Physiological traits for ameliorating drought stress

Soybeans: Improvement, Production, and Uses

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 569-620

  Purcell, Larry C ^a   Specht, James E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

Author keywords

Crop transpiration; Deep root system; Drought stress; Harvest index; Nitrogen nutrition; Physiological traits; Water limited environments; Water use efficiency

Indexed keywords

EID: 85062145215     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr16.3ed.c12     Document Type: Chapter

References (194)

1. Allen, Jr., H.A. 1994. Carbon dioxide increase: Direct impacts on crops and indirect effects mediated through anticipated climatic changes. p. 425-459. In K.J. Boote et al. (ed.) Physiology and determination of crop yield. ASA, Madison, WI.
2. Armiger, W.H., C.D. Foy, A.L. Fleming, and B.E. Caldwell. 1968. Differential tolerance of soybean varieties to an acid soil high in exchangeable aluminum. Agron. J. 60:67-70.
3. Asady, G.H., A.J.M. Smucker, and M.W. Adams. 1985. Seedling test for the quantitative measurement of root tolerance to compacted soil. Crop Sci. 25:802-806.
4. Bacanamwo, M., and L.C. Purcell. 1999. Soybean dry matter and N accumulation responses to flooding stress, N sources, and hypoxia. J. Exp. Bot. 50:689-696.
5. Bianchi-Hall, C.M., T.E. Carter, Jr., M.A. Bailey, M.A.R. Mian, T.W. Rufty, D.A. Ashley, H.R. Boerma, C. Arellano, R.S. Hussey, and W.A. Parrott. 2000. Aluminum tolerance associated with quantitative trait loci derived from soybean PI 416937 in hydroponics. Crop Sci. 40:538-545.
6. Bianchi-Hall, C.M., T.E. Carter, Jr., T.W. Rufty, C. Arellano, H.R. Boerma, D.A. Ashley, and J.W. Burton. 1998. Heritability and resource allocation of aluminum tolerance derived from soybean PI 416937. Crop Sci. 38:513-522.
7. Bland, W.L. 1993. Cotton and soybean root system growth in three soil temperature regimes. Agron. J. 85:906-911.
8. Blum, A. 1988. Plant breeding for stress environments. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
9. Blum, A. 1996. Crop responses to drought and the interpretation of adaptation. p. 57-70. In E. Belhassen (ed.) Drought tolerance in higher plants: Genetical, physiological, and molecular biological analysis. Kluwer Academic Publ., the Netherlands.
10. Board, J.E., and Q. Tan. 1995. Assimilatory capacity effects on soybean yield components and pod number. Crop Sci. 35:846-851.
11. Borrell, A.K., G.L. Hammer, and R.G. Henzell. 2000. Does maintaining green leaf area in sorghum improve yield under drought? II. Dry matter production and yield. Crop Sci. 40:1037-1048.
12. Bowers, G.R. 1995. An early season production system for drought avoidance. J. Prod. Agric. 8:112-119.
13. Boyer, J.S. 1982. Plant productivity and environment. Science 218:443-448.
14. Boyer, J.S., R.R. Johnson, and S.G. Saupe. 1980. Afternoon water deficits and grain yields in old and new soybean cultivars. Agron. J. 72:981-986.
15. Brady, N.C., and R.R. Weil. 2002. The nature and properties of soils. 13th ed. p. 188-189. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
16. Bray, E.A., J. Bailey-Serres, and E. Weretilnyk. 2000. Responses to abiotic stresses. p. 1158-1203. In B.B. Buchanan et al. (ed.) Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants. Am. Soc. of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, MD.
17. Brevedan, R.E., D.B. Egli, and J.E. Leggett. 1978. Influence of N nutrition on flower and pod abortion and yield of soybeans. Agron. J. 70:81-84.
18. Brown, R.H. 1994. The conservative nature of crop photosynthesis and the implications of carbon dioxide fixation pathways. p. 211-219. In K.J. Boote et al. (ed.) Physiology and determination of crop yield. ASA, Madison, WI.
19. Bushamuka, V.N., and R.W. Zobel. 1998a. Differential genotypic and root type penetration of compacted soil layers. Crop Sci. 38:776-781.
20. Bushhamuka, V.N., and R.W. Zobel. 1998b. Maize and soybean tap, basal, and lateral root responses to a stratified acid, aluminum-toxic soil. Crop Sci. 38:416-421.
21. Carter, T.E., Jr., P.I. DeSouza, and L.C. Purcell. 1999. Recent advances in breeding for drought and aluminum resistance in soybean. p. 106-125. In H.E. Kauffman (ed.) Proc. of World Soybean Res. Conf. VI, Chicago. 4-7 Aug. 1999. Superior Print., Champaign, IL.
