. Jacobson, L., Koslowsky, M., and Lavidor, M. 2011. tDCS polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains: A meta-analytical review. Exp Brain Res 216: 1-10.
50. Jahanshahi, M. and Rothwell, J. 2000. Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies of cognition:An emerging field. Exp Brain Res 131: 1-9.
51. Kanai, R., Chaieb, L., Antal, A., Walsh, V., and Paulus, W. 2008. Frequency-dependent electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. Curr Biol 18: 1839-1843.
52. Kim, Y. H., Min, S. J., Ko, M. H. et al. 2005. Facilitating visuospatial attention for the contralateral hemifield by repetitive TMS on the posterior parietal cortex. Neurosci Lett 382:280-285.
53. Kincses, T. Z., Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., Bartfai, O., and Paulus, W. 2004. Facilitation of probabilistic classification learning by transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in the human. Neuropsychologia 42: 113-117.
54. Kraft, A., Roehmel, J., Olma, M. C. et al. 2010. Transcranial direct current stimulation affects visual perception measured by threshold perimetry. Exp Brain Res 207: 283-290.
55. Landi, D. and Rossini, P. M. 2010. Cerebral restorative plasticity from normal ageing to brain diseases: A “never ending story”. Restor Neurol Neurosci 28: 349-366.
56. Lappe, M., Bremmer, F., Pekel, M., Thiele, A., and Hoffmann, K. P. 1996. Optic flow processing in monkey STS: A theoretical and experimental approach. J Neurosci 16: 6265-6285.
57. Maccabee, P. J., Amassian, V. E., Cracco, R. Q. et al. 1991. Magnetic coil stimulation of human visual cortex: Studies of perception. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 43: 111-120.
58. Maeda, F., Keenan, J. P., Tormos, J. M., Topka, H., and Pascual-Leone, A. 2000. Modulation of corticospinal excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 111: 800-805.
59. Manenti, R., Cotelli, M., Calabria, M., Maioli, C., and Miniussi, C. 2010. The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in retrieval from long-term memory depends on strategies:A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Neuroscience 166: 501-507.
60. Mantovani, M., Van Velthoven, V., Fuellgraf, H., Feuerstein, T. J., and Moser, A. 2006. Neuronal electrical high frequency stimulation enhances GABA outflow from human neocortical slices. Neurochem Int 49: 347-350.
61. Marshall, L., Molle, M., Siebner, H. R., and Born, J. 2005. Bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation slows reaction time in a working memory task. BMC Neurosci 6: 23.
62. Miniussi, C., Brignani, D., and Pellicciari, M. C. 2012. Combining transcranial electrical stimulation with electroencephalography: A multimodal approach. J Clin EEG Neurosci 43: 184-191.
63. Miniussi, C., Cappa, S. F., Cohen, L. G. et al. 2008. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation/transcranial direct current stimulation in cognitive neurorehabilitation. Brain Stimul 1: 326-336.
64. Miniussi, C. and Rossini, P. M. 2011. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil 21: 579-601.
65. Miniussi, C., Ruzzoli, M., and Walsh, V. 2010. The mechanism of transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognition. Cortex 46: 128-130.
66. Miniussi, C. and Thut, G. 2010. Combining TMS and EEG offers new prospects in cognitive neuroscience. Brain Topogr 22: 249-256.
67. Miniussi, C. and Vallar, G. 2011. Brain stimulation and behavioural cognitive rehabilitation:A new tool for neurorehabilitation? Neuropsychol Rehabil 21: 553-559.
68. Moliadze, V., Giannikopoulos, D., Eysel, U. T., and Funke, K. 2005. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol applied to visual cortex of anaesthetized cat: Effects on visually evoked single-unit activity. J Physiol 566: 955-965.
69. Moliadze, V., Zhao, Y., Eysel, U., and Funke, K. 2003. Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on single-unit activity in the cat primary visual cortex. J Physiol 553: 665-679.
70. Nitsche, M.A., Cohen, L.G., Wassermann, E.M. et al. 2008. Transcranial direct current stimulation:State of the art. Brain Stimul 1:206-223.
71. Nitsche, M. A. and Paulus, W. 2000. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J Physiol 527 (Pt 3): 633-639.
72. Nitsche, M. A. and Paulus, W. 2001. Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology 57: 1899-1901.
73. Nitsche, M. A., Schauenburg, A., Lang, N. et al. 2003. Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the human. J Cogn Neurosci 15: 619-626.
74. Pascual-Leone, A. and Hallett, M. 1994. Induction of errors in a delayed response task by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Neuroreport 5: 2517-2520.
75. Pascual-Leone, A., Valls-Sole, J., Wassermann, E. M., and Hallett, M. 1994. Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Brain 117 (Pt 4): 847-858.
76. Pascual-Leone, A. and Walsh, V. 2001. Fast backprojections from the motion to the primary visual area necessary for visual awareness. Science 292: 510-512.
