메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2021, Pages

Burden of anemia and its underlying causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

(11)  Safiri, Saeid a,b   Kolahi, Ali Asghar c   Noori, Maryam d   Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria e,f   Karamzad, Nahid g   Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi h   Sullman, Mark J M i   Abdollahi, Morteza c   Collins, Gary S j,k   Kaufman, Jay S l   Grieger, Jessica A m,n  


Author keywords

Anemia; Epidemiology; Global burden of disease; Prevalence; Years lived with disability

Indexed keywords

IRON;

EID: 85118692820     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17568722     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01202-2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (174)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 84941909092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anemia in clinical practice—definition and classification: Does hemoglobin change with aging?
    • PID: 26404438
    • Domenica Cappellini M, Motta I. Anemia in clinical practice—definition and classification: Does hemoglobin change with aging? Semin Hematol. 2015;52(4):261–9.
    • (2015) Semin Hematol , vol.52 , Issue.4 , pp. 261-269
    • Domenica Cappellini, M.1    Motta, I.2
  • 2
    • 84860502891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underlying factors associated with anemia in amazonian children: a population-based, cross-sectional study
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XnsV2hsbY%3D, PID: 22574149
    • Cardoso MA, Scopel KKG, Muniz PT, Villamor E, Ferreira MU. Underlying factors associated with anemia in amazonian children: a population-based, cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(5):e36341.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , Issue.5
    • Cardoso, M.A.1    Scopel, K.K.G.2    Muniz, P.T.3    Villamor, E.4    Ferreira, M.U.5
  • 3
    • 1842420441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in geriatrics: a systematic review of the literature
    • Beghé C, Wilson A, Ershler WB. Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in geriatrics: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med. 2004;116(7, Supplement 1):3–10.
    • (2004) Am J Med , vol.116 , Issue.7, Supplement 1 , pp. 3-10
    • Beghé, C.1    Wilson, A.2    Ershler, W.B.3
  • 4
    • 41949113085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron deficiency anemia
    • PID: 18390780
    • Clark SF. Iron deficiency anemia. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23(2):128–41.
    • (2008) Nutr Clin Pract , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 128-141
    • Clark, S.F.1
  • 5
    • 85099981554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anemia as a risk factor for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • PID: 33485299
    • Gelaw Y, Getaneh Z, Melku M. Anemia as a risk factor for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Prev Med. 2021;26(1):13.
    • (2021) Environ Health Prev Med , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 13
    • Gelaw, Y.1    Getaneh, Z.2    Melku, M.3
  • 8
    • 84894067309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXisVGqt7Y%3D, PID: 24297872
    • Kassebaum NJ, Jasrasaria R, Naghavi M, Wulf SK, Johns N, Lozano R, et al. A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood. 2014;123(5):615–24.
    • (2014) Blood , vol.123 , Issue.5 , pp. 615-624
    • Kassebaum, N.J.1    Jasrasaria, R.2    Naghavi, M.3    Wulf, S.K.4    Johns, N.5    Lozano, R.6
  • 9
    • 84885219584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data
    • PID: 25103581
    • Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM, Paciorek CJ, Flaxman SR, Branca F, et al. Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1(1):e16-25.
    • (2013) Lancet Glob Health , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. e16-e25
    • Stevens, G.A.1    Finucane, M.M.2    De-Regil, L.M.3    Paciorek, C.J.4    Flaxman, S.R.5    Branca, F.6
  • 11
    • 85104754598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global, regional, and national prevalence of anemia and its causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019
    • Gardner W, Kassebaum N. Global, regional, and national prevalence of anemia and its causes in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019. Curr Dev Nutr. 2020;4(Supplement_2):830.
    • (2020) Curr Dev Nutr , vol.4 , Issue.Supplement_2 , pp. 830
    • Gardner, W.1    Kassebaum, N.2
  • 12
    • 85092481765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019
    • Vos T, Lim SS, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi M, Abbasifard M, et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204–22.
    • (2020) Lancet , vol.396 , Issue.10258 , pp. 1204-1222
    • Vos, T.1    Lim, S.S.2    Abbafati, C.3    Abbas, K.M.4    Abbasi, M.5    Abbasifard, M.6
  • 13
    • 85092451099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019
    • Murray CJL, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1223–49.
    • (2020) Lancet , vol.396 , Issue.10258 , pp. 1223-1249