22. Carter, T.E., Jr., R.L. Nelson, C.H. Sneller, and Z. Cui. 2004. Genetic diversity in soybean. p. 303-416. In H.R. Boerma and J.E. Specht (ed.) Soybeans: Improvement, production, and uses. 3rd ed. Agron. Monogr. 16. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
23. Carter, T.E., Jr., and T.W. Rufty. 1993. Soybean plant introductions exhibiting drought and aluminum tolerance. p. 331-346. In C.C. Kuo (ed.) Adaptation of food crops to temperature and water stress. Proc. of an Int. Symp. Asian Vegetable Res. and Development Center, Publication 93-410. Taipei, Taiwan.
24. Ceccarelli, S., and S. Grando. 1996. Drought as a challenge for the plant breeder. p. 71-77. In E. Belhassen (ed.) Drought tolerance in higher plants: Genetical, physiological, and molecular biological analysis. Kluwer Academic Publ., the Netherlands.
25. Chen, Y., and M. Schnitzer. 1978. The surface tension of aqueous solutions of soil humic substances. Soil Sci. 125:7-15.
26. Clawson, K.L., J.E. Specht, B.L. Blad, and A.F. Garay. 1986. Water-use efficiency in soybean pubescence density isolines-A calculation procedure for estimating daily values. Agron. J. 78:483-487.
27. Condon, A.G., R.A. Richards, G.J. Rebetzke, and G.D. Farquhar. 2002. Improving intrinsic water-use efficiency and crop yield. Crop Sci. 42:122-131.
28. Constable, G.A., and A.B. Hearn. 1978. Agronomic and physiological responses of soybean and sorghum crops to water deficits. I. Growth, development, and yield. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 5:159-167.
29. Cortes, P.M., and T.R. Sinclair. 1986. Water relations of field-grown soybean under drought. Crop Sci. 26:993-998.
30. Cure, J.D., C.D. Raper, Jr., R.P. Patterson, and W. A. Jackson. 1983. Water stress recovery in soybeans as affected by photoperiod during seed development. Crop Sci. 23:110-115.
31. Davies, S.L., N.C. Turner, J.A. Palta, K.H.M. Siddique, and J.A. Plummer. 2000. Remobilisation of carbon and nitrogen supports seed filling in chickpea subjected to water deficit. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 51:855-866.
32. De, A. 1997. Sensitivity of N2 fixation in soybean under drought stress with N fertilizer application at different growth stages. M.S. thesis. Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
33. de la Fuente, J., V. Ramirez-Rodriguez, J.L. Cabrera-Pounce, and L. Herrera-Estrella. 1997. Aluminum tolerance in transgenic plants by alteration of citrate synthesis. Science (Washington DC) 276:1566-1568.
34. Delhaize, E., S. Craig, C.D. Beaton, R.J. Bennet, V.D. Jagadish, and P.J. Randall. 1993. Aluminum tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). I. Uptake and distribution of aluminum in root apices. Plant Physiol. 103:685-693.
35. Delhaize, E., D.M. Hebb, and P.R. Ryan. 2001. Expression of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa citrate synthase gene in tobacco is not associated with either enhanced citrate accumulation or efflux. Plant Physiol. 125:2059-2067.
36. DeSilva, M., L.C. Purcell, and C.A. King. 1996. Soybean petiole ureide response to water deficits and decreased transpiration. Crop Sci. 36:611-616.
37. De Souza, P.I., D.B. Egli, and W.P. Bruening. 1997. Water stress during seed filling and leaf senescence in soybean. Agron. J. 89:807-812.
38. Durand, J.L., J.E. Sheehy, and F.R. Minchin. 1987. Nitrogenase activity, photosynthesis and nodule water potential in soyabean plants experiencing water deprivation. J. Exp. Bot. 38:311-321.
39. Egli, D.B. 1997. Cultivar maturity and response of soybean to shade stress during seed filling. Field Crops Res. 52:1-8.
40. Egli, D.B., and S.J. Crafts-Brandner. 1996. Soybean. p. 595-623. In E. Zamski and A.A. Schaffer (ed.) Photoassimilate distribution in plants and crops: Source-sink relationships. Marcel Dekker, New York.
41. Evans, L.T., and R.A. Fischer. 1999. Yield potential: Its definition, measurement, and significance. Crop Sci. 39:1544-1551.
42. Farquhar, G.D., M.H. O’Leary, and J.A. Berr. 1982. On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 9:121-137.
43. Farquhar, G.D., and R.A. Richards. 1984. Isotopic composition of plant carbon correlates with wateruse efficiency of wheat genotypes. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 11:539-552.
