Avian spermatozoa: Structure and phylogeny

Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds, Part A: Phylogeny, Morphology, Hormones and Fertilization

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 349-511

  Jamieson, Barrie G M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85075314549     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (148)

1. Afzelius, B. A. 1995. Gustav Retzius and spermatology. International Journal of Developmental Biology 39(5): 675-685.
2. Afzelius, B. A. And Murray, A. 1957. The acrosomal reaction of spermatozoa during fertilization or treatment with egg water. Experimental Cell Research 12: 325-337.
3. Aire, T. A. And Soley, J. T. 2003. The guinea fowl centriolar complex: A morphological deviation for a non-passerine bird. Proceedings of the Microscopy Society of Southern Africa 33: 75.
4. Allen, J. P., Hamon, J. H. And McFarlane, R. W. 1967. Some studies of the spermatozoa of certain species of the Icteridae (Blackbirds). Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 77: 434-441.
5. Anon. 1980. Western Release Program-1980. The Peregrine Fund Newsletter. T. J. Cade and P. R. Dague. 8, Fall 1980. 4.
6. Asa, C., Phillips, D. M. And Stover, J. 1986. Ultrastructure of Spermatozoa of the Crested Tinamou. Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research 94(2): 170-175.
7. Asa, C. S. And Phillips, D. M. 1987. Ultrastructure of Avian Spermatozoa: A Short Review. Pp. 365-373. In H. Mohri (ed). New Horizons in Sperm Cell Research, Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo; Gordon and Breach Scientific Publishers, New York.
8. Baccetti, B., Bigliardi, E. And Burrini, A. G. 1980. The morphogenesis of vertebrate perforatorium. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 71: 272-287.
9. Baccetti, B., Burrini, A. G. And Falchetti, E. 1991. Spermatozoa and Relationships in Paleognath Birds. Biology of the Cell (Paris) 71(1-2): 209-216.
10. Bae, D. And Kim, J. 1987. Electron-microscopic studies on the spermiogenesis and the spermatozoa of the domestic fowl. Korean Journal of Animal Science 29(11): 475-482.
11. Bakst, M. R. 1980. Ultrastructure of chicken and turkey gametes, fertilization, and oviductal sperm transport: A review. 9th International Congress of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Inseminiation. Volume II: 511-517.
12. Bakst, M. R. And Howarth, B. J. 1975. The head, neck and midpiece of cock spermatozoa examined with the transmission electron microscope. Biology of Reproduction 12: 632-640.
13. Bakst, M. R. And Sexton, T. J. 1979. Fertilization capacity and ultrastructure of fowl and turkey spermatozoa before and after freezing. Reproduction and Fertility 55: 1-7.
14. Ballowitz, E. 1886. Zur Lehre von der Stuktur der Spermatozoën. Anatomische Anzeiger 1: 363-376.
15. Ballowitz, E. 1888. Untersuchungen über die Struktur der Spermatozoën, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Lehre vom feineren Bau der contraktilen Elemente. Archiv fuer Mikroscopische Anatomie 32: 401-473.
16. Ballowitz, E. 1913. Die Spermien der Helgoländer Lumme (Uria lomvia L.). Anatomische Anzeiger 44: 305-309.
17. Bawa, S. R., Kaur, R. And Pabst, M. 1990. Microtubules in crow (Corvus splendens) spermiogenesis-TEM and SEM study. Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress for Electron Microscopy. Electron Microscopy, vol. 3. Biological Sciences: 52-53.
18. Birkhead, T. R. And Moller, A. P. 1992. Sperm competition in birds. Evolutionary Causes and Consequences, Academic Press, London.
19. Birkhead, T. R., Veiga, J. P. And Moller, A. P. 1994. Male sperm reserves and copulation behavior in the house sparrow, Passer domesticus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 256(1347): 248-251.
20. Birkhead, T. R., Pellatt, E. J., Brekke, P., Yeates, R. And Castillo-Juarez, H. 2005. Genetic effects on sperm design in the zebra finch. Nature 434: 383-387.