    • Murray, C.J.L.1    Aravkin, A.Y.2    Zheng, P.3    Abbafati, C.4    Abbas, K.M.5    Abbasi-Kangevari, M.6
  • 17
    • 65449184945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO vitamin and mineral nutrition information system, 1993–2005
    • PID: 18498676
    • McLean E, Cogswell M, Egli I, Wojdyla D, de Benoist B. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO vitamin and mineral nutrition information system, 1993–2005. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(4):444–54.
    • (2009) Public Health Nutr , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 444-454
    • McLean, E.1    Cogswell, M.2    Egli, I.3    Wojdyla, D.4    de Benoist, B.5
  • 18
    • 84928963582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron-deficiency anemia
    • PID: 25946282
    • Camaschella C. Iron-deficiency anemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(19):1832–43.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.372 , Issue.19 , pp. 1832-1843
    • Camaschella, C.1
  • 19
    • 79959800820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping the risk of anaemia in preschool-age children: the contribution of malnutrition, malaria, and helminth infections in West Africa
    • Soares Magalhães RJ, Clements ACA. Mapping the risk of anaemia in preschool-age children: the contribution of malnutrition, malaria, and helminth infections in West Africa. PLOS Med. 2011;8(6):e1000438.
    • (2011) PLOS Med , vol.8 , Issue.6
    • Soares Magalhães, R.J.1    Clements, A.C.A.2
  • 20
    • 77953036529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of iron supplementation in nonanemic pregnant women, infants, and young children on the mental performance and psychomotor development of children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmslKktLg%3D, PID: 20410098
    • Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M, Chmielewska A. Effects of iron supplementation in nonanemic pregnant women, infants, and young children on the mental performance and psychomotor development of children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(6):1684–90.
    • (2010) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.91 , Issue.6 , pp. 1684-1690
    • Szajewska, H.1    Ruszczynski, M.2    Chmielewska, A.3
  • 21
    • 0025745242 scopus 로고
    • Long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzjtlKktA%3D%3D, PID: 1870641
    • Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Wolf AW. Long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(10):687–94.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , Issue.10 , pp. 687-694
    • Lozoff, B.1    Jimenez, E.2    Wolf, A.W.3
  • 22
    • 0034995398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mzhs1OhsA%3D%3D, PID: 11389261
    • Halterman JS, Kaczorowski JM, Aligne CA, Auinger P, Szilagyi PG. Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics. 2001;107(6):1381–6.
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.107 , Issue.6 , pp. 1381-1386
    • Halterman, J.S.1    Kaczorowski, J.M.2    Aligne, C.A.3    Auinger, P.4    Szilagyi, P.G.5
  • 23
    • 34147096320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXks1Ogsr8%3D, PID: 17413089
    • McCann JC, Ames BN. An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):931–45.
    • (2007) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.85 , Issue.4 , pp. 931-945
    • McCann, J.C.1    Ames, B.N.2
  • 24
    • 84921828411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron intake and status of children aged 6–36 months in Europe: a systematic review
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtVajurjK, PID: 25612840
    • Eussen S, Alles M, Uijterschout L, Brus F, Van Der Horst-graat J. Iron intake and status of children aged 6–36 months in Europe: a systematic review. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66(2–3):80–92.
    • (2015) Ann Nutr Metab , vol.66 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 80-92
    • Eussen, S.1    Alles, M.2    Uijterschout, L.3    Brus, F.4    Van Der Horst-graat, J.5
  • 27
    • 0033020074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron fortification of infant formulas
    • Nutrition Co. Iron fortification of infant formulas. Pediatrics. 1999;104(1):119–23.
    • (1999) Pediatrics , vol.104 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-123
  • 28
    • 34447249018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of serum ferritin and serum soluble transferrin receptor in newborns and their associations with iron status during the first 2 y of life
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXotVyntLw%3D, PID: 17616764
    • Hay G, Refsum H, Whitelaw A, Melbye EL, Haug E, Borch-Iohnsen B. Predictors of serum ferritin and serum soluble transferrin receptor in newborns and their associations with iron status during the first 2 y of life. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(1):64–73.
    • (2007) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.86 , Issue.1 , pp. 64-73
    • Hay, G.1    Refsum, H.2    Whitelaw, A.3    Melbye, E.L.4    Haug, E.5    Borch-Iohnsen, B.6
  • 30
