Buffered solutions versus 0.9% saline for resuscitation in critically ill adults and children

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2019, Issue 7, 2019, Pages

  Antequera Martín, Alba M ^a,b   Barea Mendoza, Jesus A ^c   Muriel, Alfonso ^d   Sáez, Ignacio ^c   Chico Fernández, Mario ^c   Estrada Lorenzo, José M ^c   Plana, Maria N ^e  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE LA PRINCESA   (Spain)

^b BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE SANT PAU IIB SANT PAU   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO 12 DE OCTUBRE   (Spain)

^d HOSPITAL RAMÓN Y CAJAL   (Spain)

^e HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO PRÍNCIPE DE ASTURIAS   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUFFERED SOLUTION; CHLORIDE; MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS AND AGENTS; POTASSIUM; SODIUM CHLORIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION;

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; CHILD; COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DEHYDRATION; DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME; DISEASE SEVERITY; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; EMERGENCY SURGERY; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FLUID THERAPY; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; KIDNEY INJURY; MORTALITY RATE; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESUSCITATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; CRITICAL ILLNESS; DRUG THERAPY; PROCEDURES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

ADULT; CHILD; CRITICAL CARE; CRITICAL ILLNESS; FLUID THERAPY; HOSPITAL MORTALITY; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS; SALINE SOLUTION;

EID: 85069866003     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012247.pub2     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Aditianingsih D, Djaja AS, George YW. The effect of balanced electrolyte solution versus normal saline in the prevention of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in diabetic ketoacidosis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Medical Journal of Indonesia 2017;26(2):134–40. DOI: 10.13181/mji.v26i2.1542
2. Allen CH, Goldman RD, Bhatt S, Simon HK, Gorelick MH, Spandorfer PR, et al. A randomized trial of Plasma-Lyte A and 0.9 % sodium chloride in acute pediatric gastroenteritis. BMC Pediatrics 2016;16:117. PUBMED: 27480410]
3. Choosakul S, Harinwan K, Chirapongsathorn S, Opuchar K, Sanpajit T, Piyanirun W, et al. Comparison of normal saline versus Lactated Ringer’s solution for fluid resuscitation in patients with mild acute pancreatitis, a randomized controlled trial. Pancreatology 2018;18(5): 507–12. PUBMED: 29754857]
4. de-Madaria E, Herrera-Marante I, González-Camacho V, Bonjoch L, Quesada-Vázquez N, Almenta-Saavedra I, et al. Fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer’s solution vs normal saline in acute pancreatitis: a triple-blind, randomized, controlled trial. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2018;6(1):63–72. PUBMED: 29435315 ]
5. Dung NM, Day NP, Tam DT, Loan HT, Chau HT, Minh LN, et al. Fluid replacement in dengue shock syndrome: a randomized, double-blind comparison of four intravenous-fluid regimens. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1999;4:787–94. PUBMED: 10589889]
6. Hasman H, Cinar O, Uzun A, Cevik E, Jay L, Comert B. A randomized clinical trial comparing the effect of rapidly infused crystalloids on acid-base status in dehydrated patients in the emergency department. International Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;9(1):59–64. PUBMED: 22211091]
7. Hassan MH, Wan Hassan WM, Zaini RH, Shukeri WF, Abidin HZ, Eu CS. Balanced fluid versus saline-based fluid in post-operative severe traumatic brain injury patients: acid-base and electrolytes assessment. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 2017;24(5):83–93. PUBMED: 29386975 ]
8. Mahajan V, Saini SS, Sharma A, Kaur J. Ringer’s lactate vs normal saline for children with acute diarrhoea and severe dehydration: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatrics 2012;49(12):963–8. PUBMED: 22791671]