21. Birkhead, T. R., Immler, S., Pellatt, E. J. And Freckleton, R. 2006. Unusual sperm morphology in the Eurasian bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula. Auk, in press.
22. Bleiweiss, R., Kirsch, J. A. W. And Lapointe, F.-J. 1994. DNA-DNA hybridization-based phylogeny for "higher” nonpasserines: Reevaluating a key portion of the Avian family tree. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3: 248-255.
23. Bonadona, T. 1954. Observations on the submicroscopic structure of Gallus gallus spermatozoa. Poultry Science 33: 1151-1158.
24. Bradley, F. A., Ogasawara, F. X. And Harrington, T. 1986. The Ultrastructure and Function of the Primary Sperm Storage Sites in the Turkey Hen as Affected by Season and Insemination. Archiv fuer Gefluegelkunde 50(5): 178-184.
25. Braun, E. L. And Kimball, R. T. 2002. Examining basal avian divergences with mitochondrial sequences: Model complexity, taxon sampling, and sequence length. Systematic Biology 51(4): 614-615.
26. Briskie, J. V. And Montgomerie, R. 1992. Sperm Size and Sperm Competition in Birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 247(1319): 89-95.
27. Campanella, C., Gabbiani, G., Baccetti, B., Burrini, A. G. And Pallini, V. 1979. Actin and myosin in the vertebrate acrosomal region. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology 11: 53-71.
28. Chiba, A. And Nakamura, M. 2001. Microscopic structure of the sperm storage tubules in the polygynandrous alpine accentor, Prunella collaris (Aves). Acta Zoologica Stockholm 82(4): 299-306.
29. Christidis, T., Leeton, P. R. And Westerman, M. 1996. Were bowerbirds part of the New Zealand fauna? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93: 3898-3901.
30. Fain, M. G. And Houde, P. 2004. Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds. Evolution 58: 2558-2573.
31. Fawcett, D. W. 1970. A comparative view of sperm ultrastructure. Biology of Reproduction (Supplement) 2: 90-127.
32. Fawcett, D. W. 1975. The mammalian spermatozoon. Developmental Biology 44: 394-436.
33. Fawcett, D. W., Anderson, W. A. And Phillips, D. M. 1971. Morphogenetic factors influencing the shape of the sperm head. Developmental Biology 26: 220-251.
34. Feduccia, A. 1979. Comments on the phylogeny of perching birds. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92(4): 689-696.
35. Follenius, E. 1965. Particularités de structure des spermatozoïdes de Lampetra planeri: étude au microscope électronique. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 13: 459-468.
36. Froman, D P., Pizzari, T., Feltmann A J., Castillo Juarez, H. And Birkhead T. R. 2002. Sperm mobility: Mechanisms of fertilizing efficiency, genetic variation and phenotypic relationship with male status in the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B 269(1491): 607-612.
37. Furieri, P. 1961. Caratteri ultrastrutturali di spermi flagellati di anfibi e uccelli. Studio al microscopio elettronico. Archivio Zoologico Italiano (Napoli) 46: 123-147.
38. Furieri, P. 1962. Prime osservazioni al microscopio elettronico sull ultra-struttura degli spermatozoi di Fringilla coelebs L. Bolletino della Societa Italaliano di Biologia Sperimentale 38: 29-31.
39. Furieri, P. 1970. Sperm morphology of some reptiles: Squamata and Chelonia. Pp. 115-131. In B. Baccetti (ed). Comparative Spermatology, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome.
40. Garcia Moreno, J., Sorenson Michael, D. And Mindrell David, P. 2003. Congruent avian phylogenies inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 57(1): 27-37.
41. Gauthier, J. And de Queiroz, K. 2001. Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves”. Pp. 7-41. In J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall (eds), New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the international symposium in honor of John H. Ostrom. Yale University Press, New Haven.
42. Gee, G. F. And Temple, S. A. 1978. Artificial insemination of breeding non-domestic birds. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 43: 51-72.
43. Góes, R.M. And Dolder, H. 2002. Cytological steps during Spermiogenesis in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus, Linnaeus). Tissue and Cell 34: 273-282.
