How to Think - Not Feel - About Tobacco Harm Reduction

Nicotine and Tobacco Research

Volumn 21, Issue 10, 2019, Pages 1299-1309

  Warner, Kenneth E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HARM REDUCTION; HUMAN; JUVENILE; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; SMOKING CESSATION; VAPING; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; PSYCHOLOGY; SMOKING; TOBACCO;

HARM REDUCTION; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; SMOKERS; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; TOBACCO; VAPING;

EID: 85072383837     PISSN: 14622203     EISSN: 1469994X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty084     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Harm Reduction International. What is Harm Reduction? A Position Statement From Harm Reduction International. https://www.hri.global/ what-is-harm-reduction. Accessed November 11, 2017.
2. Abrams DB, Glasser AM, Pearson JL, Villanti AC, Collins LK, Niaura RS. Harm minimization and tobacco control: Reframing societal views of nicotine use to rapidly save lives. Annu Rev Public Health. 2018;39:193-213.
3. Marlatt GA, Larimer ME, Witkiewitz K, eds. Harm Reduction: Pragmatic Strategies for Managing High-risk Behaviors, 2nd ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2012.
4. Glantz SA, Slade J, Bero LA, Hanauer P, Barnes DA. The Cigarette Papers. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1996.
5. Pollay RW, Dewhirst T. The dark side of marketing seemingly "Light" cigarettes: Successful images and failed fact. Tob Control 2002;11(Suppl I):i18-i31. doi:10.1136/tc.11.suppl1.i18
6. Longo WE, Rigler MW, Slade J. Crocidolite asbestos fibers in smoke from original Kent cigarettes. Cancer Res. 1995;55(11):2232-2235.
7. Thun MJ, Burns DM. Health impact of "reduced yield" cigarettes: A critical assessment of the epidemiological evidence. Tob Control. 2001;10(Suppl 1):i4-11.
8. Huet N. WHO's Strategy to Put Big Tobacco 'out of Business'. Politico. May 13, 2016. https://www.politico.eu/article/the-whos-strategy-to-putbig-tobacco-out-of-business-margaret-chan-tax-cigarettes-labeling-rulestrade/. Accessed December 6, 2017.
9. Public Health Agency of Sweden. Tobacco. https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten. se/the-public-health-agency-of-sweden/living-conditions-andlifestyle/ alcohol-narcotics-doping-tobacco-and-gambling/tobacco/. Accessed December 5, 2017.
10. Ramström L, Wikmans T. Mortality attributable to tobacco among men in Sweden and other European countries: An analysis of data in a WHO report. Tob Induc Dis. 2014;12(1):14.
11. Foulds J, Ramstrom L, Burke M, Fagerström K. Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden. Tob Control. 2003;12(4):349-359.
12. McNeill A, Brose LS, Calder R, Bauld L, Robson D. Evidence Review of Ecigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products 2018. A Report Commissioned by Public Health England. London: Public Health England. https://assets. publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment data/file/684963/Evidencereviewofe-cigarettesandheatedtobacco products2018.pdf. Accessed April 8, 2018.
13. Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine without Smoke: Tobacco Harm Reduction. A Report by the Tobacco Advisory Group of The Royal College Of Physicians. London, 2016. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/ projects/outputs/nicotine-without-smoke-tobacco-harm-reduction-0. Accessed December 5, 2017.
14. Nutt DJ, Phillips LD, Balfour D, et al. Estimating the harms of nicotine-containing products using the MCDA approach. Eur Addict Res. 2014;20(5):218-225.
15. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2018. doi:10.17226/24952.
16. Shahab L, Goniewicz ML, Blount BC, et al. Nicotine, carcinogen, and toxin exposure in long-term e-cigarette and nicotine replacement therapy users: A Cross-sectional Study. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(6):390-400.
17. Farsalinos K, Cibella F, Caponnetto P, et al. Effect of continuous smoking reduction and abstinence on blood pressure and heart rate in smokers switching to electronic cigarettes. Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11(1):85-94.
18. Polosa R, Morjaria JB, Caponnetto P, et al. Evidence for harm reduction in COPD smokers who switch to electronic cigarettes. Respir Res. 2016;17(1):166.
19. Glantz SA, Bareham DW. E-Cigarettes: Use, effects on smoking, risks, and policy implications. Annu Rev Public Health. 2018;39:215-235.
20. Kozlowski LT, Strasser AA, Giovino GA, Erickson JA, Terza JV. Applying the risk/use equilibrium: Use medicinal nicotine now for harm reduction. Tob Control. 2001;10(3):201-203. doi:10.1136/tc.10.3.201.