    • 85010209435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron deficiency anemia in infants and toddlers
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhvVemt7nF, PID: 28090490
    • Joo EY, Kim KY, Kim DH, Lee JE, Kim SK. Iron deficiency anemia in infants and toddlers. Blood Res. 2016;51(4):268–73.
    • (2016) Blood Res , vol.51 , Issue.4 , pp. 268-273
    • Joo, E.Y.1    Kim, K.Y.2    Kim, D.H.3    Lee, J.E.4    Kim, S.K.5
  • 31
    • 1642393604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and age differences in anemia prevalence during the lifecycle in Kuwait
    • Jackson RT, Hamad NA, Al-Somaie M, Guoad NA, Prakash P. Gender and age differences in anemia prevalence during the lifecycle in Kuwait. Ecol Food Nutr. 2004;43(1–2):61–75.
    • (2004) Ecol Food Nutr , vol.43 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 61-75
    • Jackson, R.T.1    Hamad, N.A.2    Al-Somaie, M.3    Guoad, N.A.4    Prakash, P.5
  • 32
    • 85099770215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anemia and associated factors among adolescent girls and boys at 10–14 years in rural western China
    • Zhu Z, Sudfeld CR, Cheng Y, Qi Q, Li S, Elhoumed M, et al. Anemia and associated factors among adolescent girls and boys at 10–14 years in rural western China. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1–14.
    • (2021) BMC Public Health , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-14
    • Zhu, Z.1    Sudfeld, C.R.2    Cheng, Y.3    Qi, Q.4    Li, S.5    Elhoumed, M.6
  • 35
    • 52249104919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of anemia in older adults
    • PID: 18809090
    • Patel KV. Epidemiology of anemia in older adults. Semin Hematol. 2008;45(4):210–7.
    • (2008) Semin Hematol , vol.45 , Issue.4 , pp. 210-217
    • Patel, K.V.1
  • 36
    • 0036154114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency among adults in the United States: results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey
    • PID: 11805181
    • Hsu C, McCulloch CE, Curhan GC. Epidemiology of anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency among adults in the United States: results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(2):504–10.
    • (2002) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 504-510
    • Hsu, C.1    McCulloch, C.E.2    Curhan, G.C.3
  • 37
    • 0033744783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood haemoglobin declines in the elderly: implications for reference intervals from age 70 to 88
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXot1SrtLo%3D, PID: 11092459
    • Nilsson-Ehle H, Jagenburg R, Landahl S, Svanborg A. Blood haemoglobin declines in the elderly: implications for reference intervals from age 70 to 88. Eur J Haematol. 2000;65(5):297–305.
    • (2000) Eur J Haematol , vol.65 , Issue.5 , pp. 297-305
    • Nilsson-Ehle, H.1    Jagenburg, R.2    Landahl, S.3    Svanborg, A.4
  • 38
    • 29744452838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keynote address: the challenge of thalassemia for the developing countries
    • PID: 16339646
    • Weatherall DJ. Keynote address: the challenge of thalassemia for the developing countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1054:11–7.
    • (2005) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1054 , pp. 11-17
    • Weatherall, D.J.1
  • 39
    • 77955899256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thalassemia as a global health problem: recent progress toward its control in the developing countries
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cjltFynsw%3D%3D, PID: 20712767
    • Weatherall DJ. Thalassemia as a global health problem: recent progress toward its control in the developing countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1202:17–23.
    • (2010) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1202 , pp. 17-23
    • Weatherall, D.J.1
  • 40
    • 34247143171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inherited disorders of hemoglobin
    • Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, (eds), 2, World Bank Publications, Washington
    • Weatherall D, Akinyanju O, Fucharoen S, Olivieri N, Musgrove P. Inherited disorders of hemoglobin. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, editors. Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd ed. Washington: World Bank Publications; 2006.
    • (2006) Disease control priorities in developing countries
    • Weatherall, D.1    Akinyanju, O.2    Fucharoen, S.3    Olivieri, N.4    Musgrove, P.5
  • 41
    • 84876491483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prenatal and newborn screening for hemoglobinopathies
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3srlvVersg%3D%3D, PID: 23590658
    • Hoppe CC. Prenatal and newborn screening for hemoglobinopathies. Int J Lab Hematol. 2013;35(3):297–305.
    • (2013) Int J Lab Hematol , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 297-305
    • Hoppe, C.C.1
  • 43
    • 80155143481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral iron supplements for children in malaria-endemic areas