44. Grigg, G. W. And Hodge, A. J. 1949. Electron microscopic studies of spermatozoa. I. The morphology of the spermatozoon of the common domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Australian Journal of Scientific Research, Series B 2: 271-297.
45. Gunawardana, V. K. And Scott, M. G. A. D. 1977. Ultrastructural studies on the differentiation of spermatids in the domestic fowl. Journal of Anatomy 124(3): 741-755.
46. Haekel, E. 1862. Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria.) Eine Monographie, Mit Einem Atlas Von Fünf und Dreissig Kupfertafeln. Georg Reimer, Berlin.
47. Harshman, J. 1994. Reweaving the tapestry: What can we learn from Sibley and Ahlquist (1990)?. The Auk 111(2): 377-388.
48. Healy, J. M. And Jamieson, B. G. M. 1992. Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoon of the Tuatara Sphenodon punctatus and Its Relevance to the Relationships of the Sphenodontida. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 335(1274): 193-205.
49. Healy, J. M. And Jamieson, B. G. M. 1994. The ultrastructure of spermatogenesis and epididymal spermatozoa of the tuatara Sphenodon punctatus (Sphenodontida, Amniota). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 344: 187-199.
50. Hedges, S. B., Moberg, K. D. And Maxson, L. R. 1990. Tetrapod phylogeny inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA sequences and a review of the evidence for amniote relationships. Molecular Biology and Evolution 7(6): 607-633.
51. Henley, C., Feduccia, A. And Costello, D. P. 1978. Oscine spermatozoa: A light and electron-microscopy study. The Condor 80: 41-48.
52. Hess, R. A., Hughes, B. L. And Thurston, R. J. 1986. Frequency and Structure of Macrophages and Abnormal Sperm Cells in Guinea Fowl Semen. Reproduction Nutrition Development 26(1 Part A): 39-52.
53. Hess, R. A., Thurston, R. J. And Gist, D. H. 1991. Ultrastructure of the turtle spermatozoon. The Anatomical Record 229: 473-481.
54. Huelsenbeck, J. P. And Hillis, D. M. 1993. Success of phylogenetic methods in the four-taxon case. Systematic Biology 42: 247-264.
55. Humphreys, P. N. 1972. Brief observations on the semen and spermatozoa of certain passerine and non-passserine birds. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 29: 327-336.
56. Humphreys, P. N. 1975. The differentiation of the acrosome in the spermatid of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Cell and Tissue Research 156: 411-416.
57. Jamieson, B. G. M. 1991. Fish Evolution and Systematics: Evidence from Spermatozoa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 319 pp.
58. Jamieson, B. G. M. 1995. Evolution of tetrapod spermatozoa with particular reference to amniotes. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 166: 343-358.
59. Jamieson, B. G. M. 1999. Spermatozoal phylogeny of the Vertebrata. Pp. 303-331. In C. Gagnon (ed). The Male Gamete. From Basic Science to Clinical Applications, Cache River Press, Vienna, USA.
60. Jamieson, B. G. M. And Healy, J. M. 1992. The phylogenetic position of the tuatara Sphenodon (Sphenodontida, Amniota), as indicated by cladistic analysis of the ultrastructure of spermatozoa. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 335: 207-219.
61. Jamieson, B. G. M. And Scheltinga, D. M. 1993. The ultrastructure of spermatozoa of Nangura spinosa (Scincidae, Reptilia). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 34: 169-179.
62. Jamieson, B.G.M. And Tripepi, S. 2005. Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Apus apus (Linnaeus 1758), the common swift (Aves; Apodiformes; Apodidae), with phylogenetic implications. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 86: 239-244.
63. Jamieson, B. G. M., Koehler, L. And Todd, B. J. 1995. Spermatozoal ultrastructure in three species of parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes) and its phylogenetic implications. Anatomical Record 241(4): 461-468.
64. Jamieson, B. G. M., Scheltinga, D. M. And Tucker, A. D. 1997. The ultrastructure of spermatozoa of the Australian freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus johnstoni Krefft, 1873 (Crocodylidae, Reptilia). Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 29: 265-274.