44. Fehr, W.R., and C.E. Caviness. 1977. Stages of soybean development. Spec. Rep. 80. Coop. Ext. Serv., Agric. Exp. Stn., Iowa State Univ., Ames.
45. Foy, C.D., R.L. Chaney, and M.C. White. 1978. The physiology of metal toxicity in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29:511-566.
46. Gardner, W.R. 1960. Dynamic aspects of water availability to plants. Soil Sci. 89:63-73.
47. Gardner, WR. 1964. Relation of root distribution to water uptake and availability. Agron J. 56:41-45.
48. Goldman, I.L., T.E. Carter, Jr., and R.P. Patterson. 1989. Differential genotypic response to drought stress and subsoil aluminum in soybean. Crop Sci. 29:330-334.
49. Graham, J.J., C.D. Nickell, and R.G. Hoeft. 1995. Inheritance of tolerance to manganese deficiency in soybean. Crop Sci. 35:1007-1010.
50. Hale, M.G., and D.M. Orcutt 1987. The physiology of plants under stress. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
51. Hall, A.E., R.G. Mutters, and G.D. Farquhar. 1992. Genotypic and drought-induced differences in carbon isotope discrimination and gas exchange of cowpea. Crop Sci. 32:1-6.
52. Hammel, J.E., M.E. Sumner, and H. Shahandeh. 1985. Effect of chemical profile modification on soybean and corn production. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49:1508-1511.
53. Hatfield, J.L., T.J. Sauer, and J.H. Prueger. 2001. Managing soils to achieve greater water use efficiency: A review. Agron J. 93:271-280.
54. Heatherly, L.G. 1999. Early soybean production system (ESPS). p. 103-118. In L.G. Heatherly and H.F. Hodges (ed.) Soybean production in the midsouth. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
55. Heatherly, L.G., and R.W. Elmore. 2004. Managing inputs for peak production. p. 451-536. In H.R. Boerma and J.E. Specht (ed.) Soybeans: Improvement, production, and uses. 3rd ed. Agron. Monogr. 16. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
56. Hubick, K.T., G.D. Farquhar, and R. Shorter. 1986. Correlation between water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in diverse peanut (Arachis) germplasm. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13:803-816.
57. Huck, M.G., B. Klepper, and H.M. Taylor. 1970. Diurnal variations in root diameter. Plant Physiol. 45:529-530.
58. Hudson, D.B. 1994. Soil organic matter and available water capacity. J. Soil Water Conserv. 49:189-194.
59. Hume, D.J., and J.G. Criswell. 1973. Distribution and utilization of 14C-labelled assimilates in soybean. Crop Sci. 13:519-524.
60. Hunt, S., and D.B. Layzell. 1993. Gas exchange of legume nodules and the regulation of nitrogenase activity. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 44:483-511.
61. Ismail, A.M., and A.E. Hall. 1992. Correlation between water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in diverse cowpea genotypes and isogenic lines. Crop Sci. 32:7-12.
62. Ismail, A.M., and A.E. Hall. 1993. Carbon isotope discrimination and gas exchange of cowpea accessions and hybrids. Crop Sci. 33:788-793.
63. Jones, H.G. 1992. Plants and microclimate. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.
64. Jones, H.G., T.J. Flowers, and M.B. Jones. 1989. Plants under stress: Biochemistry, physiology, and ecology, and their application to crop improvement. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
65. Kadhem, F.A., J.E. Specht, and J.H. Williams. 1985a. Soybean irrigation serially timed during stages R1 to R6. II. Yield component responses. Agron. J. 77:299-304.
66. Kadhem, F.A., J.E. Specht, and J.H. Williams. 1985b. Soybean irrigation serially timed during stages R1 to R6. I. Agronomic responses. Agron. J. 77:291-298.
67. Kaspar, T.C., C.D. Stanley, and H.M. Taylor. 1978. Soybean root growth during the reproductive stages of development. Crop Sci. 70:1105-1107.
68. Kaspar, T.C., H.M. Taylor, and R.M. Shibles. 1984. Taproot-elongation rates of soybean cultivars in the glasshouse and their relation to field rooting depth. Crop Sci. 24:916-920.
69. Kasperbauer, M.J., and W.J. Busscher. 1991. Genotypic differences in cotton root penetration of a compacted subsoil layer. Crop Sci. 31:1376-1378.
70. King, C.A., and L.C. Purcell. 2001. Soybean nodule size and relationship to nitrogen fixation response to water deficit. Crop Sci. 41:1099-1107.
71. Klepper, B., and R.W. Rickman. 1990. Modeling crop root growth and function. Adv. Agron. 44:113-132.
72. Kochian, L.V. 1995. Cellular mechanisms of aluminum toxicity and resistance in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46:237-260.
