Discrimination and generalization

Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 123-149

  Kehoe, E J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Choice discrimination; Compound stimulus; Conditional discrimination; Delayed matching to sample; Differential outcome effect; Feature negative discrimination; Feature positive discrimination; Generalization gradient; Go no go discrimination; Learning set; Learning to learn; Oddity learning set; Peak shift; Psychophysics; Transfer of training

Indexed keywords

EID: 85079255187     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012370509-9.00059-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (158)

1. E. Alberts., D. Ehrenfreund Transposition in children as a function of age J. Exp. Psychol. 41 1951 30-38.
2. J.B. Ayres., J.O. Benedict., E. Witcher Systematic manipulation of individual events in a truly random control in rats J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 88 1975 97-103.
3. A.M. Bailey., R.K. Thomas An investigation of oddity concept learning by rats Psychol. Rec. 48 1998 333-344.
4. M. Bekoff., C. Allen. M.G. Burghardt The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition 2002 MIT Press Cambridge, MA.
5. W.P. Bellingham., K. Gillette-Bellingham., E.J. Kehoe Summation and configuration in patterning schedules with the rat and rabbit Anim. Learn. Behav. 13 1985 152-164.
6. J. Bilotta., M.L. Risner., E.C. Davis., S.J. Haggbloom Assessing appetitive choice discrimination learning in zebrafish Zebrafish 2 2005 259-268.
7. A.P. Blaisdell., R.R. Miller Conditioned inhibition produced by extinction-mediated recovery from the relative stimulus validity effect: A test of acquisition and performance models of empirical retrospective revaluation J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 27 2001 48-58.
8. A.P. Blaisdell., K. Sawa., K.J. Leising., M.R. Waldmann Causal reasoning in rats Science 311 2006 1020-1022.
9. D.S. Blough Steady state data and a quantitative model of operant generalization and discrimination J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 104 1975 3-21.
10. D.S. Blough The perception of similarity R.G. Cook. Avian Visual Cognition 2001 http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/dblough/ (accessed January 2007).
11. D.S. Blough Some contributions of signal detection theory to the analysis of stimulus control in animals Behav. Process. 54 2001 127-136.
12. C.A. Boneau., J.L. Cole Decision theory, the pigeon, and the psychophysical function Psychol. Rev. 74 1967 123-135.
13. S.E. Brandon., A.R. Wagner Modulation of a discrete Pavlovian conditioned reflex by a putative emotive Pavlovian conditioned stimulus J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 17 1991 299-311.
14. S.E. Brandon., A.R. Wagner Occasion setting: Influences of conditioned emotional response and configural cues N.A. Schmajuk., P.C. Holland Occasion Setting: Associative Learning and Cognition in Animals 1998 American Psychological Association Washington, DC 343-382.
15. P.L. Brown., H.M. Jenkins Conditioned inhibition and excitation in operant discrimination learning J. Exp. Psychol. 75 1967 255-266.
16. C.V. Buhusi., W.H. Meck What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6 2005 755-765.
17. M.E. Bunch Transfer of training in the mastery of an antagonistic habit after varying intervals of time J. Comp. Psycho. 28 1939 189-200.
18. E.J. Capaldi The sequential view: From rapidly fading stimulus traces to the organization of memory and the abstract concept of number Psychon. Bull. Rev. 1 1994 156-181.
19. R.M. Church., M.Z. Deluty Bisection of temporal intervals J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 3 1977 216-228.
20. R.P. Cole., R.C. Barnet., R.R. Miller An evaluation of conditioned inhibition as defined by Rescorla’s two-test strategy Learn. Motiv. 28 1997 323-341.
21. R.G. Cook Hierarchical stimulus processing by pigeons R.G. Cook. Avian Visual Cognition 2001 http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/dblough/ (accessed January 2007).
22. P.A. Couvillon., M.E. Bitterman Analysis of choice in honeybees Anim. Learn. Behav. 13 1985 246-252.
23. J.D. Delius Comparative cognition of identity P. Bertelson., P. Eelen. G. d’Ydewalle International Perspectives on Psychological Science vol. 1 1994 Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 25-40 Leading Themes.
