Diseases Caused by Flagellates

Fish Diseases

Volumn 1, Issue , 2008, Pages 421-515

  Alvarez Pellitero, Pilar ^a  

^a CSIC Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal IATS   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85136076515     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781482280487-12     Document Type: Chapter

References (300)

1. Abreu, P.C., R.B. Robaldo, L.A. Sampaio, A. Biarichini and C. Odebrecht. 2005. Recurrent amyloodiniosis on broodstock of the Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignynanus: Dinospore monitoring and prophylactic measures. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 36: 42-50.
2. Adl, S.M., A.G.B. Simpson, M.A. Farmer, R.A. Andersen, O.R. Anderson, J.R. Barta, S.S. Bowser, G. Brugerolle, R.A. Fensome, S. Fredericq, T.Y. James, S. Karpov, R Kugrens, J. Krug, CE. Lane, L.A. Lewis, J. Lodge, D.H. Lynn, D.G. Mann, R.M. McCourt, L. Mendoza, Ø. Moestrup, S.E. Mozley-Standridge, T.A. Nerad, CA. Shearer, A.V. Smirnov, EW. Spiegel and M.F.J.R. Taylor. 2005. The new higher level classification of Eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of Protists. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 52: 399-451.
3. Afifi, S.H. 1996. Histopathology of catfish, mud barbell Ciarias mossambicus infected with Trypanosoma markeu/itschi under laboratory conditions. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 35: 72-83.
4. Agüero, F., V. Campo, L. Cremona, A. Jäger, J.M. Di Noia, R Overath, D.O. Sánchez and A.C. Frasch. 2002. Gene discovery in the freshwater fish parasite Trypanosoma carassii: Identification of trans-transialidasa-like and mucin-like genes. Infection and Immunity 70: 7140-7144.
5. Aguilar, A., M.F. Alvarez, J.M. Leiro and M.L. Sanmartín. 2005. Parasite populations of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) in the rivers Ulla and Tea (Galicia, Northwest Spain). Aquaculture 249: 85-94.
6. Ahmed, S.M. 2001. A study on trypanosomiasis in some freshwater fishes of Assiut Governorate. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 45: 117-131.
7. Aiello, R and A. D’Alba. 1986. Amybodinium ocellatum infestation in yellowtail, Serbia dumerili intensively reared in Sicily, Italy. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 6: 110-111.
8. Alyain, S.A., M.A.E.M. Soheir and N.A.M. Mahnoud. 1994. A revision study on Nile catfish (Clarias lazera) in upper Egypt after 20 years. Veterinary Medical Journal Giza 42: 21-26.
9. Alvarez-Pellitero, R 1995. Study of parasitic and infectious (bacterial and viral) diseases in seabream (Sparus aurata) and Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) reared in the Mediterranenan environment: Survey, epidemiology and control. In: FAR 1988-92, Synopsis of RandD Projects, Aquaculture upgrading of fishery products, European Commission, Directorate-General XIV Fisheries, Luxembourg, Vol. I, pp. 21-26.
10. Alvarez-Pellitero, P 2004. Report about fish parasitic diseases. In: Mediterranean Aquaculture Diagnostic Laboratories, R Alvarez-Pellitero, J.L. Barja, B. Basurco, F. Berthe and A.E. Toranzo (eds.). Zaragoza: CIHEAM (Centre International des hautes Etudes Agronomiques Mediterrannéennes)/FAO (Série B, Études et Recherches) No. 49, Options Méditerranéennes, pp. 103-130.
11. Alvarez-Pellitero, R, A. Sitjà-Bobadilla and A. Franco-Sierra. 1993. Protozoan parasites of wild and cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), from the Mediterranenan area. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 24: 101-108.
12. Alvarez-Pellitero, P., A. Sitjà-Bobadilla, A. Franco-Sierra and O. Palenzuela. 1995. Protozoan parasites of gilt-head seabream, Sparus aurata L., from different culture systems in Spain. Journal of Fish Diseases 18: 105-115.
13. Andersson, J.O., A.M. Sjogren, A.A.M. Davis, T.M. Embley and A.J. Roger. 2003. Phylogenetic analyses of diplomonad genes reveal frequent lateral gene transfers affecting eukaryotes. Current Bbbgy 13: 93-104.
14. Avliyakulov, N.K, J. Lukes, A.V. Kavaja, B. Liedberg, I. Lundstrôm and S.RS. Svensson. 2000. Suramin blocks nucleotide triphospahte binding to ribosomal protein L3 from Trypanoplasma borreli. European Journal of Biochemistry 267: 1723-1731.
15. Bahmanrokh, M. and RT.K. Woo. 2001. Relations between histopathology and parasitaemias in Oncorhynchus mykiss infected with Cryptobia salmositica, a pathogenic haemoflagellate. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 46: 41-45.
16. Barbaro, A. and A. Francescon. 1985. Parassitosi da Amybodinium ocellatum (Dinophyceae) su larve di Sparus aurata allevate in un impinato di riproduzione artificialer. Oebalia 11: 745-752.
17. Baron, L.I., VYu. Yurchenko and A.A. Kolesnikov. 1995. Structure of minicircle kinetoplast DNA from a river perch tryapanosome. Molecular Bbbgy (New York) 29: 801-805.
18. Baticados, M.C. and G.F. Quinitio. 1984. Occurrence and pathology of an Amybodinium-like protozoan parasite on the gills of grey mullet, Mugi! cephalus. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 37: 595-601.
19. Beck, K., G. Lewbart and G. Piner. 1996. The occurrence of Icrtt/vyobodo-like organism on captive Atlantic spadefish Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet). Journal of Fish Diseases 19: 111-112.
20. Becker, CD. 1970. Haematozoa of fishes, with emphasis on North American records. In: A Symposium on Diseases of Fishes and Shellfishes, S.F. Sniezsko (ed.). Special Publication No. 5. American Fisheries Society, Washington, pp. 82-100.
21. Bergh, Ø, F. Nilsen and O.B. Samuelsen. 2001. Diseases, prophylaxis and treatment of the Atlantic hablibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus: a review. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 48: 57-74.
22. Bienek, D.R. and M. Belosevic. 1997. Comparative assessment of growth of Trypanosoma danilewskyi (Laveran and Mesnil) in medium containing fish or mamalian serum. Journal of Fish Diseases 20: 111-221.
23. Bienek, D.R. and M. Belosevic. 1999. Macrophage or fibroblast-conditioned medium potentiates growth of Trypanosoma danilewskyi Laveran and Mesnil, 1904. Journal of Fish Diseases 22: 359-367.
24. Bienek, D.R., D.A. Plouffe, G.F. Wiegertjes and M. Belosevic. 2002. Immunization of goldfish with excretroy/secretory molecules of Trypanosoma danilewskyi confers protection against infection. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 26: 649-657.
25. Blanc, E., A. Marques, G. Bouix, G. Brugerolle and G. Breuil. 1989. Cryptobia sp. from the gills of the gilt head seabream Sparus aurata. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 9: 81-82.
26. Boon, J.H., Y. Zuxu and G.H.R. Booms. 1990. Effects of Anguillicola crassus and Trypanosoma granulosum infecions in the peripheral blood cells of European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 10: 143-145.
27. Bower, S.M. and L. Margolis. 1985. Effects of temperature and salinity on the course of infection with the haemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica in juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Journal of Fish Diseases 8: 25-33.
28. Bower, S.M., R.E. Withler and B.E. Riddell. 1995. Genetic variation in resistance to the hemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica in coho and sockeye salmon. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 7: 185-194.
29. Bricknell, LR., J.E. Bron and T.J. Bowden. 2006. Diseases of gadoid fish in cultivation: a review. ICES Journal of Marine Science 63: 253-266.
30. Brugerolle, G. 1974. Contribution a l’étude cytologique et phylétique des diplozoaires (Zoomastigophora, Diplozoa, Dangeard 1910). III. Etude ultrastructurale du genre Hexamita (Dujardin 1838). Protistobgica 1: 83-90.
31. Brugerolle, G. 1975. Contribution a l’étude cytologique et pylétique des diplozoaires (Zoomastigophora, Diplozoa, Dangeard 1910). VI. Caractères généraux des diplozoaires. Protistobgica 11: 111-118.
32. Brugerolle, G. and J.J. Lee. 2000. Order Diplomonadida. In: The IIIustrated Guide to the Protozoa, J.J. Lee, G.F. Leedale and R Bradbury (eds.). Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 1125-1135.
