Breast Cancer

Cancer Screening: Theory and Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2021, Pages 143-170

  Moss, S M ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85130920783     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9780429179587-10     Document Type: Chapter

References (105)

1. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide incidence from eighteen major cancers in 1985. Implications for prevention and projections of future burden. Int J Cancer 1993; 55:891-903.
2. Feuer EJ., Wun LM. How much of the recent rise in breast cancer incidence can be explained by increases in mammography utilization? A dynamic population model. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136(12): 1423-1436.
3. Quinn M, Allen E, on behalf to the United Kingdom Association of Cancer Registries. Changes in incidence of and mortality from breast cancer in England and Wales since introduction of screening. BMJ 1995; 311:1391-1395.
4. McCredie M, Coates M, Bilous M, Kricker A, Hoyer A. Rising incidence of breast cancer in New South Wales, Australia: real increase or earlier detection? J Epidemiol Biostats 1996; 1(1):25-29.
5. Prior P, Woodman, CBJ, Wilson S, Threlfall AG. Reliability of underlying incidence rates for estimating the effect and efficiency of screening for breast cancer. J Med Screening 1996; 3:119-122.
6. Chu KC, Tarone RE, Kessler LG, Ries LAG, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Edwards BK. Recent trends in U.S. breast cancer incidence, survival, and mortality rates. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88:1571-1579.
7. Pike MC, Spicer DV, Dahmoush L, Press MF. Estrogens, progestrogens, normal breast cell proliferation and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15:17-25.
8. Pisani P, Parkin DM, Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide mortality of eighteen major cancers in 1985. Int J Cancer 1993; 54:594-606.
9. Hermon C, Beral V. Breast cancer mortality rates are levelling off or beginning to decline in many Western countries: analysis of time trends, age-cohort and age-period models of breast cancer mortality in 20 countries. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:955-960.
10. Berrino F, Panico S, Muti P. Dietary fat, nutritional status and endocrine-associated cancers. In: Miller AB, ed. Diet and the aetiology of cancer. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1989:3-12.
11. Willett WC, Hunter DJ. Prospective studies of diet and breast cancer. Cancer 1994; 74:1085-1089.
12. Bernstein L, Ross RK. Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk. Epidermiol Rev 1993; 15:48-65.
13. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53297 women with breast cancer and 100239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996; 347:1713-1727.
14. Persson I, Yuen J, Bergkvist L, Schairer C. Cancer incidence and mortality in women receiving estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy-long-term follow-up of a Swedish cohort. Int J Cancer 1996; 67:327-332.
15. Dupont WD, Page DL. Menopausal estrogen replacement therapy and breast cancer. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:67-72.
16. Steinberg KK, Thacker SM, Smith SJ, Stroup DF, Sack MM, Flanders WD, Ber-kelman RL. A meta-analysis of the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer. JAMA 1991; 265(15): 1985-1990.
17. Houlston RS, McCarter E, Parbhoo S, Scurr JH, Slack J. Family history and risk of breast cancer. J Med Genet 1992; 29:154-157.
18. Dupont WD, Page DL. Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:146-151.
19. Dupont WD, Page DL, Pari FF, et al. Long-term risk of breast cancer in women with fibroadenoma. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:10-15.
20. Bush TL, Helzlsouer KJ. Tamoxifen for the primary prevention of breast cancer: a review and critique of the concept and trial. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15(1):233-243.
21. Greenwald P, Kramer B, Weed D. Expanding horizons in breast and prostate cancer prevention and early detection. J Cancer Educ 1993; 8:91-107.
22. Tubiana M, Koscielny S. Natural history of human breast cancer: recent data and clinical implications. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1991; 18:125-140.
23. Tabar L, Fagerberg G, Chen HH, Duffy SW, Smart CR, Gad A, et al. Efficacy of breast cancer screening by age. New results from the Swedish Two-County Trial. Cancer 1995; 75:2507-2517.
24. Ernster VL, Barclay J, Kerlikowske K, Grady D, Henderson C. Incidence of and treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. JAMA 1996; 275(12):913-918.
25. Bodian CA, Perzin KH, Lattes R. Lobular neoplasia. Long term risk of breast cancer and relation to other factors. Cancer 1996; 78(5): 1024-1034.
26. Duffy SW, Tabar L, Fagerberg G, Gad A, Grontoft O, South MC, Day NE. Breast screening, prognostic factors and survival-results from the Swedish Two County study. Br J Cancer 1991; 64(6): 1133-1138.
27. Hakama M, Holli K, Isola J, Kallioniem O-P, Karkkainein A, Visakorpi T, et al. Aggressiveness of screen-detected breast cancers. Lancet 1995; 345:221-224.