9. Mahler SA, Conrad SA, Wang H, Arnold TC. Resuscitation with balanced electrolyte solution prevents hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2011; 29(6):670–4. PUBMED: 20825879 ]
10. Ngo NT, Cao XT, Kneen R, Wills B, Nguyen VM, Nguyen TQ, et al. Acute management of dengue shock syndrome: a randomized double-blind comparison of 4 intravenous fluid regimens in the first hour. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001; 32(2):204–3. PUBMED: 11170909 ]
11. Ratanarat R, Sanguanwit P, Chitsomkasem A. The effects of normal saline versus balanced crystalloid solution as a resuscitation fluid on acute kidney injury in shock patients: a randomized opened label controlled trial. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental 2017;5(Suppl 2):S201. PUBMED: 28933044]
12. ∗ Reddy YR, Talukder S, Yadav TD, Siddappa PK, Kochhar R. Effect of intravenous fluid resuscitation on inflammatory markers of acute pancreatitis and its clinical outcome. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2014;2(1 Suppl): 132–5. DOI: 10.1177/2050640614548980
13. Semler MW, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Stollings JL, Self WH, Siew ED, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in the intensive care unit: the SALT randomized trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2017;195(10):1362–72. PUBMED: 27749094]
14. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Wang L, Byrne DW, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. New England Journal of Medicine 2018; 378(9):829–39. PUBMED: 29485925 ]
15. Van Zyl DG, Rheeder P, Delport E. Fluid management in diabetic acidosis Ringer’s lactate versus normal saline: a randomized controlled trial. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 2012;105(4):337–43. PUBMED: 22109683]
16. Vasudevan P, Verma GR, Naveen Kalra AB, Basha J, Appasani S, et al. Does the type of fluid used in resuscitation matter in the clinical course of acute pancreatitis?. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 2013;32(1 Suppl):110. PUBMED: 24233855]
17. Verma B, Luethi N, Cioccari L, Lloyd-Donald P, Crisman M, Eastwood G, et al. A multicentre randomised controlled pilot study of fluid resuscitation with saline or Plasma-Lyte 148 in critically ill patients. Critical Care and Resuscitation: Journal of the Australasian Academy of Critical Care Medicine 2016;18(3):205–12. PUBMED: 27604335]
18. ∗ Viaene F, Bourgeois M, Decruyenaere J, Hoste E. Balanced versus unbalanced: does a small volume of sterofundin versus NACL 0.9 % make a difference?. Intensive Care Medicine 2014;40(1 Suppl):222. PUBMED: 25253128]
19. Wu BU, Hwang JQ, Gardner TH, Repas K, Delee R, Yu S, et al. Lactated Ringer’s solution reduces systemic inflammation compared with saline in patients with acute pancreatitis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2011; 9(8):710–7. PUBMED: 21645639]
20. Smith CA, Duby JJ, Utter GH, Galante JM, Scherer LA, Schermer CR. Cost-minimization analysis of two fluid products for resuscitation of critically injured trauma patients. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 2014; 71(6):470–5. PUBMED: 24589538]
21. Smith CA, Gosselin RC, Utter GH, Galante JM, Young JB, Scherer LA, et al. Does saline resuscitation affect mechanisms of coagulopathy in critically ill trauma patients? An exploratory analysis. Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis: An International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis 2015;26(3):250–4. PUBMED: 25803514 ]
22. Young JB, Utter GH, Schermer CR, Galante JM, Phan HH, Yang Y, et al. Saline versus Plasma-Lyte A in initial resuscitation of trauma patients: a randomized trial. Annals of Surgery 2014;259(2):255–62. PUBMED: 23732264]
23. Reddy SK, Bailey MJ, Beasley RW, Bellomo R, Henderson SJ, Mackle DM, et al. A protocol for the 0.9% saline versus Plasma-Lyte 148 for intensive care fluid therapy (SPLIT) study. Critical Care Resuscitation 2014;16(4): 274–9. PUBMED: 25437221]
24. Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R, Henderson S, Mackle D, McArthur C, et al. Effect of a buffered crystalloid solution vs saline on acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit: the SPLIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;314(16):1701–10. PUBMED: 26444692]