33. Brugerolle, G., L. Joyon and N. Oktem. 1973. Contribution a l’étude cytologique et phylétique des diplozoaires (Zomastigophorea, Diplozoa, Dangeard 1910). II. Étude ultrastructurale du genre Spironucleus (Lavier 1936). Protistobgica 9: 495-502.
34. Brugerolle, C, J. Lorn, E. Nohynková and L. Joyon. 1979. Comparison et évolution des structures cellulaires chez plusieurs éspéces de bodonides et cryptobiides appartenant aux genres Bodo, Cryptobia et Trypanoplasma (Kinetoplastida, Mastigophora). Protistobgica 15: 197-221.
35. Brugerolle, C, I. Kunstyr, J. Senaud and K.T. Friedhoff. 1980. Fine structure of trophozoites and cysts of the pathogenic diplomonad Spironucleus muris. Zeitschrift für ParasitenKunde 62: 47-61.
36. Bruno, D.W. 1992. lchthyobodo sp. on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L, reared in the marine environment. Journal of Fish Diseases 15: 349-351.
37. Buchman, K. and A. Uldall. 1996. Temperature, pH and bile dependent in vitro cultivation of Hexamita salmonis from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss intestine. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 24: 169-172.
38. Bullock, A.M. and D.A. Robertson. 1982. A note on the occurrence of lchthyobodo necator (Henneguy 1883) in a wild population of juvenile plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Journal of Fish Diseases 5: 531-533.
39. Bunnajirakul, S., D. Steinhagen, U. Hetzel, W. Körting and W. Drommer. 2000. A study of sequential histopatology of Trypanoplasma borreli (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) in susceptible common carp Cyprinus carpio. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 39: 221-229.
40. Burkholder, J.M. 2001. Chronic impacts from toxic microalgae on finfish, shellfish and human health. In: Waters in Peril, L. Bendell-Young and R Gallaugher (eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 103-126.
41. Burreson, E.M. 1979. Structure and life cycle of Trypanoplsma beckeri sp. n. (Kinetoplastida), a parasite of the cabezon, Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, in Oregon coastal waters. Journal of Protozoology 26: 343-347.
42. Burreson, E.M. 1982a. The life cycle of Trypanoplasma bullocki (Zoomastigophorea, Kinetoplastida). Journal of Protozoology 29: 72-77.
43. Burreson, E.M. 1982b. Trypanosomiasis in flounder along the Atlantic coast of the United States. In: Les Antigenes des Micro-organismes Parasites des Poissons, D.R Anderson, M. Dorson and Ph. Dubourget (eds.). Collection Foundation Merieux, France, pp. 251-260.
44. Burreson, E.M. 1999. Phylum Annelida: Hirudinea as vectors of disease agents. In: Fish Diseases and Disorders. Protozoan and Metazoan Infections, RT.K. Woo (ed.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., Vol. 1, pp. 599-629.
45. Burreson, E.M. and J.R Sypek. 1981. Cryptobia sp. (Mastigophorea, Kinetoplastida) from the gills of marine fishes in Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Fish Diseases 4: 519-522.
46. Burreson, E.M. and D.E. Zwerner. 1984. Juvenile summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, mortalities in western Atlantic Ocean caused by the haemoflagellate Trypanoplasma bullocki, evidence from field and experiemntal studies. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 37: 343-352.
47. Caffara, M. and M.R Tampieri. 2001. Parassitosi dei pesci ornamentali dulciaquaicoli. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari 22: 68-69.
48. Cagirgan, H. and E. Toksen. 1996. Yurdumuzda kültürü yapilan levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) juvenillerinde ilk defa görülen Amybodinium oellatum (Dinoflagellata) infestasyonu. Pendilc Veteriner Mikrobbyobji Dergisi 27: 197-205.
49. Callahan, H.A., and E.J. Noga. 2002. Tricaine dramatically reduces the ability to diagnose protozoan ectoparasite (lchthyobodo necator) infections. Journal of Fish Diseases 25: 433-437.
50. Callahan, H.A., R.W. Litaker and E.J. Noga. 2002. Molecular taxonomy of the suborder Bodonina (Order Kinetoplastida), including the important fish parasite, lchthyobodo necator. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 49: 119-128.
51. Callahan, H.A., R.W Litaker and E.J. Noga. 2005. Genetic relationships among members of the lchthyobodo necator complex: Implications for the management of aquaculture stocks. Journal of Fish Diseases 28: 111-118.
52. Carnevia, D. and G. Speranza. 2003a. Enfermedades diagnosticadas en peces ornamentales tropicales de criaderos de Uruguay: I. Parasitosis. Veterinaria (Montevideo) 38: 29-34.
53. Carnevia, D. and G. Speranza. 2003b. Seasonal variations in parasites found in mullet (Mugil platanus Günther, 1880) juveniles captured on the Uruguayan coast of the River Plate. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 23: 245-249.
54. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1981. Eukaryotic kingdoms: Seven or nine? Biosystems 14: 461-481.
55. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1991. Cell diversification in heterotrophic flagellates. In: The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates, D.J. Patterson and J. Larsen (eds.). Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 113-131.
56. Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203-206.
57. Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002. The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of protozoa. International Journal of Systematic, Ecology and Microbiology 52: 297-354
58. Cecchini, S., M. Saroglia, G. Terova and F. Albanesi. 2001. Detection of antibody response against Amybodinium ocellatum (Brown, 1931) in serum of naturally infected European sea bass by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 21: 104-108.
59. Chen, C.L. 1956. The protozoan parasites from four species of Chinese pond fishes, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Mylopharingodon piceus, Aristichthys nobilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. I. The protozoan parasites of Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Acta Hydrobiologica Sínica 1: 123-164.
60. Chin, A. and PT.K. Woo. 2005. Innate cell-mediated immune response and peripheral leukocyte populations in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to a live Cryptobia salmositica vaccine. Parasitobgy Research 95: 299-304.
61. Chin, A., B.D. Glebe and BT.K. Woo. 2004. Humoral response and susceptibility of five full-sib families of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to the haemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica. Journal of Fish Diseases 27: 471-481.
62. Ching Yu, T, S. Chin Wen, L. YuHsing and W. WayShyan. 2002. Amybodinium spp. and Centrotestus sp. infection in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Taiwan Veterinary Journal 28: 305-311.
63. Chonchuenchob, R, S. Sumpawapol and A. Mearoh. 1986. Diseases of cage-cultures sea bass (Lates calcarifer) in southwestern Thailand. In: Management of Wild and Cultured Sea Bass/Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), J.W. Copland and D.L. Grey (eds.). Proceedings of an International Workshop held at Darwin, N. X Australia, 24-30 Septemeber 1986, pp. 194-197.
64. Cobb, CS-, M.G. Levy and E.J. Noga. 1998a. Acquired immunity to amyloodiniosis is associated with an antibody response. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 34: 125-133.
65. Cobb, C.S., M.G. Levy and E.J. Noga. 1998b. Development of immunity by the tomato clownfish Amphiprion fremitus to the dinoflagellate parasite Amyloodinium ocellatum. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 10: 259-263.
66. Crawley, H. 1909. Studies on blood parasites. II. The priority of Cryptobia Leidy 1846 over Trypanoplasma
67. Laveran and Mesnil, 1901. Bulletin of the US Bureau of Animal Industry 119: 16-20.
68. Cruz-Lacierda, E.R., Y. Maeno, A.J.T. Pineda and V.E. Matey. 2004. Mass mortality of hatchery-reared milkfish (Chanos chanos) and mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) caused by Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinoflagellida). Aquaculture 236: 85-94.
69. Davies, A.J., C. Mastri, D.E. Thorbon and D. Mackintosh. 1995. Experiments with growth of the eel trypanosome, Trypanosoma granulosum Laveran and Mesnil, 1902, in semi-defined and defined media. Journal of Fish Diseases 18: 599-608.
70. Davies, A.J., W. Gibson, V. Ferris, L. Basson and N.J. Smith. 2005. Two genotypic groups of morphologically similar fish trypasnosomes from the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 66: 215-220.
71. Davis, H.S. 1926. Octomitus salmonis, a parasitic flagellate of trout. Bulletin Bureau of Fisheries (Washington) 42: 9-26.