21. Glasser AM, Collins L, Pearson JL, et al. Overview of electronic nicotine delivery systems: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(2):e33-e66.
22. Benowitz NL, Fraiman JB. Cardiovascular effects of electronic cigarettes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14(8):447-456.
23. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Definition of Precautionary Principle. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/precautionaryprinciple. Accessed December 5, 2017.
24. Chowkwanyun M, Wolfe D, Colgrove J, Bayer R, Fairchild AL. Beyond the precautionary principle: Protecting public health and the environment in the face of uncertainty. In: Macpherson C, ed. Bioethical Insights into Values and Policy. Public Health Ethics Analysis. Cham: Springer. 2016:4. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26167-611.
25. WHO. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (page 10, paragraph 33). In: Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; September 1, 2014. http://apps.who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/ cop6/FCTCCOP610Rev1-en.pdf. Accessed December 6, 2017.
26. Kandel DB, ed. Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis.0Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2002.
27. Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, et al. Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(8):788-797.
28. Soneji S. Errors in data input in meta-analysis on association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(1):92-93.
29. Kozlowski LT, Warner KE. Adolescents and e-cigarettes: objects of concern may appear larger than they are. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;174:209-214.
30. Primack BA, Soneji S, Stoolmiller M, Fine MJ, Sargent JD. Progression to traditional cigarette smoking after electronic cigarette use among US adolescents and young adults. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(11):1018-1023.
31. Spindle TR, Hiler MM, Cooke ME, Eissenberg T, Kendler KS, Dick DM. Electronic cigarette use and uptake of cigarette smoking: a longitudinal examination of U.S. college students. Addict Behav. 2017;67:66-72.
32. Wills TA, Knight R, Sargent JD, Gibbons FX, Pagano I, Williams RJ. Longitudinal study of e-cigarette use and onset of cigarette smoking among high school students in Hawaii. Tob Control. 2017;26(1):34-39. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052705.
33. Leventhal AM, Strong DR, Kirkpatrick MG, et al. Association of electronic cigarette use with initiation of combustible tobacco product smoking in early adolescence. JAMA. 2015;314(7):700-707.
34. Unger JB, Soto DW, Leventhal A. E-cigarette use and subsequent cigarette and marijuana use among Hispanic young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;163:261-264.
35. Barrington-Trimis JL, Urman R, Berhane K, et al. E-cigarettes and future cigarette use. Pediatrics. 2016;138(1):e20160379. doi:10.1542/ peds.2016-0379.
36. Villanti AC, Pearson JL, Glasser AM, et al. Frequency of youth e-cigarette and tobacco use patterns in the United States: measurement precision is critical to inform public health. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017;19(11):1345-1350.
37. Collins LK, Villanti AC, Pearson JL, et al. Frequency of youth e-cigarette, tobacco, and poly-use in the United States, 2015: Update to Villanti et al., 'Frequency of youth e-cigarette and tobacco use patterns in the United States: measurement precision is critical to inform public health'. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017;19(10):1253-1254. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntx073.
38. Wills TA, Gibbons FX, Sargent JD, Schweitzer RJ. How is the effect of adolescent e-cigarette use on smoking onset mediated: a longitudinal analysis. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016;30(8):876-886.
39. Leventhal AM, Stone MD, Andrabi N, et al. Association of e-cigarette vaping and progression to heavier patterns of cigarette smoking. JAMA. 2016;316(18):1918-1920.
40. Miech R, Patrick ME, O'Malley PM, Johnston LD. E-cigarette use as a predictor of cigarette smoking: results from a 1-year follow-up of a national sample of 12th grade students. Tob Control. 2017;26(e2):e106-e111.
41. Miech RA, Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE. 2016. Vaping, Hookah use by US Teens Declines for First Time. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan News Service. http://www.monitoringthefuture. org. Accessed on December 6, 2017.
42. Saddleson ML, Kozlowski LT, Giovino GA, Homish GG, Mahoney MC, Goniewicz ML. Assessing 30-day quantity-frequency of U.S. adolescent cigarette smoking as a predictor of adult smoking 14 years later. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;162:92-98.
43. Bauld L, MacKintosh AM, Eastwood B, et al. Young people's use of e-cigarettes across the United Kingdom: findings from five surveys 2015-2017. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:973. doi:10.3390/ ijerph14090973
44. Jamal A, Gentzke A, Hu SS, et al. Tobacco use among middle and high school students-United States, 2011-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:597-603. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6623a1.
45. Monitoring the Future. 2016 Data From in-School Surveys of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-Grade Students. Tobacco press releases: text, figures, &tables. Tables 1 and 2. http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/data/16data. html#2016data-cigs. Accessed December 7, 2017.