24. M.R. Denny Elicitation theory applied to an analysis of the overlearning reversal effect J.H. Reynierse. Current Issues in Animal Learning 1970 Academic Press New York.
25. J.W. Donahoe., J.E. Burgos Behavior analysis and revaluation J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 74 2000 331-346.
26. D.M. Dougherty., P. Lewis Stimulus generalization, discrimination learning, and peak shift in horses J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 56 1991 97-104.
27. D. Ehrenfreund A study of the transposition gradient J. Exp. Psychol. 43 1952 81-87.
28. H. Ellis The Transfer of Learning 1965 Macmillan New York.
29. W.K. Estes., C.J. Burke A theory of stimulus variability in learning Psychol. Rev. 60 1953 276-286.
30. A.F. Estevez., L.J. Fuentes., P. Mari-Beffa., C. Gonzalez., D. Alvarez The differential outcome effect as a useful tool to improve conditional discrimination learning in children Learn. Motiv. 32 2001 48-64.
31. S.B. Fountain., D.M. Benson Chunking, rule learning, and multiple item memory in rat interleaved serial pattern learning Learn. Motiv. 37 2006 95-112.
32. C.R. Gallistel., J. Gibbon Time, rate, and conditioning Psychol. Rev. 107 2000 289-344.
33. S. Ghirlanda., M. Enquist A century of generalization Anim. Behav. 66 2003 15-36.
34. M.L. Gick., K.J. Holyoak Analogical problem solving Cogn. Psychol. 12 1980 306-355.
35. M.J. Goddard Spontaneous recovery in US extinction Learn. Motiv. 28 1997 118-128.
36. I. Gormezano Classical conditioning J.B. Sidowski. Experimental Methods and Instrumentation in Psychology 1966 McGraw-Hill New York 385-420.
37. I. Gormezano., E.J. Kehoe Classical conditioning: Some methodological-conceptual issues W.K. Estes. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes 1975 Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 143-179.
38. I. Gormezano., R.W. Tait The Pavlovian analysis of instrumental conditioning Pavlov. J. Biol. Sci. 11 1976 37-55.
39. D.A. Grant Sensitization and association in eyelid conditioning J. Exp. Psychol. 32 1943 201-212.
40. M.D. Gynther Differential eyelid conditioning as a function of stimulus similarity and strength of response to the CS J. Exp. Psychol. 53 1957 408-416.
41. G. Hall Transfer effects produced by overtraining in the rat J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 87 1974 993-994.
42. R.R. Hampton., B.M. Hampstead Spontaneous behavior of a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) during memory tests suggests memory awareness Behav. Process. 72 2006 184-189.
43. H.M. Hanson Effects of discrimination training on stimulus generalization J. Exp. Psychol. 58 1959 321-334.
44. H.F. Harlow The formation of learning sets Psychol. Rev. 56 1949 51-65.
45. D.N. Harper., M. Hunt., S. Schenk Attenuation of the disruptive effects of (+/-) 3:4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on delayed matching-to-sample performance in the rat Behav. Neurosci. 120 2006 201-205.
46. J.A. Harris Elemental representations of stimuli in associative learning Psychol. Rev. 113 2006 584-605.
47. R.M. Herrick., J.L. Myers., A.L. Korotkin Changes in SD and Sd Rates during the development of an operant discrimination J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 52 1959 359-363.
48. P. Hille., G. Dehnhardt., B. Mauck An analysis of visual oddity concept learning in a California sea lion (Zalophus Californianus) Learn. Behav. 34 2006 144-153.
49. J.M. Hinson., L.R. Termison An attentional model of dimensional contrast J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 23 1997 295-311.
50. P.C. Holland Occasion setting in Pavlovian conditioning D.L. Medlin. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation 1992 Academic Press New York 69-125.
51. P.C. Holland Temporal control in Pavlovian occasion setting Behav. Process. 44 1998 225-235.
52. P.C. Holland., P.A. Hamlin., J.P. Parsons Temporal specificity in serial feature-positive discrimination learning J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 23 1997 95-109.
53. P.C. Holland., J.A. Lamoureux., J.-S. Han., M. Gallagher Hippocampal lesions interfere with Pavlovian negative occasion setting Hippocampus 9 1999 143-157.