65. Johnson, K. P. 2001. Taxon sampling and the phylogenetic position of Passeriformes: Evidence from 916 avian cytochrome b sequences. Systematic Biology 50(1): 128-136.
66. Johnston, S. D., Daddow, L., Carrick, F. N. And Jamieson, B. 2004. Observations of spermiogenesis and epididymal sperm maturation in the rufous hare wallaby, Lagorchestes hirsutus (Metatheria, Mammalia). Acta Zoologica 85: 53-58.
67. Kille, R. A. 1960. Fertilization of the lamprey egg. Experimental Cell Research 20: 1227.
68. Koehler, L. D. 1995. Diversity of avian spermatozoa ultrastructure with emphasis on the members of the order Passeriformes. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 166: 437-444.
69. Kondo, T., Hasegawa, K. And Uchida, T. A. 1988. Formation of the Microtubule Bundle and Helical Shaping of the Spermatid in the Common Finch Lonchura-Striata-Var-Domestica. Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research 98(2): 158-168.
70. Krustev, H. And Danov, D. 1968. On certain problems concerning the ultrastructure of cock spermatozoa. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie Bulgare Sciences 21: 945-948.
71. Lake, P. E., Smith, W. And Young, D. 1968. The ultrastructure of the ejaculated fowl spermatozoon. Q. Journal of Experimental Physiology 53: 356-366.
72. Leung, L. K. P. And Cummins, J. M. 1988. Morphology of immature spermatozoa of the Chinese Pangolin (Manus pentadactyla: Pholidota). Proceedings of the Australian Society of Reproductive Biology (Newcastle, Australia, 1988): 94.
73. Lin, M. And Jones, R. C. 1993. Spermiogenesis and spermiation in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Journal of Anatomy 183(3): 525-535.
74. Maddison, W. P. And Maddison, D. R. 2000. MacClade: Analysis of phylogeny and character evolution, version 4, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
75. Maretta, M. 1975a. The ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of the drake. I. The head. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 25(1): 47-52.
76. Maretta, M. 1975b. The ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of the drake. II. Tail. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 25(1): 53-60.
77. Maretta, M., Belak, M. And Kokisova, V. 1982. The spermiogenesis of the Japanese quail. I. The development of the head. Biologia (Bratislava) 37: 1103-1174.
78. Marquez, B. J. And Ogasawara, F. X. 1975. Scanning electron microscope studies of turkey semen. Poultry Science 54: 1139-1143.
79. Mattei, C., Mattei, X. And Manfredi, J.-L. 1972. Electron microscope study of the spermiogenesis of Streptopelia roseogrisea. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology 4: 57-73.
80. McFarlane, R. W. 1963. The taxonomic significance of avian sperm. Pp. 91-102. In Sibley, G. C. (ed.). Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Congress. American Ornithologists' Union: Ithaca, New York.
81. McFarlane, R. W. 1971. The Ultrastructure and Phylogenetic Significance of Avian Spermatozoa. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. University of Florida, U.S.A. Fide Koehler 1995.
82. McIntosh, J. R. And Porter, K. R. 1967. Microtubules in the spermatids of the domestic fowl. Journal of Cell Biology 35: 153-173.
83. Middleton, A. L. A. 1972. The structure and possible function of the avian seminal sac. Condor 74: 185-190.
84. Mindrell, D. P., Sorenson, M. D., Dimcheff, D. E., Hasegawa, M., Ast, J. C. And Yuri, T. 1999. Interordinal relationships of birds and other reptiles based on whole mitochondrial genomes. Systematic Biology 48: 138-152.
85. Mindrell, D. P., Sorenson, M. D., Huddleston, C. J., Miranda, H. C., Knight, A., Sawchuk, S. J. And Yuri, T. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among and within select avain orders based on mitochondrial DNA. Pp. 83-113. In D. P. Mindrell (ed). Avian Molecular Evolution and Systematics, Academic Press, CA, San Diego.
86. Morisawa, S. And Cherr, G. N. 2002. Acrosome reaction in spermatozoa from the hagfish (Agnatha) Eptatretus burgeri and Eptatretus stouti: Acrosomal exocytosis and identification of filamentous actin. Development, Growth and Differentiation 44(4): 337-344.