46. Fairchild AL, Bayer R, Colgrove J. The renormalization of smoking? E-cigarettes and the tobacco "endgame". N Engl J Med. 2014;370(4):293-295.
47. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2016. https:// www.cdc.gov/tobacco/datastatistics/sgr/e-cigarettes/pdfs/2016SGR Chap3508.pdf. Accessed December 7, 2017.
48. Warner KE. Frequency of e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking by American students in 2014. Am J Prev Med. 2016;1(2):179-184. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.12.004.
49. Miech RA, Johnston LD, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE, Patrick ME. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2016: Volume I, Secondary School Students. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan; 2017. http:// www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-vol12016.pdf. Accessed December 7, 2017.
50. Tam J, Warner KE. Students' cigarette smoking and the perceived nicotine content of e-cigarettes they vape. Amer J Prev Med. In press.
51. Friedman AS. How does electronic cigarette access affect adolescent smoking? J Health Econ. 2015;44:300-308.
52. Pesko MF, Hughes JM, Faisal FS. The influence of electronic cigarette age purchasing restrictions on adolescent tobacco and marijuana use. Prev Med. 2016;87:207-212.
53. Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Begh R, Stead LF, Hajek P. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:CD010216.
54. Drope J, Cahn Z, Kennedy R, et al. Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(6):449-471.
55. Villanti AC, Feirman SP, Niaura RS, et al. How do we determine the impact of e-cigarettes on cigarette smoking cessation or reduction? Review and recommendations for answering the research question with scientific rigor. Addiction. 2018;113(3):391-404.
56. Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(2):116-128.
57. Beard E, West R, Michie S, Brown J. Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: Time series analysis of population trends. BMJ. 2016;354:i4645.
58. West R, Shahab L, Brown J. Estimating the population impact of e-cigarettes on smoking cessation in England. Addiction. 2016;111:1118-1119. doi:10.1111/add.13343.
59. Zhu SH, Zhuang YL, Wong S, Cummins SE, Tedeschi GJ. E-cigarette use and associated changes in population smoking cessation: Evidence from US current population surveys. BMJ. 2017;358:j3262.
60. Levy D, Yuan Z, Luo Y, Abrams DB. The relationship of e-cigarette use to cigarette quit attempts and cessation: Insights from a large, nationally representative U.S. survey. [published online ahead of print August 31, 2017]. Nicotine Tob Res. 2018;20(8):931-939.
61. Giovenco DP, Delnevo CD. Prevalence of population smoking cessation by electronic cigarette use status in a national sample of recent smokers. Addict Behav. 2018;76:129-134.
62. Berry KM, Reynolds LM, Collins JM, et al. E-cigarette initiation and associated changes in smoking cessation and reduction: The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, 2013-2015. [published online ahead of print March 24, 2018]. Tob Control. 2018. doi:10.1136/ tobaccocontrol-2017-054108.
63. Action on Smoking and Health (UK). Use of e-cigarettes among adults in Great Britain 2017. 2017. http://ash.org.uk/information-and-resources/ fact-sheets/use-of-e-cigarettes-among-adults-in-great-britain-2017/. Accessed May 8, 2017.
64. West R, Beard E, Brown J. Trends in Electronic Cigarette use in England. Smoking in England (the Smoking Toolkit). Reference no. STS140122. October 23, 2017. http://www.smokinginengland.info/latest-statistics/. Accessed December 7, 2017.
65. Caraballo RS, Shafer PR, Patel D, Davis KC, McAfee TA. Quit methods used by US adult cigarette smokers, 2014-2016. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14:160600. doi:10.5888/pcd14.160600.
66. Dawkins L, McRobbie H. Changing Behavior: Electronic Cigarettes. British Psychological Society; 2017. https://www.bps.org.uk/sites/beta. bps.org.uk/files/Policy%20-%20Files/Changing%20behaviour%20-%20 electronic%20cigarettes.pdf. Accessed December 7, 2017.
67. British Medical Association. E-cigarettes: Balancing Risks and Opportunities. 2017. file:///C:/Users/kwarner/Downloads/E-cigarettesposition-paper-v3.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2017.
68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transcript for CDC Press Briefing: E-cigarette Use Triples Among Middle and High School Students in Just One Year. April 16, 2015. https://www.cdc.gov/media/ releases/2015/t0416-e-cigarette-use.html. Accessed December 7, 2017.
69. Bach L. Electronic Cigarettes and Youth. Washington, DC: Campaign for Tobacco-Free Adolescents. October 4, 2017. https://www.tobaccofreeadolescents. org/research/factsheets/pdf/0382.pdf. Accessed November 6, 2017.