72. Diamant, A. 1987. Ultrastrucutre and pathogenesis of lchthyobodo sp. from wild common dab, Limanda limanda L., in the North Sea. Journal of Fish Diseases 10: 241-247.
73. Diamant, A. 1990. Morphology and ultrastructure of Cryptobia eilatica n. sp. (Bodonidae: Kinetoplastida), an ectoparasite from the gills of marine fish. Journal of Protozoology 37: 482-489.
74. Díaz, F. and M. George-Nascimento. 2002. Estabilidad temporal de las infracomunidades de parásitos en la borrachilla Scartichthys viridis (Valenciennes, 1836) (Pisces: Blenniidae) en la costa central de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 75: 641-649.
75. Díaz Sánchez, B.R., M. Jiménez-Estrada and A. Auró de Ocampo. 2000. Evaluación del efecto parasiticida de los extractos acuoso y metabólico de Buddleja cordata HBK (Tezopán) sobre Costia necatrix en tipalia (Oreochromis sp.). Veterinaria México 31: 189-194.
76. Dodge, J.D. and J.L. Lee. 2000. Phylum Dinoflagellata Bütschli, 1885. In: The IIIustrated Guide of the Protozoa, J.L. Lee, G.F. Leedale and P. Bradbury (eds.). Second Edition. Society of Protozoologists. Allen Press Inc., Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 656-689.
77. Dolezel, D., M. Jirkú, D.A. Maslov and J. Lukes. 2000. Phylogeny of the bodonid flagellates (Kinetoplastida) based on small-subunit rRNA gene sequences. Internationa! Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 50: 1943-1951.
78. Duarte, N., N. Rosa, M.J. Santos and J. Rebelo. 2000. Estudo de ectoparasitas das branquias do robalo (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) da Ría de Aveiro. Revista de Biología (Lisboa) 18: 59-68.
79. Dyková, I. and J. Lom. 1979. Histopathological changes in Trypanosoma danilewskyi Laveran and Mesnil, 1904 and Trypanoplsma borreli Laveran and Mesnil, 1902 infections of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.). Journal of Fish Diseases 2: 381-390.
80. Dyková, I., I. Fiala, J. Lom and J. Lukes. 2003. Perkinsiella amoebae-like endosymbionts of Neoparamoeba spp., relatives of the kinetoplastid lchthyobodo. European Journal of Protistology 39: 37-52.
81. Eiras, J.C. 1988. Trypanosoma granulosum Laveran and Mesnil (1902) (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) infecting Anguilla anguilla L. in Portugal. Ciencias Biológicas et Ecológicas Systematicas (Portugal) 8: 29-36.
82. Eiras, J.C, M.J.T. Ranzani-Paiva, CM. Ishikawa, A.C Alexandrino and A.C Eiras. 1995. Ectopasrasites of semi-intensively farmed tropical freshwater fish Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochüodus lineatus and Colossoma macropomum in Brazil. Buüetin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 15: 148-151.
83. Ellis, A.E. and R. Wootten. 1978. Costiasis of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. smolts in sea water, journal of Fish Diseases 1: 389-393.
84. Ellis, R.W. 2001. Product development plan for new vaccine technologies. Vaccine 19: 1559-1566.
85. Evans, B.B. and R.J.G. Lester. 2001. Parasites of ornamental fish imported into Australia. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 21: 51-55.
86. Fajer-Avila, E.J., I. Abdo-de la Parra, G. Aguilar-Zarate, R. Contreras-Arce, J. Zaldivar-Ramirez and M. Betancourt-Lozano. 2003. Toxicity of formalin to bullseye puffer fish (Sphoeroides annulatus Jennyns, 1843) and its effectiveness to control ectoparasites. Aquaculture 223: 41-50.
87. Fard, M.R.S., A. jørgensen, E. Sterud, W. Bleiss and S.L. Poynton. 2007. Ultrastructure and molecular diagnosis of Spironucleus salmonis (Diplomonadida) from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Germany. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 75: 37-50.
88. Ferguson, H.W. 1979. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations on Hexamita salmonis (Moore, 1922) related to mortalities in rainbow trout fry Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Diseases 2: 57-67.
89. Ferguson, H.W. 1989. Systemic Pathology of Fish. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
90. Ferguson, H.W. and R.D. Moccia. 1980. Disseminated hexamitiasis in Siamese fighting fish. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 177: 854-857.
91. Ferraz, E. and C. Sommerville. 1998. Pathology of Piscinoodinium sp. (Protozoa: Dinoflagellida), parasites of the ornamental freshwater catfishes Corydoras spp. and Brocfus splendens (Pisces: Callichthyidae). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 33: 43-49.
92. Figueroa, E, WE. Mayer, J. Lorn, I. Dyková, M. Weller, H. Pecková and J. Klein. 1999. Fish trypanosomes: Their position in kinetoplastid phylogeny and variability as determined from 12S rRNA kinetoplast sequences, journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 46: 473-481.
93. Floyd, R.E and R. Yanong. 1999 (revised 2002). Cryptobia iubilans in cichlids. Series of the Veterinary Medicine-Pathobiology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, document VMI04. http:// edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
94. Fuentes Zambrano, J.L., C. Silva Rojas and Y. Reyes León. 2003. Parásitos en juveniles de Lutjanus griseus (Pisces: Lujanidae) de la Laguna de la Restinga, Isla de Margarita, Venezuela, lnterciencia 28: 463-468.
95. Ghittino, E, A. Binami, A. Annibali and L. Boni. 1980. Prima segnalazione di grave Oodiniasi in branzini (Dicentrarc/ius labrax) allevati intensivamente in acqua salmastra. Revista Italiana di Piscicultura e Ittiopatologia 15: 122-127.
96. Gibson, W. 2003. Species concepts for trypanosomes: from morphological to molecular definitions? Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease 2: 10 (htpp://www.kinetoplastids.com/content/2/1/10).
97. Gibson, W.C., J. Lorn, H. Pecková, V.R. Ferris and EB. Hamilton. 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of freshwater fish trypanosomes from Europe using SSU rRNA gene sequences and random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Parasitology 130: 405-412.
98. Gratzek, J.B. 1988. Parasites associated with ornamental fish. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice (Tropical Fish Medicine) 18: 375-399.
99. Grignard, J.C., C. Mélard and E Kestemont. 1996. A preliminary study of parasites and diseases of perch in intensive culture. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 12: 195-199.
100. Guo, F.C. and RT.K. Woo. 2004a. Experimental infections of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with Spironucleus barkhanus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 61: 59-66.
101. Guo, F.C. and P.T.K. Woo. 2004b. Detection and quantification of Spironucleus barkhanus in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 61: 175-178.
102. Hamers, R. 1994. Studies on carp lymphoid cells from kidney, peripheral blood and spleen stimulated in vitro with blood parasites and super-antigen. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 14: 191-194
103. Hamers, R. and R. Goerlich. 1996. Flow cytometric DNA analysis of the haematopoietic tissue of carp Cyprinus carpió during experimental infection with the haemoflagellate Trypanoplasma borreli. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 24: 129-134.
104. Hamilton, P.B., J.R. Stevens, M.W Gaunt, J. Gidley and W.C. Gibson. 2004. Trypanosomes are monophyletic: Evidence from genes for glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and small subunit ribosomal RNA. International Journal for Parasitology 34: 1393-1404.
105. Hannaert, V, F. Bringaud, F.R. Opperdoes and EA.M. Michels. 2003. Evolution of energy metabolism and its compartimentation in Kinetoplastida. Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease 2: II. http://www.kinetoplastids.eom/content/2/I/II.
106. Haussmann, K., N. Hülsmann and R. Radek. 2003. Protistology. Third Edition. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany
107. Holten, K., B. Skjelstad, A. Aunsmo and H.R. Skjelstad. 2003. Effekt av Detarox ® AP mot ichthyobodose (lchthyobodo necator). Nosrk Veterinaertidsskrifft 115: 719-723.
108. Honigberg, B.M. 1963. A contribution to systematics of the non-pigmented flagellates. In: Progress in Protozoology, J. Ludvik, J. Lorn and J. Vavra (eds.). Academic Press, New York, p. 68.
109. Hsu, J.E, S.Y. Huang, T.F. Peng and H.H. Hung. 1995. Case report: Trypanosomiasis in cultured freshwater fish (Cichlasoma managuense). Journal of the Chinese Society of Veterinary Science 21: 111-116.