54. P.E. Holt., E.J. Kehoe Cross-modal transfer as a function of similarities between training tasks in classical conditioning of the rabbit Anim. Learn. Behav. 13 1985 51-59.
55. S. Hurley., M. Nudds Rational Animals? 2006 Oxford University Press Oxford.
56. H.M. Jenkins Noticing and responding in a discrimination based on a distinguishing element Learn. Motiv. 4 1973 115-137.
57. H.M. Jenkins., R.H. Harrison Effect of discrimination training in auditory generalization J. Exp. Psychol. 59 1960 246-253.
58. H.M. Jenkins., R.H. Harrison Generalization gradients of inhibition following auditory discrimination learning J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 5 1962 435-441.
59. H.M. Jenkins., R.S. Sainsbury The development of stimulus control through differential reinforcement N.J. Mackintosh., W.K. Honig Fundamental Issues in Associative Learning 1969 Dalhousie University Press Halifax 123-161.
60. B.M. Jones., K.G. White An investigation of the differential-outcomes effect within sessions J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 61 1994 389-406.
61. A.C. Kamil A synthetic approach to the study of animal intelligence Nebr. Symp. Motiv. 35 1987 257-308.
62. A.C. Kamil., T.B. Jones., A. Pietrewicz., J.E. Mauldin Positive transfer from successive reversal training to learning set in blue jays (cyanocitta cristata). J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 91 1977 79-86.
63. L.J. Kamin “Attention-like” processes in classical conditioning M.R. Jones. Miami Symposium on the Prediction of Behavior: Aversive Stimulation 1968 University of Miami Press Coral Gables FL 9-31.
64. E.J. Kehoe Summation and configuration in conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response to compound stimuli J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 12 1986 186-195.
65. E.J. Kehoe A layered network model of associative learning: Learning-to-learn and configuration Psychol. Rev. 95 1988 411-433.
66. E.J. Kehoe Versatility in conditioning: A layered network model D.S. Levine., S.J. Levin Motivation, Emotion and Goal Direction in Neural Networks 1992 Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 63-90.
67. E.J. Kehoe Can the whole be something other than the sum of its parts? C.D.L. Wynne., J.E.R. Staddon Models of Action: Mechanisms for Adaptive Behavior 1998 Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 87-126.
68. E.J. Kehoe Repeated acquisitions and extinctions in classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane responses Learn. Mem. 13 2006 366-375.
69. E.J. Kehoe., I. Gormezano Configuration and combination laws in conditioning with compound stimuli Psychol. Bull. 87 1980 351-378.
70. E.J. Kehoe., P.E. Holt Transfer across CS-US intervals and sensory modalities in classical conditioning in the rabbit Anim. Learn. Behav. 12 1984 122-128.
71. E.J. Kehoe., M. Macrae Savings in animal learning: Implications for relapse and maintenance after therapy Behav. Ther. 28 1997 141-155.
72. E.J. Kehoe., M. Macrae Fundamental behavioral methods and findings in classical conditioning J.W. Moore. A Neuroscientist’s Guide to Classical Conditioning 2002 Springer New York 171-231.
73. E.J. Kehoe., B.G. Schreurs Compound-component differentiation as a function of CS-US interval and CS duration in the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response Anim. Learn. Behav. 14 1986 144-154.
74. E.J. Kehoe., B. Marshall-Goodell., I. Gormezano Differential conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response to serial compound stimuli J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 13 1987 17-30.
75. E.J. Kehoe., N. Palmer., G. Weidemann., M. Macrae The effect of feature-target intervals in conditional discriminations on acquisition and expression of conditioned nictitating membrane and heart-rate responsed in the rabbit Anim. Learn. Behav. 28 2000 80-91.
76. J.B. Kelly., J.E. Cooke., P.C. Gilbride., C. Mitchell., H. Zhang Behavioral limits of auditory temporal resolution in the rat: Amplitude modulation and duration discrimination J. Comp. Psycho. 120 2006 95-105.
77. J. Konorski Integrative Activity of the Brain: An Interdisciplinary Approach 1967 University of Chicago Press Chicago.