70. Kozlowski LT, Sweanor D. Withholding differential risk information on legal consumer nicotine/tobacco products: The public health ethics of health information quarantines. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;32:17-23.
71. National Cancer Institute. Health Information National Trends Survey. HINTS FDA Cycle 2, 2017. https://hints.cancer.gov/view-questions-topics/ question-details.aspx?PKCycle=9&qid=864. Accessed December 7, 2017.
72. Gandini S, Botteri E, Iodice S, et al. Tobacco smoking and cancer: A metaanalysis. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(1):155-164.
73. Lee PN, Hamling J. Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America. BMC Med. 2009;7:36.
74. Levy DT, Mumford EA, Cummings KM, et al. The relative risks of a lownitrosamine smokeless tobacco product compared with smoking cigarettes: Estimates of a panel of experts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(12):2035-2042.
75. Majeed BA, Weaver SR, Gregory KR. Changing perceptions of harm of e-cigarettes among U.S. adults, 2012-2015. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(3):331-338. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.039.
76. Brose LS, Brown J, Hitchman SC, McNeill A. Perceived relative harm of electronic cigarettes over time and impact on subsequent use. A survey with 1-year and 2-year follow-ups. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;157:106-111.
77. Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. Modeling the health effects of expanding e-cigarette sales in the United States and United Kingdom: A monte carlo analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(10):1671-1680.
78. Weitkunat R, Lee PN, Baker G, Sponsiello-Wang Z, González-Zuloeta Ladd AM, Lüdicke F. A novel approach to assess the population health impact of introducing a modified risk tobacco product. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;72(1):87-93.
79. Vugrin ED, Rostron BL, Verzi SJ, et al. Modeling the potential effects of new tobacco products and policies: A dynamic population model for multiple product use and harm. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0121008. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121008.
80. Cherng ST, Tam J, Christine PJ, Meza R. Modeling the effects of e-cigarettes on smoking behavior: implications for future adult smoking prevalence. Epidemiology. 2016;27(6):819-826.
81. Levy D, Cummings K, Villanti A, et al. A framework for evaluating the public health impact of e-cigarettes and other vaporized nicotine products. Addiction. 2017;112(1):8-17. doi:10.1111/add.13394.
82. Hill A, Camacho OM. A system dynamics modelling approach to assess the impact of launching a new nicotine product on population health outcomes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017;86:265-278.
83. Lee PN, Fry JS, Hamling JF, Sponsiello-Wang Z, Baker G, Weitkunat R. Estimating the effect of differing assumptions on the population health impact of introducing a reduced risk tobacco product in the USA. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017;88:192-213.
84. Poland B, Teischinger F. Population modeling of modified risk tobacco products accounting for smoking reduction and gradual transitions of relative risk. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017;19(11):1277-1283.
85. Bachand AM, Sulsky SI, Curtin GM. Assessing the likelihood and magnitude of a population health benefit following the market introduction of a modified-risk tobacco product: Enhancements to the dynamic population modeler, DPM(+1). Risk Anal. 2018;38(1):151-162.
86. Levy DT, Borland R, Lindblom EN, et al. Potential deaths averted in USA by replacing cigarettes with e-cigarettes. Tob Control. 2018;27(1):18-25.
87. Soneji SS, Sung HY, Primack BA, Pierce JP, Sargent JD. Quantifying population-level health benefits and harms of e-cigarette use in the United States. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193328.
88. Warner KE, Mendez D. E-cigarettes: Comparing the possible risks of increasing smoking initiation with the potential benefits of increasing smoking cessation [published online ahead of print March 29, 2018]. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019;21(1): 41-47.
89. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Webinar. January 23, 2018. http://nationalacademies. org/hmd/Reports/2018/public-health-consequences-of-e-cigarettes. aspx. Accessed April 9, 2018.
90. Public Health Law Center. Regulating Electronic Cigarettes &Similar Devices. Tobacco Control Legal Consortium. St. Paul, MN: Mitchell Hamline School of Law; 2017. http://www.publichealthlawcenter.org/ sites/default/files/resources/tclc-guide-reg-ecigarettes-2016.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2017.
91. Chaloupka FJ, Sweanor D, Warner KE. Differential taxes for differential risks-toward reduced harm from nicotine-yielding products. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(7):594-597.
92. U.S. Food &Drug Administration. Tobacco Products. Products, Guidance &Regulations. https://www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/default. htm. Accessed December 8, 2017.
93. U.S. Food &Drug Administration. FDA Announces Comprehensive Regulatory Plan to Shift Trajectory of Tobacco-Related Disease, Death. FDA news release. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/ PressAnnouncements/ucm568923.htm. Accessed December 8, 2017.