73. Korte, L.L., J.E. Specht, J.H. Williams, and R.C. Sorenson. 1983a. Irrigation of soybean genotypes during reproductive ontogeny. II. Yield component responses. Crop Sci. 23:528-533.
74. Korte, L.L., J.H. Williams, J.E. Specht, and R.C. Sorenson. 1983b. Irrigation of soybean genotypes during reproductive ontogeny. I. Agronomic responses. Crop Sci. 23:521-527.
75. Kramer, P.J., and J.S. Boyer. 1995. Water relations of plants and soils. Academic Press, New York.
76. Ku, M.S.B., S. Agarie, M. Nomura, H. Fukayama, H. Tsuchida, K. Ono, S. Toki, M. Miyao, and M. Matsuoka. 1999. High-level expression of maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in transgenic rice plants. Nat. Biotechnol. 17:76-80.
77. Kumudini, S., D.J. Hume, and G. Chu. 2001. Genetic improvement in short season soybeans: I. Dry matter accumulation, partitioning and leaf area duration. Crop Sci. 41:391-398.
78. Kumudini, S., D.J. Hume, and G. Chu. 2002. Genetic improvement in short-season soybeans: II. Nitrogen accumulation, remobilization and partitioning. Crop Sci. 42:141-145.
79. Ludlow, M.M., and R.C. Muchow. 1990. A critical evaluation of traits for improving crop yields in waterlimited environments. Adv. Agron. 43:107-153.
80. Lukaszewski, K.M., D.G. Blevins, and D.D. Randall. 1992. Asparagine and boric acid cause allantoate accumulation in soybean leaves by inhibiting manganese-dependent allantoate amidohydrolase. Plant Physiol. 99:1670-1676.
81. Lyons, J.E., and E.B. Earley. 1952. The effect of ammonium nitrate applications to field soils on nodulation, seed yield, and nitrogen and oil content of the seed of soybeans. Soil Sci. Am. Proc. 16:259-263.
82. Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.
83. Martin, C.A., D.K. Cassel, and E.J. Kamprath. 1979. Irrigation and tillage effects on soybean yield in a coastal plain soil. Agron. J. 71:592-594.
84. Masle, J., G.D. Farquhar, and S.C. Wong. 1992. Transpiration ratio and plant mineral content are related among genotypes of a range of species. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 19:709-721.
85. Matheny, T.A., and P.G. Hunt. 1983. Effects of irrigation on accumulation of soil and symbiotically fixed N by soybean grown on a Norfolk loamy sand. Agron J. 75:719-722.
86. Matus, A., A.E. Slinkard, and C. Van Kessel. 1995. Carbon isotope discrimination and indirect selection for seed yield in lentil. Crop Sci. 35:679-684.
87. Maurel, C. 1997. Aquaporins and water permeability of plant membranes. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 48:399-429.
88. Meckel, L., D.B. Egli, R.E. Phillips, D. Radcliffe, and J.E. Leggett. 1984. Effect of moisture stress on seed growth in soybeans. Agron. J. 76:647-650.
89. Mian, M.A.R., M.A. Bailey, D.A. Ashley, R. Wells, T.E. Carter, Jr., W.A. Parrott, and H.R. Boerma. 1996. Molecular markers associated with water use efficiency and leaf ash in soybean. Crop Sci. 36:1252-1257.
90. Mian, M.A.R., D.A. Ashley, and H.R. Boerma. 1998a. An additional QTL for water use efficiency in soybean. Crop Sci. 38:390-393.
91. Mian, M.A.R., D.A. Ashley, W.K. Vencill, and H.R. Boerma. 1998b. QTLs conditioning early growth in a soybean population segregating for growth habit. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97:1210-1216.
92. Mian, M.A.R., R. Wells, T.E. Carter, Jr., D.A. Ashley, and H.R. Boerma. 1998c. RFLP tagging of QTLs conditioning specific leaf weight and leaf size in soybean. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:354-360.
93. Miyasaka, S.C., J.G. Buta, R.K. Howell, and C.D. Foy. 1991. Mechanism of aluminum tolerance in snapbeans: Root exudation of citric acid. Plant Physiol. 96:737-743.
94. Momen, N.N., R.E. Carlson, R.H. Shaw, and O. Arjmand. 1979. Moisture stress effect on the yield components of two soybean cultivars. Agron. J. 71:86-90.
95. Monneveux, P., and E. Belhassen. 1996. The diversity of drought adaptation in the wild. p. 7-14. In E. Belhassen (ed.) Drought tolerance in higher plants: Genetical, physiological, and molecular biological analysis. Kluwer Academic Publ., the Netherlands.