25. ∗ Benoit D, Crivits M, Hemeryck M, Hoste E, Raes M, Viaene F. Small volume fluid infusion with balanced or unbalanced fluids: does it make a difference?. Journal of the Intensive Care Society 2016;17(3 Suppl):S41. PUBMED: 30160259 ]
26. Chen XL, Xia ZF. Clinical study on the changes in plasma sodium level and blood erythrocyte after resuscitation with different fluid regimes at early postburn stage. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 2004;20(5):284–6. PUBMED: 15730653]
27. Cho YS, Lim H, Kim SH. Comparison of lactated Ringer’s solution and 0.9% saline in the treatment of rhabdomyolysis induced by doxylamine intoxication. Emergency Medicine Journal 2007;24(4):276–80. PUBMED: 17384382]
28. Crivits M, Raes M, Decruyenaere J, Hoste E. Volume bolus in ICU patients: do we need to balance our crystalloids?. Critical Care 2016;20(Suppl 2):73. PUBMED: 27885969]
29. Dybvik T, Strand T, Steen PA. Buffer therapy during out-of-hospital resuscitation. Resuscitation 1995;29(2):89–5. PUBMED: 7659873]
30. Fang ZX, Li YF, Zhou XQ, Zhang Z, Zhang JS, Xia HM, et al. Effects of resuscitation with crystalloid fluids on cardiac function in patients with severe sepsis. BMC Infectious Diseases 2008;8:50. PUBMED: 18419825]
31. ∗ Galas F, Hajjar L, Simoes C, Vieira S, Kalil FR, Auler J. Effects of Ringer’s lactate or Ringerfundin resuscitation on the acid-base status and serum electrolytes in septic oncologic patients. Critical Care 2009;13(1 Suppl):180. PUBMED: 19344483]
32. Kartha GB, Rameshkumar R, Mahadevan S. Randomized double-blind trial of ringer lactate versus normal saline in pediatric acute severe diarrhoeal dehydration. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2017;65(6):621–6. PUBMED: 28422812]
33. Friederich A, Martin N, Swanson MB, Faine BA, Mohr NM. Normal saline solution and lactated Ringer’s solution have a similar effect on quality of recovery: a randomized controlled trial. Annals Emergency Medicine 2018;18:1–10. PUBMED: 30146446]
34. Omar S, Mathivha LR. A randomized trial comparing two balanced fluids in the critically ill. Critical Care 2018;22(1 Suppl):126. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-1973-5
35. Rainier-Pope CR. Fluid therapy in gastro-enteritis with severe dehydration. A biochemically controlled trial of a regime in 40 patients. South African Medical Journal 1962; 36:1087–91. PUBMED: 13990516]
36. Roquilly A, Loutrel O, Cinotti R, Rosenczweig E, Flet L, Mahe PJ, et al. Balanced versus chloride-rich solutions for fluid resuscitation in brain-injured patients: a randomised double-blind pilot study. Critical Care 2013;17(2):R77. PUBMED: 23601796]
37. Rowell SE, Fair KA, Barbosa RR, Watters JM, Bulger EM, Holcomb JB, et al. The impact of pre-hospital administration of lactated ringer’s solution versus normal saline in patients with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2016;33(11):1054–9. PUBMED: 26914721]
38. Yung M, Letton G, Keeley S. Controlled trial of Hartmann’s solution versus 0.9% saline for diabetic ketoacidosis. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2017; 53(1):12–7. PUBMED: 28070957]
39. NCT02721654. Plasma-lyte 148® versus saline study (PLUS). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02721654 (first received 29 March 2016).
40. NCT02835157. Balanced salt solutions vs. normal saline in children with septic shock. clinicaltrials.gov/show/ NCT02835157 (first received 10 August 2005).
41. ∗ NCT02875873. Study protocol for the balanced solution versus saline in intensive care study (basics): a factorial randomised trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02875873 (first received 23 August 2016).
42. Altman DG, Bland JM. Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2003; 326(7382):219. [PUBMED: 12543843]
43. Angus DC, Carlet J. Surviving intensive care: a report from the 2002 Brussels Roundtable. Intensive Care Medicine 2003;29(3):368–77. [PUBMED: 12536269]
44. American Society of Anesthesiologists. ASA Physical Status Classification System. www.asahq.org/resources/clinical-information/asa-physical-status-classification-system (accessed 8 October 2018).