110. Hughes, K.E and S.A. Smith. 2003. Common and emerging diseases in commercially cultured summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 14: 163-178.
111. Islam, A.K.M.N. and ET.K. Woo. 1991. Anemia and its mechanism in goldfish Carassius auratus infected with Trypanosoma danylewski. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 11: 37-43.
112. JiannHsiung, W, L. JieLin, C. HongYou, W. ChenTain, W. ChenHen and T. KueiHsiung. 2001. A survey of diseases in cultured brood grey mullet (Mugil cephalus Linnaeus) in the Yun-Chia-Nan area of Taiwan. Journal of the Chinese Society of Veterinary Science 27: 89-93.
113. Jirku, M., A.A. Kolesnikov, O. Benada and J. Lukes. 1995. Marine fish and ray trypanosomes have large kinetoplast minicircle DNA. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 73: 279-283.
114. Joerink, M., M. Forlenza, C.M.S. Ribeiro, B.J. de Vries, H.F.J. Savelkoul and G.F. Wiegertjes. 2006. Differential macrophage polarisation during parasite infections in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish and Shelfish Immunology 21: 561-571.
115. Jones, S.R., M. Palmen and W.B. van Muiswinkel. 1993. Effects of inoculum route and dose on the immune response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio to the blood parasite, Trypanoplasma borreli. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 36: 369-378.
116. Jones, S.R., G.F. Wiegertjes and W.B. van Muiswinkel. 1995. Modulation of carp (Cyprinus carpio) cellular immune function in vitro caused by the blood parasite, Trypanoplasma horreli Laveran and Mesnil. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 5: 381-383.
117. jørgensen, A. and E. Sterud. 2004. SSU rRNA gene sequence reveals two genotypes of Spironucleus barkhanus (Diplomonadida) from farmed and wild Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 62: 93-96.
118. jørgensen, A. and E. Sterud. 2006. The marine pathogenic genotype of Spironucleus barkhanus from farmed salmonids redescribed as Spironucleus salmonicide n. sp. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 53: 531-541.
119. Kallinikova, V.D. and T.Yu. Kondratieva. 2000. Nucleo-kinetoplast interactions and variability in the kinetoplastida. Protistoiogy 1: 152-160.
120. Karlsbakk, E. 2004. A trypanosome of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., transmitted by the marine leech Calliobdella nudulifera (Malm, 1863) (Piscicolidae). Parasitology Research 93: 155-158.
121. Katz, M. 1951. Two new hemoflagellates (genus Cryptobia) from some western Washington teleosts. Journal of Parasitology 37: 245-250.
122. Keeling, PJ. and W.F. Doolittle. 1996. Alpha-tubulin from early-diverging eukaryotic lineages and the evolution of the tubulin family. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13: 1297-1305.
123. Keeling, EJ. and W.F. Doolittle. 1997. Widespread and ancient distribution of noncanonical genetic code in diplomonads. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14: 895-901.
124. Keller, C.J. Amyloodinium in Elasmobranchs. 31st Eastern Fish Health Workshop, Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina, 27-31 March 2006, p. 18.
125. Kent, M.L., J. Ellis, J.W. Foumie, S.C. Dawe, J.W Bagshaw and D.J. Whitaker. 1992. Systemic hexamitid (Protozoa: Diplomonadida) infection in seawater pen-reaed chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 14: 81-89.
126. Khan, R.A. 1972. On a trypanosome from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Canadian Journal of Zoology 50: 1051-1054.
127. Khan, R.A. 1976. The life cycle of Trypanosoma murmanensis Nikitin. Canadian Journal of Zoology 54: 1840-1849.
128. Khan, R.A. 1977. Susceptibility of marine fish to trypanosomes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 55: 1235-1241.
129. Khan, R.A. 1985. Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma murmanensis in marine fish of the northwestern Atlantic following experimental transmission. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 2141-2144.
130. Khan, R.A., M. Barrett and J. Murphy. 1980. Blood parasites of fish from northern Atlantic Ocean. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58: 770-781.
131. Khan, R.A., V. Lobos, F. Garcias, G. Muñoz, V Valdebenito and M. George-Nascimiento. 2001. Cryptobia neghmei sp. n. (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) in two species of flounder, Paralichthys spp. (Pisces: Paralichthydae) off Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 74: 763-767.
132. Koie, M. 1988. Parasites in European eel Anguilla anguilla (L.) from Danish freshwater, brackish and marine localities. Ophelia 29: 93-118.
133. Kolesnikov, A.A., M. Jirkü, H. Pecková, A. Polák and D.A. Maslov. 1995. Analysis of kinetoplast DNA of freshwater fish trypanosomes. Folia Parasitológica 42: 251-254.
134. Kolisko, M., I.C. Cepicka, V. Hampl, J. Kulda and J. Flegr. 2005. The phylogenetic position of enteromonads: A challenge for the present models of diplomonad evolution. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55: 1729-1733.
135. Kruse, P., D. Steinhagen, W. Korting and K.T Friedhoff. 1989a. Morphometries and redescritpion of Trypanoplasma borreU Laveran and Mesnil, 1901 (Mastigophora, Kinetoplastida) from experimentally infected common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Journal of Protozoology 36: 408-411
136. Kruse, R, D. Steinhagen, W. Korting and K.T. Friedhoff. 1989b. Development of Trypanoplasma borreli (Mastigophora, Kinetoplastida) in the leech vector Piscícola geómetra and its infectivity for the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Journal of Parasitology 75: 527-530.
137. Kulda, J. and E. Nohynková. 1979. Flagellates of the human intestine and of intestine of other species. In: Parasitic Protozoa, J.R Kreier (ed.). Academic Press, New York, Vol. II, pp. 1-138.
138. Kuperman, B.I. and VE. Matey. 1999. Massive infestation by Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinoflagellida) of fish in a highly saline lake, Saltón Sea, California, USA. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 39: 65-73.
139. Kuperman, B.I., VE. Matey and S.B. Barlow. 2002. Flagellate Crytptobia branchialis (Bodonida: Kinetoplastida), ectoparasite of tilapia from the Saltón Sea. Hydrobiologia 437: 93-102.
140. Landsberg, J.H., K.A. Steidinger, B.A. Blakesley and R.L. Zondervan. 1994. Scanning electron microscope study of dinospores of Amyllodinium cf. ocellatum, a pathogenic dinoflagellate parasite of marine fish, and comments on its relationship to the Peridiniales. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 20: 23-32.
141. Laveran, A. and F. Mesnil. 1901. Sur les flagellés à membrane ondulante des poisons (genres Trypanosoma Gruby et Trypanoplasma n. gen.). Comptes Rendus Académie des Sciences (Paris) 133: 670-675.
142. Lawler, A. 1977. The parasitic dinoflagellate Amyoodinium ocellatum in marine aquaria. Drum and Croaker 17: 17-20.
143. Letch, C.A. 1979. Host restriction, morphology and isoenzymes among trypanosomes of some freshwater fishes. Parasitology 79: 107-117.
144. Levy, M.G. and E.J. Noga. 2005. Controlling parasitic dinoflagellates of fish, with special emphasis on molecular genetics and immunity. Acta Zoológica Sínica 51: 550-553.
145. Levy, M.G., M.F. poore, A. Colorni, E.J. Noga, M.W. Van der Sea and R.W. Zitaker. 2007. A highly specific PCR assay for detecting the fish ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 73: 219-226.
146. Li, S. and RT.K. Woo. 1996. A Cryptobia salmositica (Kinetoplastida: Sarcomastigophora) species-specific DNA probe and its uses in salmonid cryptobiosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 25: 9-14.
147. Liao, I.C., T-S. Huang, W-S. Tsai, C-M. Hsueh, S-L. Chang and E.M. Leaño. 2004. Cobia culture in Taiwan: current status and problems. Aquaculture 237: 155-165.
148. Lischke, A., C. Klein, Y-D. Stierhof, M. Hempel, A. Mehlert, I.C. Almeida, M.A.J. Ferguson and P. Overath. 2000. Isolation and characterization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucin-like surface glycoproteins from bloodstream forms of the freshwater-fish parasite Trypanosoma carassii. Biochemical Journal 345: 693-700.
149. Litaker, R.W, P.A. Tester, A. Colorni, M.G. Levy and E.J. Noga. 1999. The phylogenetic relationship of Pfiesteria piscicida, Cryptoperidiniopsoid sp. Amyloodinoum ocellatum and a P/iesteria-like dinoflagellate to other dinoflagellates and apicomplexans. Journal of Phycology 35: 1379-1389.