77. Pascual-Leone, A., Walsh, V., and Rothwell, J. 2000. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience-Virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10: 232-237.
78. Pascual-Leone, A., Wassermann, E. M., Grafman, J., and Hallett, M. 1996. The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in implicit procedural learning. Exp Brain Res 107:479-485.
79. Pasley, B. N., Allen, E. A., and Freeman, R. D. 2009. State-dependent variability of neuronal responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the visual cortex. Neuron 62:291-303.
80. Paulus, W. 2011. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES - tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods. Neuropsychol Rehabil 21: 602-617.
81. Pobric, G., Jefferies, E., and Lambon Ralph, M. A. 2010. Category-specific versus categorygeneral semantic impairment induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Curr Biol 20: 964-968.
82. Price, C. J. and Friston, K. J. 1999. Scanning patients with tasks they can perform. Hum Brain Mapp 8: 102-108.
83. Reis, J., Schambra, H. M., Cohen, L. G. et al. 2009. Noninvasive cortical stimulation enhances motor skill acquisition over multiple days through an effect on consolidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 1590-1595.
84. Robertson, E. M., Theoret, H., and Pascual-Leone, A. 2003. Studies in cognition: The problems solved and created by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Cogn Neurosci 15:948-960.
85. Romei, V., Brodbeck, V., Michel, C. et al. 2008. Spontaneous fluctuations in posterior alphaband EEG activity reflect variability in excitability of human visual areas. Cereb Cortex 18: 2010-2018.
86. Rossi, S., Cappa, S. F., Babiloni, C. et al. 2001. Prefrontal cortex in long-term memory:An “interference” approach using magnetic stimulation. Nat Neurosci 4: 948-952.
87. Rossi, S., Ferro, M., Cincotta, M. et al. 2007. A real electro-magnetic placebo (REMP) device for sham transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Clin Neurophysiol 118: 709-716.
88. Rossi, S., Hallett, M., Rossini, P. M., and Pascual-Leone, A. 2009. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol 120: 2008-2039.
89. Rossi, S., Miniussi, C., Pasqualetti, P. et al. 2004. Age-related functional changes of prefrontal cortex in long-term memory: A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study. J Neurosci 24: 7939-7944.
90. Rothwell, J. C., Day, B. L., Thompson, P. D., Dick, J. P., and Marsden, C. D. 1987. Some experiences of techniques for stimulation of the human cerebral motor cortex through the scalp. Neurosurgery 20: 156-163.
91. Rusconi, E., Walsh, V., and Butterworth, B. 2005. Dexterity with numbers: rTMS over left angular gyrus disrupts finger gnosis and number processing. Neuropsychologia 43:1609-1624.
92. Ruzzoli, M., Abrahamyan, A., Clifford, C. W. et al. 2011. The effect of TMS on visual motion sensitivity: An increase in neural noise or a decrease in signal strength? J Neurophysiol 106: 138-143.
93. Ruzzoli, M., Marzi, C. A., and Miniussi, C. 2010. The neural mechanisms of the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on perception. J Neurophysiol 103: 2982-2989.
94. Sack, A. T. 2006. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, causal structure-function mapping and networks of functional relevance. Curr Opin Neurobiol 16: 593-599.
95. Sack, A. T., Cohen Kadosh, R., Schuhmann, T. et al. 2009. Optimizing functional accuracy of TMS in cognitive studies: A comparison of methods. J Cogn Neurosci 21: 207-221.
96. Sack, A. T. and Linden, D. E. 2003. Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional imaging in cognitive brain research: Possibilities and limitations. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 43: 41-56.
97. Sandrini, M., Cappa, S. F., Rossi, S., Rossini, P. M., and Miniussi, C. 2003. The role of prefrontal cortex in verbal episodic memory: rTMS evidence. J Cogn Neurosci 15:855-861.
98. Sandrini, M., Rossini, P. M., and Miniussi, C. 2004. The differential involvement of inferior parietal lobule in number comparison: A rTMS study. Neuropsychologia 42: 1902-1909.
99. Sandrini, M., Umilta, C., and Rusconi, E. 2011. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: A new synthesis of methodological issues. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35: 516-536.
100. Schweid, L., Rushmore, R. J., and Valero-Cabre, A. 2008. Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on posterior parietal cortex disrupts visuo-spatial processing in the contralateral visual field. Exp Brain Res 186: 409-417.
101. Schwiedrzik, C. M. 2009. Retina or visual cortex? The site of phosphene induction by transcranial alternating current stimulation. Front Integr Neurosci 3: 6.
102. Selimbeyoglu, A. and Parvizi, J. 2010. Electrical stimulation of the human brain: Perceptual and behavioral phenomena reported in the old and new literature. Front Hum Neurosci 4: 46.