45. Awad S, Allison SP, Lobo DN. The history of 0.9% saline. Clinical Nutrition 2008;27(2):179–88. [PUBMED: 18313809]
46. Bampoe S, Odor PM, Dushianthan A, Bennett-Guerrero E, Cro S, Gan TJ, et al. Perioperative administration of buffered versus non-buffered crystalloid intravenous fluid to improve outcomes following adult surgical procedures. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 9. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004089.pub3
47. Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, Gooszen HG, Johnson CD, Sarr MG, et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis-2012: Revision of the Atlanta Classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut 2013;62: 102-1. [PUBMED: 23100216] o 2013
48. Bero LA. Why the Cochrane risk of bias tool should include funding source as a standard item [editorial]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, issue 12:ED000075. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.ED000075; PUBMED: 24575439
49. Chowdhury AH, Cox EF, Francis ST, Lobo DN. A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and Plasma-Lyte® 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. Annals of Surgery 2012;256(1):18–24. [PUBMED: 22580944]
50. Cieza JA, Hinostroza J, Huapaya JA, León CP. Sodium chloride 0.9% versus Lactated Ringer in the management of severely dehydrated patients with choleriform diarrhoea. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 2013;7(7): 528–32. [PUBMED: 23857387]
51. COMET Initiative. Available at http://www.comet-initiative.org/(cited 28 August 2018).
52. Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software. Melbourne, Australia: Veritas Health Innovation, 2018.
53. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 9. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available at handbook.cochrane.org.
54. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Medicine 2013;39(2):580–637. [PUBMED: 23361625]
55. Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Higgins JP, Curtin F, Worthington HV, Vail A. Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31(1):140–9. [PUBMED: 11914310]
56. Finfer S, Liu B, Taylor C, Bellomo R, Billot L, Cook D, et al. Resuscitation fluid use in critically ill adults: an international cross-sectional study in 391 intensive care units. Critical Care 2010;14(5):R185. [PUBMED: 20950434]
57. Garnacho-Montero J, Fernández-Mondéjar E, Ferrer-Roca R, Herrera-Gutiérrez ME, Lorente JA, Ruiz-Santana S, et al. Crystalloids and colloids in critical patient resuscitation. Medicina Intensiva 2015;39(5):303–15. [PUBMED: 25683695]
58. McMaster University. GRADEpro GDT. Version accessed July 2018. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University, 2014.
59. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Schunemann HJ, GRADE Working Group. What is “quality of evidence” and why is it important to clinicians. BMJ 2008;336(7651):995–8. [PUBMED: 18456631]
60. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, Rind D, et al. GRADE guidelines. 6. Rating the quality of evidence-imprecision. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64(12):1283–93. [PUBMED: 21839614]
61. Hammond NE, Taylor C, Finfer S, Machado FR, An Y, Billot L, et al. Patterns of intravenous fluid resuscitation use in adult intensive care patients between 2007 and 2014: an international cross-sectional study. PloS One 2017;12(5): 1–21. [PUBMED: 28498856]
62. Hannan PJ, Murray DM, Jacobs DR, McGovern PG. Parameters to aid in the design and analysis of community trials: intraclass correlations from the Minnesota Heart Health Program. Epidemiology 1994;5(1):88–95. [PUBMED: 8117787]
63. Hartog CS, Natanson C, Sun J, Klein HG, Reinhart K. Concerns over use of hydroxyethyl starch solutions. BMJ 2014;349:g5981. [PUBMED: 25385352]
64. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (editors). Chapter 8. Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available at handbook.cochrane.org.
