Simulation Platform for Reduced Crew Operations - A Case Study

AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference - Proceedings

Volumn 2019-September, Issue , 2019, Pages

  Lenz, Helge ^a   Schmid, Daniela ^a  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

Author keywords

human in the loop; remote copilot; simulation; single pilot operations

Indexed keywords

APPLICATION PROGRAMS; DIGITAL AVIONICS; FLIGHT SIMULATORS; REMOTE CONTROL; SAFETY TESTING; SOFTWARE RELIABILITY;

EMPIRICAL TESTING; FLIGHT OPERATION; FLIGHT PHASIS; GROUND BASED; HUMAN-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATIONS; SAFETY ISSUES; SOFTWARE MODULES; TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE;

SIMULATION PLATFORM;

EID: 85084758820     PISSN: 21557195     EISSN: 21557209     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1109/DASC43569.2019.9081747     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (34)

1. M. Norman, "Economic opportunities and technological challenges for reduced crew operations," 2007.
2. A. Malik and V. Gollnick, "Impact of reduced crew operations on airlines-Operational challenges and cost benefits," in 16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (AIAA Aviation) Reston, VA: AIAA, 2016, AIAA 2016-3303.
3. J. Graham, C. Hopkins, A. Loeber, and S. Trivedi, "Design of a single pilot cockpit for airline operations," presented at the Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS), Charlottesville, VA, USA, 2014.
4. J. Lachter, S. L. Brandt, V. Battiste, M. Matessa, and W. W. Johnson, "Enhanced ground support: Lessons from work on reduced crew operations," Cognition, Technology & Work, vol. 19, no. 2-3, pp. 279-288, 2017.
5. K.-P. L. Vu, J. Lachter, V. Battiste, and T. Strybel, "Single pilot operations in domestic commercial aviation," Human Factors, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 755-762, 2018.
6. N. A. Stanton, D. Harris, and A. Starr, "The future flight deck: Modelling dual, single and distributed crewing options," Applied Ergonomics, vol. 53, no. Part B, pp. 331-342, 2016.
7. D. Schmid, B. Korn, and N. A. Stanton, "Evaluating the reduced flight deck crew concept using cognitive work analysis and social network analysis: comparing normal and data-link outage scenarios," Cognition, Technology & Work, 2019.
8. Commission Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 of 5 October 2012, Paragraph ORO.FC.200, http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2012/965/2017-03-22
9. D. Harris, "A human-centred design agenda for the development of single crew operated commercial aircraft.", Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 518-526, 2007.
10. W. W. Johnson, J. Lachter, M. Feary, D. Comerford, V. Battiste, and R. Mogford, "Task allocation for single pilot operations: A role for the ground," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace, HCI-Aero '12, New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2012.
11. International Civil Aviation Organization (2012). Doc 8984, Manual of civil aviation medicine, ICAO, Montreal, Canada
12. D. Schmid, M. Vollrath, and N. A. Stanton, "The System Theoretic Accident Modelling and Process (STAMP) of medical pilot knock-out events: Pilot incapacitation and homicide-suicide," Safety Science, vol. 110, pp. 58-71, 2018.
13. K. Driscoll, A. Roy, and D. S. Ponchak, "Cyber safety and security for reduced crew operations (RCO)," presented at the 36th Digital Avionics Systems Conference DASC, St. Petersburg, FL, USA, 2017.
14. D. Schmid and N. A. Stanton, "A future airliner's reduced-crew: Modelling pilot incapacitation and homicide-suicide with systems theory," Human-Intelligent Systems Integration, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 27-42, 2019.
15. European Aviation Safety Agency, Certification Specifications for Aeroplane Flight Simulation Training Devices (Annex to ED Decision 2012/010/R). Cologne, Germany: European Aviation Safety Agency, 2012.
16. D. Javaux, F. Fortmann, and C. Möhlenbrink, "Adaptive humanautomation cooperation: A general architecture for the cockpit and its application in the A-PiMod project," presented at the COGNITIVE'15, Nice, France, 2015.
17. A. Kuenz, "FAGI-A scalable transition to 4D operations using today's airborne technology," in 2010 Future ATM Technology Symposium, 30. Sep.-01. Oct. 2010, Ashburn, VA, USA, 2010.
18. European Commission (2017, May 29), Model-based analysis of human errors during aircraft cockpit system design. Available: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/89633/factsheet/en
19. German Aerospace Center (DLR). (2019, July 10). The Air Traffic Validation Center [Web page]. Available: https://www.dlr.de/fl/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1140/
20. H. Asgari et al., "Provisioning for a distributed ATM security management: The GAMMA approach," IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 5-21, 2017.
21. M. Friedrich and C. Möhlenbrink, "How to evaluate remote tower metrics in connection with weather observations," Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 100-111, 2018.
22. D. Geister, G. Schwoch, and H. Becker, "Flight testing of optimal remotely-piloted-aircraft-system scan patterns," Journal of Aircraft, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 1675-1691, 2017.
23. Federal Aviation Administration, Instrument Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-15 ed. Washington, D.C., USA: U.S. Department of Transportation, 2001.
24. German Aerospace Center (DLR), "Generic Experimental Cockpit (GECO)," available at: https://www.dlr.de/fl/Portaldata/14/Resources/dokumente/veroeffentlich ungen/GECO-web.pdf, Institute of Flight Guidance, Braunschweig, Germany: German Aerospace Center (DLR), 2019.
25. Laminar Research, "X-Plane 11," 11.34 ed. Columbia, SC, USA: Laminar Research, 2017, Flight simulation.
26. M. Friedrich and J. Lieb "A novel human machine interface to support supervision and guidance of multiple highly automated unmanned aircraft", in press, 38th Digital Avionics Systems Conference DASC, San Diego, CA, USA, 2019.
27. SensoMotoric Instruments [SMI], BeGaze Manual: Version 3.7. Teltow, Germany: SMI, 2017.
28. SensoMotoric Instruments [SMI], iView System Manual: Version 2.8. Teltow, Germany: SMI, 2014.
29. S. G. Hart and L. E. Staveland, "Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research," in Human Mental Workload, P. A. Hancock and N. Meshkati, Eds. (Advances in Psychology, no. 52) Amsterdam, Netherlands: North Holland, 1988, pp. 139-183.
30. S. G. Hart, "Nasa-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX); 20 years later," Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 904-908, 2006.
31. J. D. Van der Laan, A. Heino, and D. De Waard, "A simple procedure for the assessment of acceptance of advanced transport telematics," Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 1997.
32. J. C. F. de Winter, "Controversy in human factors constructs and the explosive use of the NASA-TLX: A measurement perspective," Cognition, Technology & Work, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 289-297, 2014.
33. H. Mansikka, K. Virtanen, and D. Harris, "Comparison of NASA-TLX scale, modified Cooper-Harper scale and mean inter-beat interval as measures of pilot mental workload during simulated flight tasks," Ergonomics, pp. 1-9, 2018.
34. D. Schmid, B. Korn, "A tripartite concept of a remote-copilot center for commercial single-pilot operations." In: AIAA Information Systems-AIAA Infotech at Aerospace, 2017. AIAA SciTech Forum 2017, 08.-13. Januar 2017, Grapevine, Texas.