150. Lorn, J. 1979. Biology of trypanosomes and trypanoplasms in fish. In: Biology of the Kinetoplastida, W.H.R. Lumsden and D.A. Evans (eds.). Academic Press, London, Vol. 2, pp. 269-337.
151. Lorn, J. 1980. Cryptobia branchialis Nie from fish gills: ultrastrucural evidence of ectocommensal function. Journal of Fish Diseases 3: 427-436.
152. Lorn, J. 1981. Fish invading dinoflagellates: a synopsis of existing and newly proposed genera. Folia Parasitológica 28: 3-11.
153. Lorn, J. and I. Dyková. 1992. Protozoan parasites of fish. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, Vol. 26, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
154. Lorn, J. and A.R. Lawler. 1973. An ultrastructural study on the mode of attachment in dinoflagellates invading gills of Cyprinodontidae. Protistoiogica 9: 293-309.
155. Lorn, J. and G. Schubert. 1983. Ultrastructural study of Piscinoodinium pillulare (Schäperclaus, 1954) Lorn, 1981 with special emphasis on its attachement to the fish host. Journal of Fish Diseases 6: 411-428.
156. Lorn, J., K. Rhode and I. Dyková. 1993. Crepidoodinium australe n. sp., an ectocommensal dinoflagellate from the gills of Sillago ciliata, an estuarine fish from the New South Wales coast of Australia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 15: 63-72.
157. Lukes, J., G.J. Arts, J. Van der Burg, A. deHaan, F. Opperdoes, R Sloof and R. Benne. 1994. Novel patterns of editing regions in mitochondrial transcripts of the cryptobiid Trypanoplasma borreÜ. EMBO Journal 13: 5086-5098.
158. Lukes, J., D.L. Guilbride, J. Votypka, A. Ziková, R. Benne and RT. Englund. 2002. Kinetoplast DNA network: Evolution of an improbable structure. Euykaryotic Cell 1: 495-502.
159. Lukes, J., H. Hashimi and A. Ziková. 2005. Unexplained complexity of the mitochondrial genome and transcriptome in kinetoplastid flagellates. Current Genetics 48: 277-299.
160. Martins, M.L., J.R.E. Moraes, EM. Andrade, S.H.C. Schalch and F.R. Moraes. 2001. Piscinoodinium pillulare (Schäperclaus, 1954) Lom, 1981 (Dinoflagellida) infection in cultivated freshwater fish from the northeast region of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Parasitológica! and pathological aspects. Brazil Journal of Biology 61: 639-644.
161. Maslov, D.A. and L. Simpson. 1994. RNA editing and mitochocrial genomic organization in the cryptobiid kinetoplastid protozoan Trypanoplasma borreli. Molecular and Cellular Biology 14: 8174-8182.
162. Maslov, D.A., S.S. Podlipaev and J. Lukes. 2001. Phylogeny of the Kinetoplastida: Taxonomic problems and insights into the evolution of parasitism. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 96: 397-402.
163. Mo, T.A., T.T. Poppe and L. Iversen. 1990. Systemic hexamitosis in salt-water reared Atlantic salmon. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 10: 69-70.
164. Molnär, K. 1971. Protoozoan diseases of the fry of herbivorous fishes. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 21: 1-14.
165. Molnär, K. 1974. Data on ‘Octomitosis’ (Spironucleosis) of cyprinids and aquary fishes. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 24: 99-106.
166. Moore, E. 1922. Octomitus salmonis, a new species of intestinal parasite in trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 52: 74-97.
167. Moreira, D., E Lopez-Garcia and K. Vickerman. 2004. An updated view of kinetoplstid phylogeny using environmental sequences and a closer outgroup: Froposal for a new classification of the class Kinetoplastea. international Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54: 1861-1875.
168. Montgomery-Brock, D., V.T. Sato, J.A. Brock and C.S. Tamaru. 2001. The application of hydrogen peroxide as a treatment for the ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum (Brown, 1931) on the Eacific threadfin Polydactylus sexfilis. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 32: 250-254.
169. Morrison, C.M. and D. Cone. 1986. A possible marine form of lchthyobodo sp. on haddock, Meianogrammus aeglefinus (L.) in the north west Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Fish Diseases 9: 141-142.
170. Negm-Eldin, M.M. 1997. Trypanosoma mukasai (Hoare, 1932) in its biological vector Batrachodeloides tricarinata (Blanchard, 1897) and their life cycles. DeutscheTierärztliche Wochenschrift 104: 215-219.
171. Newman, M.W. 1978. Pathology associated with Cryptobia infection in a summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 14: 299-304
172. Noga, E.J. 1987. Eropagation in cell culture of the dinoflagllate Amyioodinittm, an ectoparasite of marine fish. Science 236: 1302-1304.
173. Noga, E.J. 1992. Immune response to ectoparasitic protozoa: The infectivity assay. In: Techniques in Fish Immunology, J.S. Stolen, T.C. Fletcher, D.E Anderson, S.L. Kaattari and A.F. Rowley (eds.). SOS Publications, Fair Haven, New Jersey, Vol. 2, pp. 167-176.
174. Noga, E.J. and C.E. Bower. 1987. Propagation of the marine dinoflagllate Amybodinium ocellatum in germ-free conditions. Journal of Parasitology 73: 924-928.
175. Noga, E.J. and M.G. Levy. 1999. Dinoflagellida (Phylum Sarcomastigophora). In: Fish Diseases and Disorders, P.T.K Woo (ed.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, U.K., Vol. 1, pp. 1-25.
176. Noga, E.J., S.A. Smith and J.H. Landsberg. 1991. Amyloodiniosis in cultured hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis X M. chrysops) in North Carolina. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 3: 294-297.
177. Noga, E.J., Z. Fan and U. Silphaduang. 2001. Histone-like proteins from fish are lethal to the parasitic dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum. Parasitology 123: 57-65.
178. Noga, E.J., Z. Fan and U. Silphaduang. 2002. Host site of activity and cytological effects of histone-like proteins on the parasitic dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 52: 207-215.
179. Nohynková, E. 1984. A new pathogenic Cryptobia from freshwater fishes: a light and electron microscope study. Protistologica 20: 181-195.
180. Oestmann, D.J. and D.H. Lewis. 1996a. Effects of 3, N-methylglucamine lasalocid on Amyloodinium ocellatum. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 24: 179-184.
181. Oestmann, D.J. and D.H. Lewis. 1996b. Improved cell culture propagation of Amyloodinium ocellatum. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 24: 173-178.
182. Oestmann, D.J., D.H. Lewis and B.A. Zettler. 1995. Clearance of Amyloodinium ocellatum dinospores by Artemia saiina. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 7: 257-261.
183. Oldach, D.W., CF. Delwiche, K.S. Jacobsen, T. Tengs, E.G. Brown, J.W Kempton, E.F. Schaefer, H.A. Bowers, H.B. Glasgow, Jr, J.A.M. Burkholder, K.A. Steidinger and RA. Rublee. 2000. Heteroduplex mobility assay-guided sequence discovery: Elucidation of the small subunit (18S) rDNA sequences of Pfiesteria piscicida and related dinoflagellates from complex and algal culture and environmental sample DNA pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97: 4303-4308.
184. Ostrowski, A.C. and A. Molnär. 1998. Pacific threadfin Polydactylus sexfilis (moi) hatchery manual. Publication Number 132, Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, Waimanalao, Hawai, USA.
185. Overath, R, J. Ruoff and Y.-D. Stierhof. 1998. Cultivation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma carassii, a common parsite of freshwater fish. Parasitology Research 84: 343-347.
186. Overath, R, J. Haag, M.G. Mameza and A. Lischke. 1999. Freshwater fish trypanosomes: definition of two types, host control by antibodies and lack of antigenic variation. Parasitology 119: 591-601.
187. Overath, R, J. Haag, A. Lischke and C. O’hUigin. 2001. The surface structure of trypanosomes in relation to their molecular phylogeny. International Journal for Parasitobgy 31: 468-471.
188. Paperna, I. 1980. Amyloodinium ocellatum (Brown, 1931) (Dinoflagellida) infestations in cultured marine fish at Eilat, Red Sea: Epizootiology and pathology. Journal of Fish Diseases 3: 363-372.