65. Jakobsen JC, Wetterslev J, Winkel P, Lange T, Gluud C. Thresholds for statistical and clinical significance in systematic reviews with meta-analytic methods. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2014;14:120. [PUBMED: 25416419]
66. Kawano-Dourado L, Zampieri FG, Azevedo LC, Corrêa TD, Figueiró M, Semler MW, et al. Low-versus high-chloride content intravenous solutions for critically ill and perioperative adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2018;126(2):513–21. [PUBMED: 29189271]
67. Kellum JA, Bellomo R, Kramer DJ, Pinsky MR. Etiology of metabolic acidosis during saline resuscitation in endotoxemia. Shock (Augusta, Ga.) 1998;9(5):364–8. [PUBMED: 9617887]
68. Kellum JA, Song M, Almasri E. Hyperchloremic acidosis increases circulating inflammatory molecules in experimental sepsis. Chest 2006;130(4):962–7. [PUBMED: 17035425]
69. Krajewski ML, Raghunathan K, Paluszkiewicz SM, Schermer CR, Shaw AD. Meta-analysis of high-versus low-chloride content in perioperative and critical care fluid resuscitation. British Journal of Surgery 2015;102(1):24–36. [PUBMED: 25357011]
70. Lehmann L, Bendel S, Uehlinger DE, Takala J, Schafer M, Reinert M, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of fluid composition on electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid homeostasis in patients early after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care 2013;18(1):5–12. [PUBMED: 22872427]
71. Levick JR, Michel CC. Microvascular fluid exchange and the revised Starling principle. Cardiovascular Research 2010; 87(2):198–210. [PUBMED: 20200043]
72. Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Evans DJW, Butler AR, Alderson P, Smith AF, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 8. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000567.pub7
73. Lundh A, Sismondo S, Lexchin J, Busuioc OA, Bero L. Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000033.pub2
74. Lyu PF, Murphy DJ. Economics of fluid therapy in critically ill patients. Current Opinion in Critical Care 2014;20(4): 402–7. [PUBMED: 24979711]
75. Maraví PE, Zubia OF, Petrov MS, Navarro SS, Laplaza SC, Morales AF, et al. SEMICYUC 2012. Recommendations for intensive care management of acute pancreatitis. Medicina Intensiva 2014;37(3):163–79. [PUBMED: 23541063]
76. McCluskey SA, Karkouti K, Wijeysundera D, Minkovich L, Tait G, Beattie WS. Hyperchloremia after noncardiac surgery is independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality: a propensity-matched cohort study. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2013;117(2):412–21. [PUBMED: 23757473]
77. Molitoris BA, Okusa MD, Palevsky PM, Chawla LS, Kaufman JS, Devarajan P, et al. Design of clinical trials in AKI: a report from an NIDDK workshop. Trials of patients with sepsis and in selected hospital settings. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2012; Vol. 7, issue 5:856–60. [PUBMED: 22442184]
78. Mutter TC, Ruth CA, Dart AB. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 7. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007594.pub3
79. Myburgh JA, Mythen MG. Resuscitation fluids. New England Journal of Medicine 2013;369(13):1243–51. [PUBMED: 24066745]
80. Myburgh JA. Fluid resuscitation in acute medicine: what is the current situation?. Journal of Internal Medicine 2015; 277(1):58–68. [PUBMED: 25352314]
81. Criteria Committee, New York Heart Association. Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels. Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis. 6th Edition. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1964.
82. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). CG174 intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital: guideline. NICE clinical guidelines. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg174 (accessed 18 August 2015). [ISBN: 978–1–4731–0375–7]
83. Oddo M, Poole D, Helbok R, Meyfroidt G, Stocchetti N, Bouzat P, et al. Fluid therapy in neurointensive care patients: ESICM consensus and clinical practice recommendations. Intensive Care Medicine 2018;44(4): 449–63. [PUBMED: 29500701]
84. Orbegozo CD, Rayo BA, Vincent JL. Isotonic crystalloid solutions: a structured review of the literature. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;112(6):968–81. [PUBMED: 24736393]
85. Raghunathan K, Shaw A, Nathanson B, Stürmer T, Brookhart A, Stefan MS, et al. Association between the choice of IV crystalloid and In-hospital mortality among critically ill adults with sepsis. Critical Care Medicine 2014; 42(7):1585–91. [PUBMED: 24674927]
86. Raghunathan K, Murray PT, Beattie WS, Lobo DN, Myburgh J, Sladen R, et al. Choice of fluid in acute illness: what should be given? An international consensus. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;113(5):772–83. [PUBMED: 25326478]
87. Rahbar MH, Fox EE, del Junco DJ, Cotton BA, Podbielski JM, Matijevic N, et al. Coordination and management of multicenter clinical studies in trauma: Experience from the PRospective Observational Multicenter Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) Study. Resuscitation 2012;83 (4):459–64. [PUBMED: 22001613]
88. Reinhart K, Perner A, Sprung CL, Jaeschke R, Schortgen F, Johan Groeneveld AB, et al. Consensus statement of the ESICM task force on colloid volume therapy in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Medicine 2012;38(3):368–83. [PUBMED: 22323076]
89. Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
90. Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Sindi A, Heels-Ansdell D, Thabane L, Fox-Robichaud A, et al. Fluid resuscitation in sepsis. A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2014;161(5):347–55. [PUBMED: 25047428]
91. Schmid C, Senn S, Sterne J, Kulinskaya E, Posch M, Roes K, et al. Should Cochrane apply error-adjustment methods when conducting repeated meta-analyses?. Cochrane Scientific Committee. Expert Panel Recommendation and Guidance Points. November 2018.