96. Muchow, 1985. Stomatal behavior in grain legumes grown under different water regimes in a semi-arid tropical environment. Field Crops Res. 11:291-307.
97. Muchow, R.C., and T.R. Sinclair. 1986. Water and nitrogen limitations in soybean grain production. II. Field and model analyses. Field Crops Res. 15:143-156.
98. Munns, R. 1988. Why measure osmotic adjustment? Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 15:717-726.
99. Munoz, A., P. Piedraw, M. Aguilar, and M. Pineda. 2001. Urea is the product of ureidoglycolate degradation in chickpea. Purification and characterization of the ureidoglycolate urea-lyase. Plant Physiol. 125:828-834.
100. Nilsen, E.T., and D.M. Orcutt. 1996. Physiology of plants under stress. Abiotic factors. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
101. Nimmo, J.R., and E.E. Miller. 1986. The temperature dependence of isothermal moisture vs. potential characteristics of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:1105-1113.
102. Nobel, P.S. 1991. Physicochemical and environmental plant physiology. Academic Press, New York.
103. Orcutt, D.M., and E.T. Nilsen. 2000. Physiology of plants under stress: Soil and biotic factors. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
104. Orcutt, D.M., and E.T. Nilsen. 2000. Physiology of plants under stress. Soil and biotic factors. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
105. Passioura, J.B. 1977. Grain yield, harvest index and water use of wheat. J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. 43:117-120.
106. Passioura, J.B. 1983. Roots and drought resistance. Agric. Water Manage. 7:265-280.
107. Passioura, J.B. 1985. Roots and water economy of wheat. p. 185-198. In W. Day and R.K. Atkin (ed.) Wheat growth and modeling. Plenum Press, New York.
108. Passioura, J.B. 1988. Water transport in and to roots. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 39:245-265.
109. Passioura, J.B. 1994. The yield of crops in relation to drought. p. 343-359. In K.J. Boote et al. (ed.) Physiology and determination of crop yield. ASA, Madison, WI.
110. Passioura, J.B. 1996. Drought and drought tolerance. p. 1-5. In E. Belhassen (ed.) Drought tolerance in higher plants: Genetical, physiological, and molecular biological analysis. Kluwer Academic Publ., the Netherlands.
111. Pellet, D.M., D.L. Grunes, and L.V. Kochian. 1995. Organic acid exudation as an aluminum-tolerance mechanism in maize. Planta 196:788-795.
112. Purcell, L.C., M. deSilva, C. Andy King, and W.H. Kim. 1997a. Biomass accumulation and allocation in soybean associated with genotypic differences in tolerance of nitrogen fixation to water deficits. Plant Soil 196:101-113.
113. Purcell, L.C., and C.A. King. 1996. Drought and nitrogen source effects on nitrogen nutrition, seed growth, and yield in soybean. J. Plant Nutr. 19:969-993.
114. Purcell, L.C., C.A. King, and R.A. Ball. 2000. Soybean cultivar differences in ureides and the relationship to drought tolerant nitrogen fixation and manganese nutrition. Crop Sci. 40:1062-1070.
115. Purcell, L.C., R. Serraj, M. DeSilva, T.R. Sinclair, and S. Bona. 1998. Ureide concentration of fieldgrown soybean in response to drought and the relationship to nitrogen fixation. J. Plant Nutr. 21:949-966.
116. Purcell L.C., and T.R. Sinclair. 1995. Nodule gas exchange and water potential response to rapid imposition of water deficits. Plant Cell Environ. 18:179-187.
117. Purcell, L.C., E.D. Vories, P.A. Counce, and C. A. King. 1997b. Soybean growth and yield response to saturated soil culture in a temperate environment. Field Crops Res. 49:205-213.
118. Raper, Jr., C.D., and P.J. Kramer. 1987. Stress physiology. p. 589-642. In J.R. Wilcox (ed.) Soybeans: Improvement, production, and uses. 2nd ed. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
119. Ratliff, L.F., J.T. Ritchie, and D.K. Cassel. 1983. Field-measured limits of soil water availability as related to laboratory-measured properties. Soil Soc. Am. J. 47:770-775.
120. Ray, J.D., and T.R. Sinclair. 1998. The effect of pot size on growth and transpiration of maize and soybean during water deficit stress. J. Exp. Bot. 49:1381-1386.
121. Ray, J.D., L.X. Yu, S.R. McCouch, M.C. Champoux, G. Wang, and H.T. Nguyen. 1996. Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with root penetration ability in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 42:627-636.
122. Rebetzke, G.J., A.G. Condon, R.A. Richards, and G.D. Farquhar. 2002. Selection for reduced carbon isotope discrimination increases aerial biomass and grain yield of rainfed bread wheat. Crop Sci. 42:739-745.