28. Tabar L, Fagerberg C, Chen HH, Duffy SW, Gad A. Tumour development, histology and grade of breast cancers: prognosis and progression. Int J Cancer 1996; 66(4):413-419.
29. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy. Lancet 1992; 339:1-15.
30. Berrino F, Sant M, Verdecchia et al. Survival of cancer patients in Europe. IARC Scientific Publications, 1995; No. 32, Lyon.
31. Lloyd Williams K, Phillips PH, Jones PA, Beaman SA, Fleming PJ. Thermography for screening for breast cancer. J Epidemiol Community Health 1990; 44(2): 112-113.
32. Shapiro S, Venet W, Strax P, Venet L. Periodic screening for breast cancer. In: The Health Insurance Plan Project and its sequelae, 1963-1986. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
33. UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer Group. Specificity of screening in United Kingdom trial of early detection of breast cancer. BMJ 1992; 304:346-349.
34. Moss SM, Coleman DA, Ellman R, Chamberlain J, Forrest APM, Kirkpatrick AE, et al. Interval cancers and sensitivity in the screening centres of the UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A:225-258.
35. Gershon-Cohen J, Strickler A. Roentgenological examination of the normal breast: its evaluation in demonstrating early neoplastic change. Am J Roentgenol 1938; 40:189-120.
36. Lundgren B, Jakobsson S. Single view mammography; a simple and efficient approach to breast cancer screening. Cancer 1976; 38:1124-1129.
37. Wald NJ, Murphy P, Major P, Parkes C, Townsend J, Frost C. UKCCCR multicentre randomised controlled trial of one and two view mammography in breast cancer screening. BMJ 1995; 311:1189-1193.
38. Blanks RG, Day NE, Moss SM. A comparison of two view and one view mammography in the detection of small invasive cancers: results from the National Health Service breast screening programme. J Med Screening 1996; 3:200-203.
39. Day NE. Estimating the sensitivity of a screening test. J Epidemiol Community Health 1985; 39:364-366.
40. Tabar L, Fagerberg G, Day NE, Holmberg L. What is the optimum interval between mammographic screening examinations? An analysis based on the latest results of the Swedish Two-County breast cancer screening trial. Br J Cancer 1987; 55:547-551.
41. Baines CJ, McFarlane DV, Miller AB. Sensitivity and specificity of first screen mammography in 15 NBSS centres. J Can Assoc Radiol 1988; 39:273-276.
42. Laya MB, Larson EB, Taplin SH, White E. Effect of estrogen replacement therapy in the specificity and sensitivity of screening mammography. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88:643-649.
43. Shapiro S. Evidence on screening for breast cancer from a randomized trial. Cancer 1977; 39 (suppl 6):2772-2782.
44. Tabar L, Fagerberg G, Duffy SW, Day NE, Gad A, Grontoft O. Update of the Swedish Two-County Program of Mammographic Screening for Breast Cancer. Radiol Clin North Am 1992; 30:187-210.
45. Tabar L, Gad A, Holmberg LH, Ljunquist U, Fagerberg CJG, Baldetorp L, et al. Reduction in mortality from breast cancer after mass screening with mammography. Lancet 1985; 1:829-832.
46. Andersson I, Aspegren K, Janzon L, Landberg T, Lindholm K, Linell F, et al. Mammographic screening and mortality from breast cancer: the Malmo mammographic screening trial. BMJ 1988; 297:943-948.
47. Frisell J, Eklund G, Hellstrom L, Lidbrink E, Rutqvist L-E, Somell A. Randomised study of mammography-preliminary report on mortality in the Stockholm trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1991; 18:49-56.
48. Nystrom L, Rutqvist LE, Wall S, Lindgren A, Lindqvist M, Ryden S, et al. Breast cancer screening with mammography: overview of Swedish randomised trials. Lancet 1993; 341:973-978.
49. Miller AB, Howe GR, Wall C. The national study of breast cancer screening: protocol for a Canadian randomised controlled trial of screening for breast cancer in women. Clin Invest Med 1981; 4:227-258.
50. Miller AB, Baines CJ, To T, Wall C. Canadian National Breast Screening Study: 1. Breast cancer detection and death rates among women aged 40 to 49 years. Can Med Assoc J 1992; 147:1459-1476.
51. Tabar L, Larsson LG, Andersson I, Duffy SW, et al. Report of the Organizing Committee and Collaborators, Falun Meeting, Falun Sweden March 1996. Breast-cancer screening with mammography in women aged 40-49 years. Int J Cancer 1996; 68:693-699.
52. Miller AB, Baines CJ, To T, Wall C. Canadian National Breast Screening Study: 2. Breast cancer detection and death rates among women aged 50 to 59 years. Can Med Assoc J 1992; 147:1477-1488.