78. J.M. Kruse., J.B. Overmier., W.A. Konz., E. Rokke Pavlovian CS effects upon instrumental choice behavior are reinforcer specific Learn. Motiv. 14 1983 165-181.
79. M. Laska., A. Wieser., L.T.H. Salazar Sex-specific differences in olfactory sensitivity for putative human pheromones in nonhuman primates J. Comp. Psycho. 120 2006 106-112.
80. L.A. Lione., R.J. Carter., M.J. Hunt., G.P. Bates., J. Morton., S.B. Dunnett Selective discrimination learning impairments in mice expressing the human Huntington’s disease mutation J. Neurosci. 19 1999 10428-10437.
81. E. Lovejoy Analysis of the overlearning reversal effect Psychol. Rev. 73 1966 87-103.
82. R.E. Lubow Latent Inhibition and Conditioned Attention Theory 1989 Cambridge University Press Cambridge.
83. R.E. Lubow., A.U. Moore Latent inhibition: The effect of non-reinforced preexposure to the conditioned stimulus J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 52 1959 415-419.
84. N.J. Mackintosh The Psychology of Animal Learning 1974 Academic Press New York.
85. N.J. Mackintosh A theory of attention: Variation in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement Psychol. Rev. 82 1975 276-298.
86. M. Macrae., E.J. Kehoe Transfer between conditional and discrete discriminations in conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response Learn. Motiv. 26 1995 380-402.
87. M. Macrae., E.J. Kehoe Savings after extinction in conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response Psychobiology 27 1999 85-94.
88. H.G. Marchant., F.W. Mis., J.W. Moore Conditioned inhibition of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response J. Exp. Psychol. 95 1972 408-411.
89. G.A. Marlatt., D. Lilie., B.D. Selvidge., M.D. Sipes., I. Gormezano Cross-modal generalization to tone and light in human eyelid conditioning Psychon. Sci. 5 1966 59-60.
90. J.P. McGann., T.H. Brown Fear conditioning model predicts key temporal aspects of conditioned response production Psychobiology 28 2000 303-313.
91. J.F. Medina., K.S. Garcia., W.L. Nores., N.M. Taylor., M.D. Mauk Timing mechanism in the cerebellum: Testing predictions of a large-scale computer simulation J. Neurosci. 20 2000 5516-5525.
92. R.R. Miller., L.D. Matzel The comparator hypothesis: A response rule for the expression of associations G.H. Bower. The psychology of learning and motivation vol. 22 1988 Academic Press San Diego 51-92.
93. R.R. Miller., R.C. Barnet., N.J. Grahame Assessment of the Rescorla-Wagner model Psychol. Bull. 117 1995 363-386.
94. Y. Miyashita., S. Nakajima., H. Imada Differential outcome effect in the horse J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 74 2000 245-253.
95. J.W. Moore Stimulus control: Studies of auditory generalization in rabbits A.H. Black., W.F. Prokasy Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory 1972 Appleton-Century-Crofts New York 206-230.
96. R.M. Napier., M. Macrae., E.J. Kehoe Rapid reacquisition in conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 18 1992 182-192.
97. M. Nissani., D. Hoefler-Nissani., U.T. Lay., U.W. Htun Simultaneous visual discrimination in Asian elephants J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 83 2005 15-29.
98. L.R. Novick., K.J. Holyoak Mathematical problem solving by analogy J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 17 1991 398-415.
99. R.C. O’Reilly., J.W. Rudy Conjunctive representations in learning and memory: Principles of cortical and hippocampal function Psychol. Rev. 108 2001 311-345.
100. E. Orona., K. Foster., R.W. Lambert., M. Gabriel Cingulate cortical and anterior thalamic neuronal correlates of the overtraining reversal effect in rabbits Behav. Brain Res. 4 1982 133-154.
101. J.B. Overmier., L.M. Savage., W.A. Sweeney Behavioral and pharmacological analyses of memory: New behavioral options for remediation M. Haug., R.E. Whalen Animal Models of Human Emotion and Cognition 1999 American Psychological Association Washington, DC 231-245.
102. M.R. Papini., M.E. Bitterman The two-test strategy in the study of inhibitory conditioning J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 19 1993 342-352.