189. Paperna, I. 1984a. Reproduction cycle and tolerance to temperature and salinity of Amyloodinium ocellatum (Brown, 1931) (Dinoflagellida). Annais de Parasitologic Humaine et Comparée 59: 7-30.
190. Paperna, I. 1984b. Chemical control of Amyloodinium ocellatum (Brown, 1931) (Dinoflagellida) infections: In vitro tests and treatment trials with infected fishes. Aquaculture 38: 1-18.
191. Paperna, I. and F. Baudin-Laurencin. 1979. Parasitic infections of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and the gilt-head seabream Sparus auratus in mariculture facilities in France. Aquaculture 16: 173-175.
192. Paperna, I. and R.M. Overstreet. 1981. Parasites and diseases of mullets (Mugilidae). In: Aquaculture of Grey Mullets, O.H. Oren (ed.). International Biological Programme 26. Cambridge University Press, pp. 411-493.
193. Paterson, W.B. and ET.K. Woo. 1983. Electron microscopic observations on the bloodstream form of Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951 (Kinetoplastida: Bodonida). Journal of Protozoology 30: 431-437.
194. Paterson, W.B. and RT.K. Woo. 1984. Ultrastructural studies on mitosis in Trypanosoma danilewski (Mastigophora, Zoomastigophora). Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 1167-1171.
195. Paull, G.C. and R.A. Matthews. 2001. Spironucleus vortens, a possible casuse of hole-in-the-head disease in cichlids. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 45: 197-202.
196. Pecková, H. and J. Lorn. 1990. Growth, division and morphology of flagellates of the genus Trypanoplasma (Protozoa, Kinetoplastida) in the in vitro culture. Parasitology Research 76: 553-558.
197. Pereira-Chioccola, V.L., A. Acosta-Serrano, I. Correia de Almeida, M.A. Ferguson, T. Souto-Padron, M.M. Rodriguez, L.R. Travassos and S. Shenackman. 2000. Mucin-like molecules from a negatively charged coat that protects Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes from killing by human anti-alpha-galactosyl antibodies. Journal of Cell Science 113: 1299-1307.
198. Pérez, A.C. A. de and C.S.R. Mainardes Pinto. 1998. Ocorrència de lchthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) em alevinos de pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Homberg, 1887) de criatório. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinària 20: 58-59.
199. Plouffe, D.A. and M. Belosevic. 2004. Enzyme treatment of Trypanosoma danilewskyi (Laveran and Mesnil) increases its susceptibility to lysis by the alternative complement pathway of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.). Journal of Fish Diseases 27: 277-285.
200. Plumb, J.A. 1991. Major diseases of stripped bass and redfish. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 33, Supplement 1: 34-39.
201. Poppe, T.T and T.A. Mo. 1993. Systemic, granulomatous hexamitosis of farmed Atlantic salmon: interaction with wild fish. Fisheries Research 17: 147-152.
202. Poppe, T.T., T.A. Mo and L. Iversen. 1992. Disseminated hexamitosis in sea-caged salmon Salmo salar. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 14: 91-97.
203. Poynton, S.L. and C. Morrison. 1990. Morphology of diplomand flagellates: Spironucleus torosa n. sp. from Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. and haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.) and Hexamita salmonis Moore from brooktrout Salvetinus fontinalis (Mitchill). Journal of Protozoology 37: 369-383.
204. Poynton, S.L. and E. Sterud. 2002a. Guidelines for species descriptions of diplomonad flagellates from fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 25: 15-31.
205. Poynton, S.L. and E. Sterud. 2002b. Spironucleus vortens (Diplomonadida) in the ide, Leciscus idus (L.) (Cyprinidae): A warm water hexamitid flagellate found in Northern Europe. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 49: 137-145.
206. Poynton, S.L., W. Fraser, R. Francis-Floyd, R Rutledge, R Red and T.A. Nerad. 1995. Spironucleus vortens n. sp. from the freshwater angelfish PterophyHum scalare: morphology and culture. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 42: 731-742.
207. Poynton, S.L., M.R.S. Fard, J. Jenkins and H.W. Ferguson. 2004. Ultrastructure of Spironucleus salmonis n. comb, (formerly Octomitus salmonis sensu Moore 1922, Davis 1926, and Hexamita salmonis sensu Ferguson 1979), with a guide to Spironucleus species. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 60: 49-64
208. Putz, R.E. 1972. Biological studies on the hemoflagellates Cryptobia cataractae and Cryptobia salmositica. Technical Paper Bureau of Sport Fishery and Wildlife 63: 3-25.
209. Qadri, S.S. 1962. An experimental study of the life cycle of Trypanosoma danilewskyi in the leech, Hemiclepsis margianata. Journal of Protozoology 9: 254-258.
210. Ramos, R and J.M. Oliveira. 2001. Amiloodiniose em pregado, Psetta maxima (L.). Revista Portuguesa de Ciencias Veterindrias 96: 201-205.
211. Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T., CM. Ishikawa, B.S-S. de Campos and A.C. Eiras. 1997. Haematological characteristics associated with parasitism in mullets, Mugti platanus Günther, from the estuarine region of Cananeia, Säo Paulo, Brazil. Revista Brasiieria de Zoologia 14: 329-339.
212. Rauthan, J.V.S., S.R Grover and R Jaiwal. 1995. Studies on some haematological changes in a hill stream fish Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton) infected with trypanosomes. Flora and Fauna Qhansi 1: 165-166.
213. Rigos, G., R Christophilogiannis, M. Giahnishi, A. Andriopoulou, M. Koutsodimoy, I. Nengas and M. Alexis. 1998. Amyloodinium ocellatum infestation of sharpsnout seabream, Puntao puntazzo Cetti. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 18: 198-200.
214. Roberts-Thomson, A., A. Barnes, D.S. Fielder, R.J.G. Lester and R.D. Adlard. 2006. Aerosol dispersal of the fish pathogen, Amyloodinium ocellatum. Aquaculture 257: 118-123.
215. Rozario, C, L. Morin, A.J. Roger, M.W Smith and M. Müller. 1996. Primary structure and phgylogentic relationships of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes of free-living and parasitic diplomonad flagellates. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 43: 330-340.
216. Saeij, J.RJ., W.B. Van Muiswinkel, A. Groeneveld and G.F. Wiegertjes. 2002. Immune modulation by fish kinetoplastid parasites: a role for nitric oxid. Parasitology 124: 77-86.
217. Saeij, J.RJ., B.J. de Vries and G.F. Wiegertjes. 2003a. The immune response of carp to Trypanoplasma borreli: Kinetics of immune gene expression and polyclonal lymphocyte acivation. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 27: 859-874.
218. Saeij, J.RJ., R.J.M. Stet, B.J. de Vries, W.B. van Muiswinkel and G.F. Wiegertjes. 2003b. Molecular and functional characterization of carp TNF: A link between TNF polymorphism and trypanotolerance? Developmental and Comparative Immunology 27: 29-41.
219. Saha, S., H. Sumit and B. Samir. 1997. Natural prevalence of Trypanosma mukundi in Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) and related haematological analysis. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics 12: 79-87.
220. Sangmaneedet, S. and S.A. Smith. 1999. Efficacy of various chemotherapeutic agents on the growth of Spironucleus vortens, an intestinal parasite of the freshwater angelfish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 38: 47-52.
221. Sangmaneedet, S. and S.A. Smith. 2000. In vitro studies on optimal requirements for the growth of Spironucleus vortens, an intestinal parasite of the freshwater angelfish. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 39: 135-141.
222. Saraiva, A. and J.C. Eiras. 1996. Parasite community of european eel Anguilla anguilla L. in the river Este, Northern Portugal. Research and Reviews in Parasitology 56: 179-183.
223. Schäperclaus, W. 1951. Der Colisa-Parasit, ein neuer Krankheitserreger bei Aquarienfischen. Aquarien Terrarien Z. 4: 169-171.
224. Scharsack, J.P, D. Steinhagen, W. Korting, W. Leibold and J. Schuberth. 2000. Flow cytometric analysis of proliferative responses of carp Cyprinus carpio peripheral blood leukocytes to mitogens and to the hemoflagellate Trypanoplasma borreli. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 41: 203-210.
225. Scharsack, J.P, D. Steinhagen, C. Kleczka, J.O. Schmidt, W. Korting, W. Leibold and H.J. Schuberth. 2003a. Head kidney neutrophils of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are functionally modulated by the haemoflagellate Trypanoplasma borreli. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 14: 389-403.