123. Rendig, V.V., and H.M Taylor. 1989. Principles of soil-plant interrelationships. McGraw-Hill, New York.
124. Richards, R.A. 1996. Defining selection criteria to improve yield under drought. p. 79-88. In E. Belhassen (ed.) Drought tolerance in higher plants: Genetical, physiological, and molecular biological analysis. Kluwer Academic Publ., the Netherlands.
125. Richards, R.A., and J.B. Passioura. 1989. A breeding program to reduce the diameter of the major xylem vessel in the seminal roots of wheat and its effect on grain yield in rain-fed environments. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 40:943-950.
126. Richards, R.A., G.J. Rebetzke, A.G. Condon, and A.F. van Herwaarden. 2002. Breeding opportunities for increasing the efficiency of water use and crop yield in temperate cereals. Crop Sci. 42:111-121.
127. Ritchie, J.T. 1981. Water dynamics in the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Plant Soil 58:81-96.
128. Ross, T., and N. Lott. 2000. A climatology of recent extreme weather and climate events. National Climatic Data Center Technical Rep. 2000-2. Updated data available at http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/billionz.html#extremes (verified 1 May 2003).
129. Salado-Navarro, L.R., K. Hinson, and T.R. Sinclair. 1985. Nitrogen partitioning and dry matter allocation in soybeans with different seed protein concentration. Crop Sci. 25:451-455.
130. Sall, K., and T.R. Sinclair. 1991. Soybean genotypic differences in sensitivity of symbiotic nitrogen fixation to soil dehydration. Plant Soil 133:31-37.
131. Sayre, K.D., E. Acevedo, and R.B. Austin. 1995. Carbon isotope discrimination and grain yield of three bread wheat germplasm groups grown at different levels of water stress. Field Crops Res. 41:45-54.
132. Schapaugh, Jr., W.T., and J.R. Wilcox. 1980. Relationships between harvest indices and other plant characteristics in soybeans. Crop Sci. 20:529-533.
133. Serraj, R., S. Bono, L.C. Purcell, and T.R. Sinclair. 1997. Nitrogen fixation response to water-deficits in field-grown ‘Jackson’ soybean. Field Crops Res. 52:109-116.
134. Serraj, R., and T.R. Sinclair. 1996a. Inhibition of nitrogenase activity and nodule permeability by water deficit. J. Exp. Bot. 47:1067-1073.
135. Serraj, R., and T.R. Sinclair 1996b. Processes contributing to N2 fixation insensitivity to drought in the soybean cultivar Jackson. Crop Sci. 36:961-968.
136. Serraj, R., and T.R. Sinclair. 1998. Soybean cultivar variability for nodule formation and growth under drought. Plant Soil 202:159-166.
137. Serraj, R., and T.R. Sinclair. 2002. Osmolyte accumulation: Can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions? Plant Cell Environ. 25:333-341.
138. Serraj, R., T.R. Sinclair, and L.C. Purcell. 1999a. Symbiotic N2 fixation response to drought. J. Exp. Bot. 50:143-155.
139. Serraj, R., V. Vadez, R.F. Denison, and T.R. Sinclair. 1999b. Involvement of ureides in nitrogen fixation inhibition in soybean. Plant Physiol. 119:289-296.
140. Shaw, R.H., and D.R. Laing. 1965. Moisture stress and plant response. p. 73-92. In W.H. Pierre (ed.) Plant environment and efficient water use. ASA, Madison, WI.
141. Shelp, B.J., and R.J. Ireland. 1985. Ureide metabolism in leaves of nitrogen-fixing soybean plants. Plant Physiol. 77:779-783.
142. Silva, I.R., T.J. Smyth, D.F. Moxley, T.E. Carter, N.S. Allen, and T.W. Rufty. 2000. Aluminum accumulation at nuclei of cells in the root tip. Fluorescence detection using lumogallion and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Plant Physiol. 123:543-552.
143. Silva, I.R., T.J. Smyth, D.W. Israel, C.D. Raper, and T.W. Rufty. 2001a. Magnesium ameliorates aluminum rhizotoxicity in soybean by increasing citric acid production and exudation by roots. Plant Cell Physiol. 42:546-554.
144. Silva, I.R., T.J. Smyth, D.W. Israel, and T.W. Rufty. 2001b. Altered aluminum inhibition of soybean root elongation in the presence of magnesium. Plant Soil 230:223-230.
145. Silva, I.R., T.J. Smyth, C.D. Raper, T.E. Carter, and T.W. Rufty. 2001c. Differential aluminum tolerance in soybean: An evaluation of the role of organic acids. Physiol. Plant. 112:200-210.