103. I.P. Pavlov Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex 1927 Oxford University Press London.
104. J.M. Pearce A model for stimulus generalization in Pavlovian conditioning Psychol. Rev. 94 1987 61-73.
105. J.M. Pearce Similarity and discrimination: A selective review and a connectionist model Psychol. Rev. 101 1994 587-607.
106. J.M. Pearce Evaluation and development of a connectionist theory of configural learning Anim. Learn. Behav. 30 2002 73-95.
107. J.M. Pearce., M.E. Bouton Theories of associative learning in animals Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52 2001 111-139.
108. A. Poling., W. Temple., T.M. Foster The differential outcomes effect: A demonstration in domestic chickens responding under a titrating-delayed-matching-to-sample procedure Behav. Process. 36 1996 109-115.
109. B.C. Rakitin., J. Gibbon., T.B. Penney., M. Chara., S.C. Hinton., W.H. Meck Scalar expectancy theory and peak-interval timing in humans J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 24 1998 15-33.
110. L. Reeves., R.W. Weisberg The role of content and abstract information in analogical transfer Psychol. Bull. 115 1994 381-440.
111. L.S. Reid The development of non-continuity behavior through continuity learning J. Exp. Psychol. 46 1953 107-112.
112. S. Reiss., A.R. Wagner CS habituation produces a “latent inhibition effect” but no active “conditioned inhibition Learn. Motiv. 3 1972 237-245.
113. R.A. Rescorla Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures Psychol. Rev. 74 1967 71-80.
114. R.A. Rescorla Pavlovian conditioned inhibition Psychol. Bull. 72 1969 77-94.
115. R.A. Rescorla Evidence for “unique stimulus” account of configural conditioning J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 85 1973 331-338.
116. R.A. Rescorla Response-outcome versus outcome-response associations in instrumental learning Anim. Learn. Behav. 20 1992 223-232.
117. R.A. Rescorla., A.R. Wagner A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement A.H. Black., W.F. Prokasy Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory 1972 Appleton-Century-Crofts New York 64-99.
118. S. Roberts Isolation of an internal clock J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 7 1981 242-268.
119. J.P. Rodgers., D.R. Thomas Task specificity in nonspecific transfer and in extradimensional stimulus generalization in pigeons J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 8 1982 301-312.
120. R.F. Rogers., J.E. Steinmetz Contextually based conditional discrimination of the rabbit eyeblink response Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 69 1998 307-319.
121. H.L. Roitblat., L. Bever., H. Terrace Animal Cognition 1984 Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ.
122. J.W. Rudy., R.J. Sutherland Configural association theory and the hippocampal formation: An appraisal and reconfiguration Hippocampus 5 1995 375-389.
123. N.A. Schmajuk., P.C. Holland Occasion Setting: Associative Learning and Cognition in Animals 1998 American Psychological Association Washington, DC.
124. N.A. Schmajuk., Y.-W. Lam., J.A. Gray Latent inhibition: A neural network approach J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 22 1996 321-349.
125. N.A. Schmajuk., J.A. Lamoureux., P.C. Holland Occasion setting: A neural network approach Psychol. Rev. 105 1998 3-32.
126. N. Schneiderman Response system divergencies in aversive classical conditioning A.H. Black., W.F. Prokasy Classical Conditioning II: Current Theory and Research 1972 Appleton-Century-Crofts New York 341-376.
127. N. Schneiderman., P.M. McCabe., J.R. Haselton., H.H. Ellenberger., T.W. Jarrell., C.G. Gentile Neurobiological bases of conditioned bradycardia in rabbits I. Gormezano., W.F. Prokasy. R.F. Thompson Classical Conditioning III 1987 Lawrence Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ 37-63.
128. B.G. Schreurs., E.J. Kehoe Cross-modal transfer as a function of initial training level in classical conditioning with the rabbit J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Learn. Behav. 15 1987 47-54.
129. B.G. Schreurs., D.L. Alkon US-US conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response: Emergence of a conditioned response without alpha conditioning Psychobiology 18 1990 312-320.
130. P.J. Sheafor “Pseudoconditioned” jaw movements of the rabbit reflect associations conditioned to contextual background cues J. Exp. Psychol Anim. Behav. Process. 104 1975 245-260.