87. Nagano, T. 1960. Fine structure of the sperm tail of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Journal of Applied Physics 31: 1844.
88. Nagano, T. 1962. Observations on the fine structure of the developing spermatid in the domestic chicken. Journal of Cell Biology 14: 193-205.
89. Nicander, L. 1970a. Microtubules in spermatids of mammals and birds. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 18: 230.
90. Nicander, L. 1970b. Comparative studies on the fine structure of vertebrate sperm. Pp. 47-55. In B. Baccetti (ed). Comparative Spermatology, Academic Press.
91. Nicander, L. And Hillstrom, B. 1967. Increased thickness of the inner mitochondrial membrane during sperm maturation in the domestic rooster. Experimental Cell Research 48: 622-624.
92. Nicander, L. And Sjôdén, L. 1968. The acrosomal complex and the acrosomal reaction in spermatozoa of the river lamprey. Scandinavian Society for Electron Microscopy, Journal of Ultrastructure Research 25: 167-168.
93. Nicander, L. And Sjôdén, L. 1971. An electron microscopical study of the acrosomal complex and its role in fertilization in the river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis. Journal of Sumbmicroscopic Cytology 3: 309-317.
94. Oko, R., Moussakova, L. And Clermont, Y. 1990. Regional differences in composition of the perforatorium and outer periacrosomal layer of the rat spermatozoon as revealed by immunocytochemistry. American Journal of Anatomy 188(1): 64-73.
95. Paton, T. A., Baker, A. J., Groth, J. G. And Barrowclough, G. F. 2003. RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 268-278.
96. Phillips, D. M. 1970. Ultrastructure of spermatozoa of the wooly opossum Caluromys philander. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 33: 381-397.
97. Phillips, D. M. And Asa, C. S. 1989. Development of Spermatozoa in the Rhea. Anatomical Record 223(3): 276-282.
98. Phillips, D. M., Asa, C. S. And Stover, J. 1987. Ultrastructure of Spermatozoa of the White-Naped Crane. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology 19(3): 489-494.
99. Retzius, G. 1909. Die Spermien der Voegel. Biologische Untersuchungen, Neue Folge 14(10): 89-122 Taf XIX-XXXVII.
100. Retzius, G. 1911. Zur Kenntniss der Spermien der Voegel. Biologische Untersuchungen, Neue Folge 16: 89-92. Taf XXVII.
101. Retzius, G. 1912. Weitere Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Spermien der Gastropoden und Voegel. Biologische Untersuchungen, Neue Folge 17: 95-99 Taf XIV.
102. Russman, S. E. And Harrison, P. C. 1981. Sperm morphology in the crane. Proceedings of the 1981 Crane Workshop.
103. Saita, A., Tripepe, S. And Longo, O. M. 1980. Osservazioni comparative sulla spermiogenesi. I. Modificazioni ultrastrutturali nella spermiogenesis di Coturnix Coturnix L. Atti Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Rendiconti Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali 69: 209-216.
104. Saita, A., Trepepi, S. And Perrotta, E. 1982a. Spermiogenesis in (Crotophaga ani) (Aves, Cuculiformes). Caryologia 35: 129 Abstract.
105. Saita, A., Tripepe, S. And Longo, O. M. 1982b. Comparative observations on spermiogenesis II. Nuclear shaping in the absence ofa microtubular manchette in the spermatids of the bird Crotophaga ani (Cuculiformes). Bolletino di Zoologia 49: 115-123.
106. Saita, A., Longo, O. M. And Tripepe, S. 1983. Osservazioni comparative sulla spermiogenesi. III. Aspetti ultrastrutturali della spermiogenesi di Jacana jacana (Charadriformes). Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. (Rendiconti della Classe di Scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali) 74: 417-430.
107. Saita, A., Comazzi, M. And Perrotta, E. 1987. Electron microscope study of spermiogenesis in Caiman crocodylus L. Bollettino di Zoologia 4: 307-318.
108. Samour, J. H. The Reproductive Biology of the Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus): Semen Preservation Techniques and Artificial Insemination Procedures. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 16: 39-49.