92. Schnermann J, Ploth DW, Hermle M. Activation of tubulo-glomerular feedback by chloride transport. Pflugers Archive: European Journal of Physiology 1976;362(3):229–40. [PUBMED: 944430]
93. Serpa A, Martin I, Klanderman RB, Freitas R, Gama de Abreu M, Pelosi P, et al. Balanced versus isotonic saline resuscitation-a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in operation rooms and intensive care units. Annals of Translational Medicine 2017; 5(16):323. [PUBMED: 28861420]
94. Shaw AD, Raghunathan K, Peyerl FW, Munson SH, Paluszkiewicz SM, Schermer CR. Association between intravenous chloride load during resuscitation and in-hospital mortality among patients with SIRS. Intensive Care Medicine 2014;40(12):1897–905. [PUBMED: 25293535]
95. Singer M. Management of fluid balance: a European perspective. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 2012;25(1): 96–101. [PUBMED: 22157192]
96. Smith CA, Duby JJ, Utter GH, Galante JM, Scherer LA, Schermer CR. Cost-minimization analysis of two fluid products for resuscitation of critically injured trauma patients. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy: AJHP: Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2014;71(6):470–5. [PUBMED: 24589538]
97. Starling EH. On the absorption of fluids from the connective tissue spaces. Journal of Physiology 1896;19(4): 312–26. [PUBMED: 16992325]
98. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974;2(7872): 81–4. [PUBMED: 4136544]
99. Trof RJ, Sukul SP, Twisk JW, Girbes AR, Groeneveld AB. Greater cardiac response of colloid than saline fluid loading in septic and non-septic critically ill patients with clinical hypovolaemia. Intensive Care Medicine 2010;36(4): 697–701. [PUBMED: 20165941]
100. Wilcox CS. Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1983;71(3): 726–35. [PUBMED: 6826732]
101. Wills BA, Nguyen MD, Ha TL, Dong TH, Tran TN, Le TT. Comparison of three fluid solutions for resuscitation in dengue shock syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 2005;353(9):877–89. [PUBMED: 16135832]
102. Woodcock TE, Woodcock TM. Revised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: an improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2012;108(3):384–94. [PUBMED: 22290457]
103. World Health Organization. Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever: Diagnosis, Treatment, Control. 2nd Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1997.
104. World Health Organization. The Treatment of Diarrhoea: A Manual for Physicians and Other Senior Health Workers. 4th Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005.
105. Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, Story D, Ho L, Bailey M. Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 2012;308(15): 1566–72. [PUBMED: 23073953]
106. Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Glassford N, Sutcliffe H, Lam Q, Bailey M. Chloride-liberal vs. chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration and acute kidney injury: an extended analysis. Intensive Care Medicine 2014;41(2): 257–64. [PUBMED: 25518951]
107. Zayed YZM, Aburahma AMY, Barbarawi MO, Hamid K, Banifadel MRN, Rashdan L, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus isotonic saline in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Intensive Care 2018;6: 51. [PUBMED: 30140441]
108. Zhao G, Wang B, Liu Y, Zhang JG, Deng SC, Qin Q. Effects of different resuscitation fluid on severe acute pancreatitis. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2013;19(13): 2044–52. [PUBMED: 23599623]
109. Barea-Mendoza JA, Antequera AM, Plana MN, Chico-Fernández M, Muriel A, Sáez I, et al. Buffered solutions versus isotonic saline for resuscitation in non-surgical critically ill adults and children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 6. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012247