53. Kopans DB, Feig SA. The Canadian National Breast Screening Study: a critical review. Am J Radiol 1993; 161:755-760.
54. Baines CJ. The Canadian National Breast Screening Study: a perspective on criticisms. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120:326-334.
55. Bailar JC III, MacMahon B. Randomization in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: a review for evidence of subversion. Can Med Assoc J 1997; 156(2): 193-199.
56. Roberts MM, Alexander FE, Anderson TJ, Chetty U, Donnan PT, Forrest P, et al. Edinburgh trial of screening for breast cancer: mortality at seven years. Lancet 1990; 335:241-246.
57. Alexander FE, Anderson TJ, Brown HK, Forrest AP, Hepburn W, Kirkpatrick AE, et al. The Edinburgh randomised trial of breast cancer screening: results after 10 years of follow-up. Br J Cancer 1994; 70:542-548.
58. Alexander FE, Anderson TJ, Brown HK, et al. The Edinburgh randomised trial of breast cancer screening: results after 10 years of follow-up. Br J Cancer 1994; 70:542-548.
59. UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer Group. Trial of early detection of breast cancer: description of method. Br J Cancer 1981; 44:618-627.
60. UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer Group. First results on mortality reduction in the UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer. Lancet 1988; ii: 411-417.
61. UK Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer Group. Breast cancer mortality after 10 years in the UK trial of early detection of breast cancer. The Breast 1993;2:13-20.
62. Morrison AS, Brisson J, Khalid N. Breast cancer incidence and mortality in the Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80:1540-1547.
63. Verbeek ALM, Hendricks JHCL, Holland R, Mravunac M, Sturmans F, Day NE. Reduction in breast cancer mortality through mass screening with modern mammography (First results of the Nijmegan Project 1975-81). Lancet 1984; i: 1222-4.
64. Collette HJA, Day NE, Rombach JJ, de Waard F. Evaluation of screening for breast cancer in a non-randomised study (the DOM Project) by means of a case-control study. Lancet 1984; i: 1224-1225.
65. Palli D, Rosselli del Turco M, Buiatti E, Carli S, Ciatto S, Toscani L, Maltoni G. A case-control study for the efficacy of a non-randomized breast cancer screening program in Florence (Italy). Int J Cancer 1986; 38:501-504.
66. Moss SM, Summerley ME, Thomas BT, Ellman R, Chamberlain JOP. A case-control evaluation of the effect of breast cancer screening in the United Kingdom trial of early detection of breast cancer. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992; 46:362-364.
67. Wald NJ, Chamberlain J, Hackshaw A. European Society of Mastology Consensus Conference on Breast Cancer Screening, Paris, 4-5 February 1993: Report of the Evaluation Committee. Clin Oncol 1994; 4:261-268.
68. Smart CR, Hendrick RE, Rutledge JHI, Smith RA. Benefit of mammography screening in women ages 40 to 49 years. Cancer 1995; 75:1619-1626.
69. de Koning HJ, Boer R, Warmerdam PG, Beemsterboer PMM, van der Maas PJ. Quantitative interpretation of age-specific mortality reductions from the Swedish breast cancer-screening trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:1217-1223.
70. Kerlikowske K, Grady D, Rubin SM, Sandrock C, Ernster VL. Efficacy of screening mammography. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1995; 273:149-154.
71. Constanza ME. The extent of breast cancer screening in older women. Cancer 1994; 74:2046-2050.
72. Eeles RA, Stratton MK, Goldgar DE, Easton DF. The genetics of familial breast cancer and their practical implications. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A: 1383-1390.
73. Moss SM, Ellman R, Coleman D, Chamberlain J, for the United Kingdom Trial of Early Detection of Breast Cancer Group. Survival of patients with breast cancer diagnosed in the United Kingdom trial of early detection of breast cancer. J Med Screening 1994; 1:193-198.
74. Mittra I. Breast screening: the case for physical examination without mammography. Lancet 1994; 343;342-344.
75. Semiglazov VF, Sagaidak VN, Moiseyenko VM, Mikhailov EA. Study of the role of breast self-examination in the reduction of mortality from breast cancer. The Russian Federation/World Health Organization Study. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A(14): 2039-2046.
76. Thomas DB, Gao DL, Self SG, Allison CJ, Tao Y, Mahloch J, et al. Randomized trial of breast self-examination in Shanghai: methodology and preliminary results. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:355-365.
77. Calnan MW, Chamberlain J, Moss S. Compliance with a class teaching breast self-examination. J Epidemiol Community Health 1983; 37:264-270.
78. Ellman R, Moss SM, Coleman D, Chamberlain J. Breast self-examination programmes in the trial of early detection of breast cancer: 10 year findings. Br J Cancer 1993; 68:208-212.