109. Samour, J. H., Moore, H. D. And Markham, J. A. 1986. Semen collection and spermatozoa characteristics in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). The Veterinary Record 118: 397-399.
110. Scheltinga, D. M. And Jamieson, B. G. M. 2003a. The Mature Spermatozoon. Pp. 203-274. In D. M. Sever (ed). Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Urodela. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, U.S.A.
111. Scheltinga, D. M. And Jamieson, B. G. M. 2003b. Spermatogenesis and the Mature Spermatozoon: Form, Function and Phylogenetic Implications. Pp. 119-251. In B. G. M. Jamieson (ed). Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Anura, 2, Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, U.S.A.
112. Scheltinga, D. M., Wilkinson, M., Jamieson, B. G. M. And Oommen, V. O. 2003. Ultrastructure of the mature spermatozoa of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona). Journal of Morphology 258: 179-192.
113. Sibley, C. G. And Ahlquist, J. E. 1981. The phylogeny of Ratites birds as indicated by DNA-DNA Hybridization. Pp. 301-335. In G. C. Scudder and J. L. Reveal (ed). Evolution Today, Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation: Pittsburg.
114. Sibley, C. G. And Ahlquist, J. E. 1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution, Yale University Press, New Haven.
115. Sibley, C. G., Ahlquist, J. E. And Monroe, B. L. 1988. A classification of the living birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies. The Auk 105: 409-423.
116. Soley, J. T. 1989. Transmission electron microscopy of Ostrich (Struthio camelus) sperm. Electron Microscopy Society of Southern Africa Proceedings 19: 145-146.
117. Soley, J. T. 1993. Ultrastructure of ostrich (Struthio camelus) spermatozoa: I. Transmission electron microscopy. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 60(2): 119-130.
118. Soley, J. T. 1994a. Centriole development and formation of the flagellum during spermiogenesis in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Journal of Anatomy 185: 301-313.
119. Soley, J. T. 1994b. Ostrich sperm ultrastructure-evidence of a close link between the ratites and tinamous. Pp. 5.27-25.28. In N. M. Bradley and J. M. Cummins (eds). Proceedings of the VIIth International Symposium on Spermatology, Cairns, Australia. Murdoch University, Western Australia.
120. Soley, J. T. 1996. Differentiation of the acrosomal complex in ostrich (Struthio camelus) spermatids. Journal of Morphology 227(1): 101-111.
121. Soley, J. And Groenwald, H. B. 1999. Reproduction. Pp. 129-158. In D. C. Deeming (ed). The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health, CAB International. Cambridge.
122. Soley, J. T. And Roberts, D. C. 1994. Ultrastructure of ostrich (Struthio camelus) spermatozoa: II. Scanning electron microscopy. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 61(3): 239-246.
123. Sprando, R. L. And Russell, L. D. 1988. Spermiogenesis in the red-ear turtle (Pseudemys scripta) and the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus): A study of cytoplasmic events including cell volume changes and cytoplasmic elimination. Journal of Morphology 198: 95-118.
124. Stanley, H. P. 1967. The fine structure of spermatozoa in the lamprey Lampetra planeri. Journal of Ultrastructure Research 19: 84-99.
125. Stapel, S. O., Leunissen, J.A.M., Versteeg, M., Wattel, J. And de Jong, W. W. 1984. Ratitesas oldest offshoot of avian stem-evidence from a-crystalline A sequences. Nature 311: 257-259.
126. Swan, M. A. 1985. Transmission electron microscopy of impaired spermatogenesis in an avian hybrid. Gamete Research 12: 357-371.
127. Swan, M. A. And Christidis, L. 1987. Impaired Spermatogenesis in the Finch Hybrid Lonchura-Castaneothorax by Lonchura-Punctulata Transmission Electron Microscopy and Genetic Analysis. Gamete Research 17(2): 157-172.
128. Swofford, D. L. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, version 4.0, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
129. Temple-Smith, P. D. And Bedford, J. M. 1980. Sperm maturation and the formation of sperm pairs in the epididymis of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Journal of Experimental Biology 214: 161-171.