146. Sinclair, T.R. 1986. Water and nitrogen limitations in soybean grain production. I. Model development. Field Crops Res. 15:125-141.
147. Sinclair, T.R. 1994. Limits to crop yield? p. 509-532. In K.J. Boote et al. (ed.) Physiology and determination of yield. ASA., Madison, WI.
148. Sinclair, T.R. 1998. Limits to crop yield. In Nina V. Fedoroff and Joel E. Cohen (ed.) Plants and populations: Is there time? National Academy of Science Colloquium, Irvine, CA. 5-6 Dec 1998. Available at http://www.Isc.psu.edu/nas/Panelists/Sinclair%20Comments.html (verified 1 May 2003).
149. Sinclair, T.R. 2004. Improved carbon and nitrogen assimilation for increased yield. p. 537-568. In H.R. Boerma and J.E. Specht (ed.) Soybeans: Improvement, production, and uses. 3rd ed. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.
150. Sinclair, T.R., and C.T. deWitt. 1975. Photosynthate and nitrogen requirements for seed production by various crops. Science (Washington DC) 189:565-567.
151. Sinclair, T.R., and C.T. deWitt. 1976. Analysis of the carbon and nitrogen limitations to soybean yield. Agron. J. 69:274-278.
152. Sinclair, T.R., L.C. Hammond, and J. Harrison. 1998. Extractable soil water and transpiration rate of soybean on sandy soils. Agron. J. 90:363-368.
153. Sinclair T.R., and M.M. Ludlow. 1986. Influence of soil water supply on the plant water balance of four tropical grain legumes. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13:329-341.
154. Sinclair, T.R., and R.C. Muchow. 2001. System analysis of plant traits to increase grain yield on limited water supplies. Agron. J. 93:263-270.
155. Sinclair, T.R., R.C. Muchow, J.M. Bennett, and L.C. Hammond. 1987. Relative sensitivity of nitrogen and biomass accumulation to drought in field-grown soybean. Agron. J. 79:986-991.
156. Sinclair, T.R., L.C. Purcell, V. Vadez, R. Serraj, C.A. King, and R. Nelson. 2000. Identification of soybean genotypes with N2 fixation tolerance to water deficits. Crop Sci. 40:1803-1809.
157. Sinclair, T.R., and R. Serraj. 1995. Dinitrogen fixation sensitivity to drought among grain legume species. Nature (London) 378:344.
158. Sinclair, T.R., C.B. Tanner, and J.M. Bennett. 1984. Water-use efficiency in crop production. Bioscience 34:36-40.
159. Sionit, N., and P.J. Kramer. 1977. Effect of water stress during different stages of growth of soybeans. Agron. J. 74:721-725.
160. Sloane, R.J., R.P. Patterson, and T.E. Carter, Jr. 1990. Field drought tolerance of a soybean plant introduction. Crop Sci. 30:118-123.
161. Sorensen, R.C., and E.J. Penas. 1978. Nitrogen fertilization of soybeans. Agron. J. 70:213-216.
162. Sneller, C.H., L.C. Purcell, C.A. King, T.R. Sinclair, and R. Serraj. 1997. Inheritance of drought tolerant nitrogen fixation in soybean. p. 81. In 1997 Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI.
163. Sneller, C.H., L.C. Purcell, T.R. Sinclair, and T.E. Carter, Jr. 2000. Yield of soybean lines derived from a parent with sustained nitrogen fixation during drought. p. 112. In 2000 Agronomy abstracts. ASA, Madison, WI.
164. Spaeth, S.C., H.C. Randall, T.R. Sinclair, and J.S. Vendeland. 1984. Stability of soybean harvest index. Agron. J. 76:482-486.
165. Specht, J.E., K. Chase, M. Macrander, G.L. Graef, J. Chung, J.P. Markwell, M. Germann, J.H. Orf, and K.G. Lark. 2001. Soybean response to water: A QTL analysis of drought tolerance. Crop Sci. 41:493-509.
166. Specht, J.E., D.J. Hume, and S.V. Kumudini. 1999. Soybean yield potential-A genetic and physiological perspective. Crop Sci. 39:1560-1570.
167. Specht, J.E., J.H. Williams, and C.J. Weidenbenner. 1986. Differential responses of soybean genotypes subjected to a seasonal soil water gradient. Crop Sci. 26:922-934.
168. Stebbins, N.E., and J.C. Polacco. 1995. Urease is not essential for ureide degradation in soybean. Plant Physiol. 109:169-175.
169. Steudle, E., and C.A. Peterson. 1998. How does water get through roots? J. Exp. Bot. 49:775-788.
170. Stone, J.A., and H.M. Taylor. 1983. Temperatures and the development of the taproot and lateral roots of four indeterminate soybean cultivars. Agron. J. 75:613-618.