103. Seyal, M., Ro, T., and Rafal, R. 1995. Increased sensitivity to ipsilateral cutaneous stimuli following transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal lobe. Ann Neurol 38:264-267.
104. Shams, L., Kamitani, Y., and Shimojo, S. 2000. Illusions. What you see is what you hear. Nature 408: 788.
105. Siebner, H. R., Bergmann, T. O., Bestmann, S. et al. 2009. Consensus paper: Combining transcranial stimulation with neuroimaging. Brain Stimul 2: 58-80.
106. Siebner, H. R., Lang, N., Rizzo, V. et al. 2004. Preconditioning of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation: Evidence for homeostatic plasticity in the human motor cortex. J Neurosci 24: 3379-3385.
107. Silvanto, J., Lavie, N., and Walsh, V. 2005. Double dissociation of V1 and V5/MT activity in visual awareness. Cereb Cortex 15: 1736-1741.
108. Silvanto, J., Muggleton, N. G., Cowey, A., and Walsh, V. 2007. Neural adaptation reveals statedependent effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 25: 1874-1881.
109. Silvanto, J., Muggleton, N., and Walsh, V. 2008. State-dependency in brain stimulation studies of perception and cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 12: 447-454.
110. Sparing, R., Dafotakis, M., Meister, I. G., Thirugnanasambandam, N., and Fink, G. R. 2008. Enhancing language performance with non-invasive brain stimulation-A transcranial direct current stimulation study in healthy humans. Neuropsychologia 46: 261-268.
111. Sparing, R., Thimm, M., Hesse, M. D. et al. 2009. Bidirectional alterations of interhemispheric parietal balance by non-invasive cortical stimulation. Brain 132: 3011-3020.
112. Stagg, C. J., Jayaram, G., Pastor, D. et al. 2011. Polarity and timing-dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in explicit motor learning. Neuropsychologia 49:800-804.
113. Stein, R. B., Gossen, E. R., and Jones, K. E. 2005. Neuronal variability: Noise or part of the signal? Nat Rev Neurosci 6: 389-397.
114. Stuss, D. T. 2011. The future of cognitive neurorehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil 21:755-768.
115. Tanaka, S., Sandrini, M., and Cohen, L. G. 2011. Modulation of motor learning and memory formation by non-invasive cortical stimulation of the primary motor cortex. Neuropsychol Rehabil 21: 650-675.
116. Taylor, P. C., Walsh, V., and Eimer, M. 2008. Combining TMS and EEG to study cognitive function and cortico-cortico interactions. Behav Brain Res 191: 141-147.
117. Terney, D., Chaieb, L., Moliadze, V., Antal, A., and Paulus, W. 2008. Increasing human brain excitability by transcranial high-frequency random noise stimulation. J Neurosci 28:14147-14155.
118. Thickbroom, G. W. 2007. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and synaptic plasticity:Experimental framework and human models. Exp Brain Res 180: 583-593.
119. Thut, G., Ives, J. R., Kampmann, F., Pastor, M. A., and Pascual-Leone, A. 2005. A new device and protocol for combining TMS and online recordings of EEG and evoked potentials. J Neurosci Methods 141: 207-217.
120. Thut, G. and Miniussi, C. 2009. New insights into rhythmic brain activity from TMS-EEG studies. Trends Cogn Sci 13: 182-189.
121. Thut, G., Veniero, D., Romei, V. et al. 2011. Rhythmic TMS causes local entrainment of natural oscillatory signatures Curr Biol 21:1176-1185.
122. Vallar, G. and Bolognini, N. 2011. Behavioural facilitation following brain stimulation:Implications for neurorehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil 21: 618-649.
123. Vallesi, A., Shallice, T., and Walsh, V. 2007. Role of the prefrontal cortex in the foreperiod effect: TMS evidence for dual mechanisms in temporal preparation. Cereb Cortex 17:466-474.
124. Varga, E. T., Elif, K., Antal, A. et al. 2007. Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the parietal cortex modifies facial gender adaptation. Ideggyogy Sz 60: 474-479.
125. Walsh, V. and Cowey, A. 1998. Magnetic stimulation studies of visual cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2: 103-110.
126. Walsh, V. and Cowey, A. 2000. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 1: 73-79.
127. Walsh, V., Ellison, A., Battelli, L., and Cowey, A. 1998. Task-specific impairments and enhancements induced by magnetic stimulation of human visual area V5. Proc Biol Sci 265: 537-543.
128. Waterston, M. L. and Pack, C. C. 2010. Improved discrimination of visual stimuli following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. PLoS One 5: e10354.
129. Zaehle, T., Sandmann, P., Thorne, J. D., Jancke, L., and Herrmann, C. S. 2011. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex modulates working memory performance:Combined behavioural and electrophysiological evidence. BMC Neurosci 12: 2.
130. Ziemann, U. and Siebner, H. R. 2008. Modifying motor learning through gating and homeostatic metaplasticity. Brain Stimul 1: 60-66.