226. Scharsack, J.P, D. Steinhagen, C. Kleczka, J.O. Schmidt, W. Korting, W. Leibold and H.J. Schuberth. 2003b. The haemoflagellate Trypanoplasma borreli induces the production of nitric oxide, which is associated with modulation of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) leucocyte functions. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 14: 207-222.
227. Scharsack, J.P, D. Steinhagen, W. Körting, B. Wagner, W. Leibold and H.J. Schuberth. 2004. Some immune parameters in carp Cyprinus carpio susceptible and resistant to the haemoflagellate Trypanoplasma borreli. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 60: 41-48.
228. Shaharom-Harrison, EM., I.G. Anderson, A.Z. Siti, N.A.M. Shazili, K.J. Ang and T.I. Azmi. 1990. Epizootics of Malaysian cultured freshwater pond fishes by Piscinoodinium pillulare (Schäperclaus 1954) Lorn 1981. Aquaculture 86: 127-138.
229. Shanavas, K.R. 1991. Tripanosoma punctati Hasan and Quasim, 1962 from Channa punctatus Bloch in Kerala, India, with observations on its vector-phase development and transmisión. Archiv für Protistenkunde 140: 201-208.
230. Siddal, M.E., H. Hong and S.S. Desser. 1992. Phylogeneteic analysis of the Diplomonadida (Wenyon, 1926) Brugerolle, 1975: evidence for heterochrony in protozoa and against Giardia lamblia as a ‘missing link’. Journal of Protozoology 39: 361-367.
231. Simpson, A.G.B. 2003. Cytoskeletal organization, phylogenetic affinities and systematics in the contentious taxon Excavata (Eukaryota). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1759-1777.
232. Simpson, A.G.B., E.E Gill, H.A. Callahan, R.W. Litaker and A.J. Roger. 2004. Early evolution within kinetoplastids (Euglenozoa), and the late emergence of trypanosomatids. Protist 155: 407-422.
233. Simpson, A.G.B., Y. Inagaki and A.J. Roger. 2006a. Comprehensive multigene phylogenies of excavate protists reveal the evolutionary positions of primitive eukaryotes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 615-625.
234. Simpson, A.G.B., J.R. Stevens and J. Lukes. 2006b. The evolution and diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates. Trends in Parasitology 22: 168-174.
235. Siti, A.Z. and L.A. Rokiah. 1988a. Treatment of Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker) fry infested with Piscinoodinium pillulare with emphasis on use of CuSo4. In: Maximising Livestock Productivity, J. Vadiveloo and C.C. Wong (eds.). Proceedings of the IIth Annual Conference Malaysian Society of Anima! Production, 19-30 March 1988, No. 11, pp. 65-78.
236. Siti, A.Z. and L.A. Rokiah. 1988b. Behavioural and morphological characteristics in Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker) with Piscinoodinium pillulare infestation. In: Maximising Livestock Productivity, J. Vadiveloo and C.C. Wong (eds.). Proceedings of the IIth Annua! Conference Malaysian Society of Animal Production, 19-30 March 1988, No. 11, pp. 69-72.
237. Sitjá-Bobadilla, A. and P.T.K. Woo. 1994. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against the pathogenic haemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica Katz, and protection against cryptobiosis in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) inoculated with a live vaccine. Journal of Fish Diseases 17: 399-408.
238. Smit, N.J., A.J. Davies and J.G. Van As. 2000. A tryponosome from silver catfish (Schilbe intermedins) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 20: 116-119.
239. Smit, N.J., J.G. Van As and A.J. Davies. 2004. Fish trypanosomes from the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Folia Parasitológica 51: 299-303.
240. Smith, S.A., M.G. Levy and E.J. Noga. 1992. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibody to the parasitic dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum in Oreochromis aureus. Veterinary Parasitology 42: 145-155.
241. Smith, S.A., M.G. Levy and E.J. Noga. 1994. Detection of anti-Amy!oodinium ocellatum. antibody from cultured hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops) during an epizootic of Amyloodiniosis. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 6: 79-81.
242. Steinhagen, D., E Kruse and W. Korting. 1990. Some hematological observations on carp, Cyprinus carpio L., experimentally infected with Trypanoplasma borreli Laveran and Mesnil 1901 (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida). Journal of Fish Diseases 13: 157-162.
243. Steinhagen, D., M. Biffar and W Korting. 1999. A dinoflagellate parasite from tropical fish. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 19: 24-27.
244. Steinhagen, D., W. Hedderich, A. Skouras, J.R Scharsack, J. Schuberth, W. Leibold and W. Korting. 2000. In vitro cultivation of Trypanoplasma borreli (Erotozoa: Kinetoplastida), a parasite from the blood of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 41: 195-201.
245. Sterud, E. 1998a. Ultrastructure of Spironucleus torosa Poynton and Morrison, 1990 (Diplomonadida: Hexamitidae) in cod Gadus morhua and shaite Pollachius virens from southeastern Norway. European Journal of Protistology 34: 69-77.
246. Sterud, E. 1998b. Electron microscope identification of the flagellate Spironucleus torosa (Hexamitidae) brom burbot Lota ¡ota (Gadidae) with comments upon its probable introduction to this freshwater host. Journal of Parasitology 84: 947-953.
247. Sterud, E. 1998c. In vitro cultivation and temperature-dependent growth of two strains of Spironucleus barkhanus (Diplomonadida: Hexamitidae) from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and grayling Thymallus thymallus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 33: 57-61.
248. Sterud, E., T.A. Mo and T.T Poppe. 1997. Ultrastructure of Spironucleus barkhanus n. sp. (Diplomonadida: Hexamitida) from grayling Thymallus thymallus (L.) (Salmonidae) and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. (Salmonidae). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 44: 399-407.
249. Sterud, E., T.A. Mo and TT. Poppe. 1998. Systemic spironucleosis in sea-farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, caused by Spironucleus barkhanus transmitted from feral Artie char Salvelinus alpinusl Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 33: 63-66.
250. Sterud, E., TT. Poppe and G. Borno. 2003. Intracellular infection with Spironucleus barkhanus (Diplomonadidi: Hexamitidae) in farmed Artie char Salvelinus alpinus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 56: 155-161.
251. Strout, R.G. 1965. A new hemoflagellate (genus Cryptobia) from marine fishes of northern New England. Journal of Parasitology 51: 654-659.
252. Svobodova, Z. and J. Kolarova. 2004. A review of the diseases and contaminant related mortalities of tench (Tinea tinea L.). Veterinary Medicine-Cech 49: 19-34.
253. Szekely, C. and K. Molnär. 1996/97. Preliminary survey of the parasite fauna of some important fish specis in the Upper-Reservoir of the Kis-Balaton system. Parasitologia Hungarica 29/30: 45-54.
254. TaiWei, C., H. TsaiChuan. C. ChiungHsiang, W. TzuHsiung, H. ChaoTsung, K. ChinHsien and C. PehHeng 2001. Case report: An outbreak of amyloodiniosis in puffer (Takifugu rubripes) in Taiwan. Journal of Chinese Society of Veterinary Science 27: 143-147.
255. Tavares-Dias, M., M.L. Martins and F.R. Moraes. 2001. Fauna parasitäria de peixes oriundos de pesque-pague do municipio de Franca, Säo Paulo, Brasil. I. Protozoarios. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 18: 67-79.
256. Thatcher, VE. and J. Brites Neto. 1994. Diagnostico, prevencäo e tratamento das enfermidades de peixes neotropicais de ägua doce. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria 16: 111-127.
257. Thilakaratne, I.D.S.I.R, G. Rajapaksha, A. Hewakopara, R.RV.J. Rajapakse and A.C.M. Faizal. 2003. Parasitic infections in freshwater ornamental fish in Sri Lanka. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 54: 157-162.
258. Thomas, RT. and RTK. Woo. 1988. Cryptobia salmositica, in vitro and in vivo study on the mechanism of anaemia in infected rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Diseases 11: 425-431.
259. Thorarinsson, R. and D.B. Powell. 2006. Effects of disease risk, vaccine efficacy, and market price on the economics of fish vaccination. Aquaculture 256: 42-49.