171. Tanner, C.B., and T.R. Sinclair. 1983. Efficient water use in crop production: Research or re-search. p. 1-27. In H.M. Taylor et al. (ed.) Limitations to efficient water use in crop production. ASA, Madison, WI.
172. Taylor, H.M., and B. Klepper. 1978. The role of rooting characteristics in the supply of water to plants. Adv. Agron. 30:99-128.
173. Thomas, J.F., and C.D. Raper, Jr. 1976. Photoperiodic control of seed filling for soybeans. Crop Sci. 16:667-672.
174. Turner, N.C. 1993. Water use efficiency of crop plants: Potential for improvement. p. 75-82. In D.R. Buxton et al. (ed.) International crop science I. CSSA, Madison, WI.
175. Turner, N.C., G.C. Wright, and K.H.M. Siddique. 2001. Adaptation of grain legumes (pulses) to waterlimited environments. Adv. Agron. 71:193-231.
176. Vadez, V., and T.R. Sinclair. 2000. Ureide degradation pathways in intact soybean leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 51:1459-1465.
177. Vadez, V., and T.R. Sinclair. 2001. Leaf ureide degradation and N2 fixation tolerance to water deficit in soybean. J. Exp. Bot. 52:153-159.
178. Vadez, V., T.R. Sinclair, R. Serraj, and L.C. Purcell. 2000. Manganese application alleviates the water deficit-induced decline in N2 fixation. Plant Cell Environ. 23:497-505.
179. VanToai, T.T., J.E. Beuerlein, A.F. Schmitthenner, and S.K. St. Martin. 1994. Genetic variability for flooding tolerance in soybeans. Crop Sci. 34:1112-1115.
180. VanToai, T.T., S.K. St. Martin, K. Chase, G. Boru, V. Schnipke, A.F. Schmitthenner, and K.G. Lark. 2001. Identification of a QTL associated with tolerance of soybean to soil waterlogging. Crop Sci. 41:1247-1252.
181. Waggoner, P.E. 1994. How much land can ten billion people spare for nature? Task Force Rep. 121. Feb. 1994. Council for Agric. Sci. and Technol., Ames, IA.
182. Walsh, K.B., M.J. Canny, and D.B. Layzell. 1989. Vascular transport and soybean nodule function. II. A role for phloem supply in product export. Plant Cell Environ. 12:713-723.
183. Weber, C.R. 1966. Nodulating and nonnodulating soybean isolines: I. Agronomic and chemical attributes. Agron. J. 58:43-46.
184. Weisz, P.R., R.F. Denison, and T.R. Sinclair. 1985. Response to drought stress of nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) rates by field-grown soybeans. Plant Physiol. 78:525-530.
185. Weisz, P.R., and T.R. Sinclair. 1988. A rapid non-destructive assay to quantify soybean nodule gas permeability. Plant Soil 105:69-78.
186. Wesley, R.A. 1999. Tillage systems for soybean production. p. 81-92. In L.G. Heatherly and H.F. Hodges (ed.) Soybean production in the midsouth. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
187. Wesley, T.L., R.E. Lamond, V.L. Martin, and S.R. Duncan. 1998. Effects of late-season nitrogen fertilizer on irrigated soybean yield and composition. J. Prod. Agric. 11:331-336.
188. Willatt, S.T., and H.M. Taylor. 1978. Water uptake by soya-bean roots as affected by their depth and by soil water content. J. Agric. Sci. 90:205-213.
189. Winkler, R.G., D.G. Blevins, J.C. Polacco, and D.D. Randall. 1987. Ureide catabolism of soybeans. II. Pathway of catabolism in intact leaf tissue. Plant Physiol. 83:585-591.
190. Wright, G.C., R.C.N. Rao, and G.D. Farquhar. 1994. Water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in peanut under water deficit conditions. Crop Sci. 34:92-97.
191. Yinbo, G., M.B. Peoples, and B. Rerkasem. 1997. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer strategy on N2 fixation, growth and yield of vegetable soybean. Field Crops Res. 51:221-229.
192. Zeiher, C., D.B. Egli, J.E. Leggett, and D.A. Reicosky. 1982. Cultivar differences in nitrogen redistribution in soybeans. Agron. J. 74:375-379.
193. Zhang, J., J.E. Specht, G.L. Graef, and B.L. Johnson. 1992. Pubescence density effects on soybean seed yield and other agronomic characteristics. Crop Sci. 32:641-648.
194. Zwieniecki. M.A., P.J. Melcher, and N.M. Holbrook. 2001. Hydrogel control of xylem hydraulic resistance in plants. Science (Washington, DC) 291:1059-1062.