130. Thurston, R. J. And Hess, R. A. 1987. Ultrastructure of Spermatozoa from Domesticated Birds Comparative Study of Turkey Chicken and Guinea Fowl. Scanning Microscopy 1(4): 1829-1838.
131. Thurston, R. J., Hess, R., Hughes, B. L. And Froman, D. P. 1982. Ultrastructure of the guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris) spermatozoon. Poultry Science 61: 1738-1743.
132. Tingari, M. D. 1973. Observations on the fine structures of spermatozoa in the testes and excurrent ducts of the male fowl, Gallus domesticus. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 34: 255-265.
133. Tripepi, S. And Perrotta, E. 1991. Spermiogenesis and sperm of passerine birds. Pp. 1021-1023. In Baccetti B. Comparative Spermatology 20 Years After. Serono Symposia Publications, vol. 75. Raven Press, Rome.
134. Tripepi, S., Saita, A., and Longo, O. 1984. Studio al M.E. Sulla spermiogenesi di Apus apus (Uccelli, Apodiformi). Bolletino di Zoologia 51 (suppl) p. 108.
135. Tripepi, S., Tavolaro, P. And F. Rossi 1991. The evolution of microtubular organization during spermiogenesis in birds. Pp. 631-636. In G. Ghiara (ed). Selected Symposia and Monographs U.Z.I, 4, Symposium on the Evolution of Terrestrial Vertebrates. Mucchi, Modena.
136. Tripepi, S. And Perrotta, E. 1992. Spermiogenesis and sperm of passerine birds. Pp. 1021-1023. In B. Baccetti (ed). Comparative Spermatology Twenty Years After, Raven Press, New York.
137. Vernon, G. G. And Woolley, D. M. 1999. Three-dimensional motion of avian spermatozoa. Cell Motily and the Cytoskeleton 42: 149-161.
138. Wagley, L. 1980. SEM of peregrine spermatozoa. Western Release Program-1980. In T. J. Cade and P. R. Dague (eds). The Peregrine Fund Newsletter. No. 8, Fall 1980: 4.
139. Wen, Z. Q., Zheng, G. M., Song, X. F., Sun, Q. Y. And Chen, D. Y. 1997. Ultrastructure of spermatozoon of Cabot's tragopan (Tragopan caboti). Acta Zoologica Sinica 43(2): 127-132.
140. Woolley, D. M. 1995. The Structure of the Spermatozoon of the Japanese Quail, Coturnix coturnix L. var. Japónica. Acta Zoologica (Copenhagen) 76(1): 45-50.
141. Woolley, D. M. And Brammall, A. 1987. Direction of sliding and relative sliding velocities within trypsinized axonemes of Gallus domesticus. Journal of Cell Science 88: 361-371.
142. Xia, L., Clermont, Y., Laill, M. And Buckland, R. B. 1985. Spermiogenesis of the rooster: An electron microscopic study. Poultry Science 64: 201 abstract.
143. Xia, L., Clermont, Y., Lailli, M. And Buckland, R. B. 1986. Evolution of the endoplasmic reticulum during spermogenesis of the rooster: An electron microscope study. The American Journal of Anatomy 177: 301-312.
144. Xia, L., Lalli, M. F., Ansah, G. A. And Buckland, R. B. 1988. Ultrastructure of Fresh and Frozen-Thawed Spermatozoa of High and Low Fertility Lines of Chickens. Poultry Science 67(5): 819-825.
145. Yasuzumi, F. And Yamaguchi, S. 1977. Some aspects of spermiogenesis in the Domestic Pigeon. Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 54: 139-174.
146. Yasuzumi, G. 1974. Electron Microscope Studies on Spermiogenesis in Various Animal Species. International Review of Cytology 37: 53-119.
147. Yasuzumi, G. And Sugioka, T. 1966. Archives of Histology, Japan 27: 259-265.
148. Yasuzumi G and Sugioka, T. 1971. Spermatogenesis in animals as revealed by electron microscopy. XXI. Microkaryosomes and microtubules appearing during spermiogenesis of the lovebird Uroloncha striata var. Domestica flower. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 114(4): 451-459.