    • Neuberger A, Okebe J, Yahav D, Paul M. Oral iron supplements for children in malaria-endemic areas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016. 10.1002/14651858.CD006589.pub4. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006589.pub4
    • (2016) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Neuberger, A.1    Okebe, J.2    Yahav, D.3    Paul, M.4
  • 45
    • 78149264092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women in resource-poor settings are at risk of inadequate intakes of multiple micronutrients
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtl2nur7O, PID: 20881075
    • Torheim LE, Ferguson EL, Penrose K, Arimond M. Women in resource-poor settings are at risk of inadequate intakes of multiple micronutrients. J Nutr. 2010;140(11):2051S-S2058.
    • (2010) J Nutr , vol.140 , Issue.11 , pp. 2051S-S2058
    • Torheim, L.E.1    Ferguson, E.L.2    Penrose, K.3    Arimond, M.4
  • 46
    • 84951754558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys
    • PID: 26275329
    • Stevens GA, Bennett JE, Hennocq Q, Lu Y, De-Regil LM, Rogers L, et al. Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(9):e528–36.
    • (2015) Lancet Glob Health , vol.3 , Issue.9 , pp. e528-e536
    • Stevens, G.A.1    Bennett, J.E.2    Hennocq, Q.3    Lu, Y.4    De-Regil, L.M.5    Rogers, L.6
  • 48
    • 84963854341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adherence to and acceptability of home fortification with vitamins and minerals in children aged 6 to 23 months: a systematic review
    • de Barros SF, Cardoso MA. Adherence to and acceptability of home fortification with vitamins and minerals in children aged 6 to 23 months: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1–11.
    • (2016) BMC Public Health , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-11
    • de Barros, S.F.1    Cardoso, M.A.2
  • 51
    • 84856305323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age
    • De-Regil LM, Jefferds MED, Sylvetsky AC, Dowswell T. Intermittent iron supplementation for improving nutrition and development in children under 12 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011. 10.1002/14651858.CD009085.pub2. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009085.pub2
    • (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • De-Regil, L.M.1    Jefferds, M.E.D.2    Sylvetsky, A.C.3    Dowswell, T.4
  • 52
    • 84856271954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermittent iron supplementation for reducing anaemia and its associated impairments in adolescent and adult menstruating women
    • Fernandez-Gaxiola AC, De-Regil LM. Intermittent iron supplementation for reducing anaemia and its associated impairments in adolescent and adult menstruating women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019. 10.1002/14651858.CD009218.pub3. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009218.pub3
    • (2019) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Fernandez-Gaxiola, A.C.1    De-Regil, L.M.2
  • 53
    • 84880093829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Haider BA, Olofin I, Wang M, Spiegelman D, Ezzati M, Fawzi WW. Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Br Med J. 2013;346:f3443.
    • (2013) BMJ Br Med J , vol.346 , pp. f3443
    • Haider, B.A.1    Olofin, I.2    Wang, M.3    Spiegelman, D.4    Ezzati, M.5    Fawzi, W.W.6
  • 55
    • 38349061342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences
    • PID: 18207566
    • Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet. 2008;371(9608):243–60.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , Issue.9608 , pp. 243-260
    • Black, R.E.1    Allen, L.H.2    Bhutta, Z.A.3    Caulfield, L.E.4    de Onis, M.5    Ezzati, M.6
  • 56
    • 85069872186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available from
    • Say hello to a fortified future: 2016 year in review. 2016. Available from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e1df234eef02705f5446453/t/5f207bd5f9e2d479bfcb28f1/1595964376589/FFI2016Review.pdf.
    • (2016) Say Hello to a Fortified Future: 2016 Year in Review
  • 57
    • 85100326800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wheat flour fortification with iron and other micronutrients for reducing anaemia and improving iron status in populations
    • PID: 33461239
    • Field MS, Mithra P, Peña-Rosas JP. Wheat flour fortification with iron and other micronutrients for reducing anaemia and improving iron status in populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;1:Cd011302.
    • (2021) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.1 , pp. Cd011302
    • Field, M.S.1    Mithra, P.2    Peña-Rosas, J.P.3
  • 60
    • 84898844944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Micronutrient fortification of food and its impact on woman and child health: a systematic review
    • Das JK, Salam RA, Kumar R, Bhutta ZA. Micronutrient fortification of food and its impact on woman and child health: a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2013;2(1):1–24.
    • (2013) Syst Rev , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-24
    • Das, J.K.1    Salam, R.A.2    Kumar, R.3    Bhutta, Z.A.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.