79. Gastrin G, Miller AB, To T, Aronson KJ, Wall C, Hakama M, et al. Incidence and mortality from breast cancer in the Mama Program for breast screening in Finland, 1973-1986. Cancer 1994; 73:2168-174.
80. Newcomb PA, Weiss NS, Storer BE, Scholes D, Young BE, Voigt LF. Breast self-examination in relation to the occurrence of advanced breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83:260-265.
81. Walker LG, Cordinier CM, Gilbert FJ, Needham G, et al. How distressing is attendance for routine breast screening? Psycho-Oncology 1994; 3:299-304.
82. Sutton S, Saidi G, Bidder G, Hunter J. Does routine screening for breast cancer raise anxiety? Results from a three wave prospective study in England. J Epidemiol Community Health 1995; 49:413-418.
83. Ellman R, Angeli N, Christians A, Moss S, Chamberlain J, Maguire P. Psychiatric morbidity associated with screening for breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1989; 60:781-784.
84. Lerman C, Trock B, Rimer BK, Boyce A, Jepson C, Engstrom PF. Psychological and behavioral implications of abnormal mammograms. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114:657-661.
85. Rutter DR, Calnan M, Vaile MSB, Field S, Wade KA. Discomfort and pain during mammography: description, prediction and prevention. BMJ 1992; 305:443-445.
86. Stomper PC, Kopans DB, Sadowsky NL, Sonnenfeld MR, Swann CA, Gelman RS, et al. Is mammography painful? A multicentre patient survey. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:521-524.
87. Bailar JC. Mammography: a contrary view. Ann Intern Med 1976; 84:77-84.
88. Feig SA. Mammographic screening of women aged 40-49 years: benefit, risk and cost considerations. Cancer 1995; 76:2097-2106.
89. Law J. Variations in individual radiation dose in a breast screening programme and consequences for the balance between associated risk and benefit. Br J Radiol 1993; 66:691-698.
90. Lavin MF, Bennett I, Ramsay J, Gardiner RA, et al. Identification of a potentially radiosensitive subgroup among patients with breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86:1627-1634.
91. Athma P, Rappaport R, Swift M. Molecular genotyping shows that ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygotes are predisposed to breast cancer. Cancer Genet Cyto-genet 1996; 52:130-134.
92. FitzGerald MG, Bean JM, Hegde SR, Unsal H, MacDonald DJ, Harkin DP, et al. Heterozygous ATM mutations do not contribute to early onset of breast cancer. Nature Genet 1997; 15:307-310.
93. Sharan SK, Morimatsu M, Albrecht U, Lim D-S, et al. Embryonic lethality and radiation hypersensitivity mediated by RAD51 in mice lacking BRCA2. Nature 1997; 386:804-810.
94. Wright CJ, Mueller CB. Screening mammography and public health policy: the need for perspective. Lancet 1995; 346:29-32.
95. Hurley SF, Livingstone PM, Thane N, Quang L. Mammographic screening: measurement of the cost in a population based programme in Victoria, Australia. J Epidemiol Community Health 1994; 48(4):391-399.
96. de Koning HJ, van Ineveld BM, van Oortmarssen GJ, de Haes JCJM, Collette HJA, Hendricks JHCL, et al. Breast cancer screening and cost-effectiveness; policy alternatives, quality of life considerations and the possible impact of uncertain factors. Int J Cancer 1991; 49:531-537.
97. van Ineveld BM, van Oortmarssen GJ, de Koning HJ, Boer R, van der Maas PJ. How cost-effective is breast cancer screening in different EC countries? Eur J Cancer 1993; 12:1663-1668.
98. Lindfors KK, Rosenquist CJ. The cost-effectiveness of mammographic screening strategies. JAMA 1995; 274(11):881-884.
99. Gerard K, Brown J, Johnston K. UK breast screening programme: how does it reflect the Forrest recommendations? J Med Screening 1997;4:10-15.
100. Hakama M, Pukkala E, Heikkila, Kallio M. Effectiveness of the public health policy for breast cancer screening in Finland: population based cohort study. BMJ 1997; 314:864-867.
101. Tornberg S, Carstensen J, Hakulinen T, Lenner P, Hatschek T, Lundgren B. Evaluation of the effect on breast cancer mortality of population based mammography screening programmes. J Med Screening 1994; 1:184-187.
102. de Waard F, Kirkpatrick A, Perry NM, Tornberg S, Tubiana M, de Wolf C. Breast cancer screening in the framework of of the Europe against Cancer programme. Eur J Cancer Prev 1994; 3(supp l):3-5.
103. Leitch AM. Controversies in breast cancer screening. Cancer 1995; 76:2064-2069.
104. Joint statement on mammography guidelines. ARC Bull 1989; 45:4.
105. de Wolf CJM, Perry NM, eds. European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Mammography Screening. Europe Against Cancer. 2d ed. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1996.