260. Todal, J.A., E. Karlsbakk, T.E. Isaksen, H. Plarre, S. Urawa, A. Mounton, E. Hoel, C.W.R. Koren and A. Nylund. 2004. lchthyobodo necator (Kinetoplastida). A complex of sibling species. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 58: 9-16.
261. Tojo, J.L. and M.T. Santamarina. 1998a. Oral pharmacological treatments for parasitic diseases of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. I: Hexamita salmonis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 33: 51-56.
262. Tojo, J.L. and M.T. Santamarina. 1998b. Oral pharmacological treatments for parasitic diseases of rainbow trout Oncorrryncrtus mykiss. III: lchthyobodo necator. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 33:195-199.
263. Tojo, J.L., M.T. Santamarina, J. Leiro, F.M. Ubeira and M.L. Sanmartm. 1994. Pharmacological treatments against lchthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases 17: 135-143.
264. Toksen, E. 2000. First detection of lchthyobodo spp. infection and its treatment in a seabream (Sparus aurata L.) farm in Izmir. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi 24: 321-325.
265. Uldal, A. and K. Buchmann. 1996. Parasite host relations. Heamita salmonis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 25: 229-231.
266. Urawa, S. 1996. Improvement of the marine survival of chum salmon by the control of protozoan infections. Bulletin Natural Research Institute Aquaculture Supplement 2: 1-4.
267. Urawa, S. and M. Kusakari. 1990. The survivability of the ectoparasitic flagellate lchthyobodo necator on chum salmon fry (Oncorhynchus keta) in sea water and comparison to lchthyobodo sp. on Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Journal of Parasitology 76: 33-40.
268. Urawa, S., N. Ueki and E. Karlsbakk. 1998. A review of lchthyobodo infection in marine fishes. Fish Pathology 33: 311-320.
269. Uzman, J.R. and S.H. Hayduk. 1963. In vitro culture of the flagellate protozoan Hexamita salmonis. Science 140: 290-292.
270. Vickerman, K. 1976. The diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates. In: Biology of Kinetopolastida, W.H.R. Lumdsen and D.E. Evans (eds.). Academic Press, London, pp. 1-34.
271. Vickerman, K. 1990a. Phylum Zoomastigina: Class Diplomonadida. In: Handbook of Protoctista, L. Margulis, J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian and D.J. Chapman (eds.). Jones and Bratlett, Boston, pp. 167-185.
272. Vickerman, K. 1990b. Phylum Zoomastigina: Class Kinetoplastida. In: Handbook of Protoctista, L. Margulis, J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian and D.J. Chapman (eds.). Jones and Bratlett, Boston, pp. 200-210.
273. Vickerman, K. 2000. Order Kinetoplastea Honigberg, 1963. In: The IIIustrated Guide to the Protozoa, J.J. Lee, G.F. Leedale and R Bradbury (eds.). Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 1159-1185.
274. von der Heyden, S. and T. Cavalier-Smith. 2005. Culturing and environmental DNA sequencing uncover hidden kinetoplastid biodiversity and a major marine clade within ancestrally freshwater Neobodo designis. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55: 2605-2621.
275. von der Heyden, S., E.E. Chao, K. Vickerman and T Cavalier-Smith. 2004. Ribosomal RNA phylogeny of bodonid and diplonemid flagellates and the evolution of Euglenozoa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 51: 402-416.
276. Wang, R. and M. Belosevic. 1994. Cultivation of Trypanosma danilewskyi (Laveran and Mesnil, 1904) in serum-free medium and assessment of the course of infection in goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.). Journal of Fish Diseases 17: 47-56.
277. Wenyon, CM. 1926. Protozoology. A Manual for Medical Men, Veterinarians and Zoologists. Vol. I, Bailiiere, Tindall 6k Cox, London.
278. Wierzbicka, J. and T. Orecka-Garbda. 1994. Protoozoans parasitic on Anguilla anguilla (L.) from the Szczecin Lagoon and River Odra mouth. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 24: 3-11.
279. Wiegertjes, G.F., R.J. Stet and W.B. van Muiswinkel. 1995. Invetigations into the ubiquitous nature of high or low immune responsiveness after divergent selection for antibody production in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 48: 355-366.
280. Wita, I. and M. Ovcharenko. 1997. Occurrence of trypanosomes, Trypanosoma carassii, in blood of roach Rutilus rutilus and tench Tinea tinea. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 43: 385-392.
281. Woo, ET.K. 1969. The haematocrit centrifuge for the detection of trypanosomes in blood. Canadian Journal of Zoology 47: 921-923.
282. Woo, P.T.K. 1981a. Trypanosoma danilewskyi, a new multiplication process for Trypanosoma (Protozoa, Kinetoplastida). Journal of Parasitology 67: 522-526.
283. Woo, RT.K. 1981b. Acquired immunity against Trypanosoma danilewskyi in goldfish Carassius auratus. Parasitology 83: 343-346.
284. Woo, RT.K. 1990. MISET, an immunological technique for the serodiagnosis of Cryptobia salmositica (Sarcomastigophora, Kinetoplastida) infection in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Parasitology 76: 389-393.
285. Woo, RTK. 1994. Flagellate parasites of fishes. In: Parasitic Protozoa, J.R Kreier (ed.). Second Edition, Academic Press, London, Vol. 3, pp. 1-80.
286. Woo, RT.K. 2001. Cryptobiosis and its control in North American fishes. International Journal for Parasitology 31: 566-574.
287. Woo, RT.K. 2003. Cryptobia (Trypanoplasma) salmositica and salmonid cryptobiosis. Journal of Fish Diseases 26: 627-646.
288. Woo, RT.K. and G.A. Black. 1984. Trypanosoma danilewskyi, host specificity and host’s effects on morphometries. Journal of Parasitology 70: 788-793.
289. Woo, RT.K. and S. Li. 1990. In vitro attenuation of Cryptobia salmositica and its use as live vaccine against cyrptobiosis in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Parasitology 76: 725-755.
290. Woo, ET.K and S.L. Poynton. 1999. Diplomonadida, Kinetoplastida and Amoebida (Phylum Sarcomastigophora). In: Fish Diseases and Disorders, RT.K. Woo (ed.). CABI Publishing, New York, Vol. 1: Protozoan and Metazoan Infections, pp. 27-96.
291. Woo, RT.K. and S.D. Wehnert. 1986. Cryptbia salmositica, susceptibility of infected trout, Salmo gairdneri to environmental hypoxia. Journal of Parasitology 72: 392-396.
292. Wright, A.-D.G., S. Li, S. Feng, D.S. Martin and D.H. Lynn. 1999. Fhylogenetic position of kinetoplastids, Cryptobia bullocki, Cryptobia catastomi, and Cryptobia salmositica and monophyly of the genus Trypanosoma inferred from small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 99: 69-76.
293. Yanong, R.EE., E. Curtis, R. Russo, R. Francis-Floyd, R.E. Klinger, I. Berzins, K. Kelley and S.L. Poynton. 2004. Cryptobia iubilans infection in juvenile discus. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 24: 1644-1650.
294. Zajicek, R 1991. Enzyme polymorphism of freshwater fish trypanosomes and its use for strain identification. Parasitology 102: 221-224
295. Zajicek, R, O. Benada and A.A. Kolesnikov. 1991. The kinetoplast DNA structure of Trypanosoma cf. carassii. Annales de Parasitologic Humaine et Comparée 6: 256-258.
296. Zhukov, B.F. 1991. The diveristy of bodonids. In: The Biology of Freeliving Heterotrophic Flagellates, D.J. Patterson and J. Laesen (eds.). Clarendon Press, New York, pp. 177-184.
297. Zintl, A., H.E Voorheis and C.V. Holland. 2000. Experimental infections of farmed eels with different Trypanosoma granulosum life-cycle stages and investigation on pleomorphism. Journal of Parasitology 86: 56-59.
298. Zintl, A., W.R. Poole, H.P. Voorheis and C.V. Holland 1997. Naturally occurring Trypanosoma granulosum infections in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla L. from County Mayo, western Ireland. Journal of Fish Diseases 20: 333-341.
299. Zuo, X. and RT.K. Woo. 1977a. Natural antiproteases in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, and the in vitro neutralization of fish alpha2-macroglobulin by the metalloprotease from the pathogenic haemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica. Parasitology 114: 375-382.
300. Zuo, X. and RT.K. Woo. 1977b. The in vivo neutralization of proteases from Cryptobia salmositica by oc2-macroglobulin in the blood of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 29: 67-72.