131. S. Siegel Overtraining and transfer processes J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 64 1967 471-477.
132. S. Siegel., M. Domjan Backward conditioning as an inhibitory procedure Learn. Motiv. 2 1971 1-11.
133. B. Slotnick., L. Hanford Can rats acquire an olfactory learning set? J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 26 2000 399-415.
134. M.C. Smith CS-US interval and US intensity in classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 66 1968 679-687.
135. P.R. Solomon Role of hippocampus in blocking and conditioned inhibition of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 91 1977 407-417.
136. K.W. Spence The nature of discrimination learning in animals Psychol. Rev. 43 1936 427-449.
137. K.W. Spence The differential response in animals to stimuli varying within a single dimension Psychol. Rev. 44 1937 430-444.
138. M.L. Spetch., T.B. Rust., A.C. Kamil., J.E. Jones Searching by rules: Pigeons’ (Columba livia) landmark-based search according to constant bearing or constant distance J. Comp. Psycho. 117 2003 123-132.
139. M.D. Suboski The analysis of classical discrimination conditioning experiments Psychol. Bull. 68 1967 235-242.
140. N.S. Sutherland., N.J. Mackintosh Mechanisms of Animal Discrimination Learning 1971 Academic Press New York.
141. R.J. Sutherland., J.W. Rudy Configural association theory: The role of the hippocampal formation in learning, memory, and amnesia Psychobiology 17 1989 129-144.
142. R.K. Thomas Investigating cognitive abilities in animals: Unrealized potential Cogn. Brain Res. 3 1996 157-166.
143. R.K. Thomas., T. Frost Oddity and dimension-abstracted oddity (DAO) in squirrel monkeys Am. J. Psychol. 96 1983 51-64.
144. R.K. Thomas., L.M. Noble Visual and olfactory oddity learning in rats: What evidence is necessary to show conceptual behavior? Anim. Learn. Behav. 16 1988 157-163.
145. M.A. Trapold Are expectancies based upon different positive reinforcing events discriminably different? Learn. Motiv. 1 1970 129-140.
146. M.A. Trapold., J.B. Overmier The second learning process in instrumental learning A.H. Black., W.F. Prokasy Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory 1972 Appleton-Century-Crofts New York 427-452.
147. B. Van Golf Racht-Delatour., N.E. Massioui Alleviation of overtraining reversal effect by transient inactivation of the dorsal striatum Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 2000 3343-3350.
148. A.R. Wagner., F.A. Logan., K. Haberlandt., T. Price Stimulus selection in animal discrimination learning J. Exp. Psychol. 76 1968 171-180.
149. R.B. Wallace., C.E. Daniels An analysis of learning set formation in the albino rat J. Gen. Psychol. 86 1972 141-147.
150. J.M. Warren Oddity learning set in a cat J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 53 1960 433-434.
151. E.A. Wasserman., R.R. Miller What’s elementary about associative learning? Annu. Rev. Psychol. 48 1997 573-607.
152. D.J. Watson., J.R. Sullivan., J.G. Frank., M.E. Stanton Serial reversal learning of position discrimination in developing rats Dev. Psychobiol. 48 2006 79-94.
153. G. Weidemann., A. Georgilas., E.J. Kehoe Temporal specificity in patterning of the rabbit’s conditioned nictitating membrane response Anim. Learn. Behav. 27 1999 99-187.
154. G. Weidemann., E.J. Kehoe Transfer and counterconditioning of conditional control in the rabbit nictitating membrane response Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 50B 1997 295-316.
155. G. Weidemann., E.J. Kehoe Stimulus specificity of concurrent recovery in the rabbit nictitating membrane response Learn. Behav. 33 2005 343-362.
156. I. Weiner., E. Ben Horin., J. Feldon Amphetamine and the overtraining reversal effect Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 24 1986 1539-1542.
157. I.Q. Whishaw Formation of a place learning-set by the rat: A new paradigm for neurobehavioral studies Physiol. Behav. 35 1985 139-143.
158. D.A. Williams., J.B. Overmier., V.M. LoLordo A reevaluation of Rescorla’s early dictums about Pavlovian conditioned inhibition Psycholog. Bull. 111 1992 275-290.