Ion-exchanged glass waveguides

The Handbook of Photonics, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 13-1-13-35

  West, Brian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85056928281     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (132)

1. Aitchison, J. S., Silberberg, Y., Weiner, A. M., Leaird, D. E., Oliver, M. K., Jackel, J. L., Vogel, E. M., and Smith, P. W. E. 1991. Spatial optical solitons in planar glass waveguides. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B., 8, 1290-1297.
2. Albert, J. 1992. Ion exchange from salt melts. In Introduction to Glass Integrated Optics, S. I. Najafi, ed., pp. 7-38. Artech House, Norwood, MA.
3. Albert, J. and Lit, J. W. Y. 1990. Full modeling of field-assisted ion exchange for graded index buried channel optical waveguides. Appl. Opt., 29, 2798-2804.
4. C ion exchange in glass. Electron. Lett., 23, 737-738.
5. Alshikh Khalil, M., Vitrant, G., Raimond, P., Chollet, P. A., and Kajzar, F. 1999. Modal dispersion phasematched frequency doubling in composite planar waveguide using ion-exchanged glass and optically nonlinear poled polymer. Opt. Commun., 170, 281-284.
6. Alshikh Khalil, M., Vitrant, G., Raimond, P., Chollet, P. A., and Kajzar, F. 2000. Optical parametric amplification in composite polymer/ion exchanged planar waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 3713-3715.
7. Aoki, H., Marayama, O., and Asahara, Y. 1990. Glass waveguide laser. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 2, 459-460.
8. Araci, I., Yurt, N., Honkanen, S., Mendez, S., and Peyghambarian, N. 2005. Hybrid glass and sol-gel integrated optical waveguides for absorption-based biosensing. Proc. SPIE, 6004, 149-155.
9. Äryäs, P., Nunzi Conti, G., Honkanen, S., and Peyghambarian, N. 1998. Birefringence control for ionexchanged channel glass waveguides. Appl. Opt., 37, 8400-8405.
10. Auxier, J. M., Morrell, M. M., West, B. R., Honkanen, S., Schülzgen, A., Sen, S., Borrelli, N. F., and Peyghambarian, N. 2004. Ion-exchanged waveguides in glass doped with PbS quantum dots. Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 6098-6100.
11. Auxier, J. M., Honkanen, S., Schützgen, A., Morrell, M. M., Leigh, M., Sen, S., Borrelli, N. F., and Peyghambarian, N. 2006a. Silver and potassium ion-exchanged waveguides in glasses doped with PbS semiconductor quantum dots. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B., 23, 1037-1045.
12. Auxier, J. M., Honkanen, S., Morrell, M. M., Leigh, M., Sen, S., Borrelli, N. F., and Schültzgen, A. 2006b. Small mode-size waveguides in quantum-dot-doped glasses by Ag-film ion exchange. J. Appl. Phys., 99, 12610.
13. Barbier, D., Delavaux, J. M., Kevorkian, A., Gastaldo, P., and Jouanno, J. M. 1995. Postdeadline paper PD-3, Yb/Er integrated optics amplifiers on phosphate glass in single and double pass configurations, Optical Fiber Communications Conference.
14. Blaize, S., Bastard, L., Cassagnétes, C., and Broquin, J. E. 2003. Multiwavelengths DFB waveguide laser arrays in Yb-Er codoped phosphate glass substrate. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 15, 516-518.
15. Borrelli, N. F. and Smith, D. W. 1994. Quantum confinement of PbS microcrystals in glass. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 180, 25-31.
16. Brandenburg, A. 1986. Stress in ion-exchanged glass waveguides. J. Lightwave Technol., 4, 1580-1593.
17. Buchold, B. and Voges, E. 1996. Polarisation insensitive arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexers with ionexchanged waveguides in glass. Electron. Lett., 32, 2248-2250.
18. Camy, P., Román, J. E., Willems, F. W., Hempstead, M., van der Plaats, J. C., Prel, C., Béguin, A., Koonen, A. M. J., Wilkinson, J. S., and Lerminiaux, C. 1996. Ion-exchanged planar lossless splitter at 1.5 mm. Electron. Lett., 32, 321-323.
19. Carriere, J. T. A. 2004. Ion-Exchanged Ring Resonator Integrated Optic Devices. PhD dissertation. The University of Arizona.
20. Carriere, J. T. A., Frantz, J. A., Youmans, B. R., Honkanen, S., and Kostuk, R. K. 2004. Measurement of waveguide birefringence using a ring resonator. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 16, 1134-1136.
21. Castro, J. M., Geraghty, D. F., West, B. R., and Honkanen, S. 2004. Fabrication and comprehensive modeling of ion-exchanged Bragg optical add-drop multiplexers. Appl. Opt., 43, 6166-6173.
22. Chartier, G. H., Jaussaud, P., de Oliveira, A. D., and Parriaux, O. 1978. Optical waveguides fabricated by electric-field controlled ion exchange in glass. Electron. Lett., 14, 132-134.
23. Cheng, D., Saarienen, J., Saarikoski, H., and Tervonen, A. 1997. Simulation of field-assisted ion exchange for glass channel waveguide fabrication: effect of nonhomogeneous time-dependent electric conductivity. Opt. Commun., 137, 233-238.
24. Chiang, K. S. 1991. Effective-index function method for the analysis and design of inhomogeneous planar waveguides based on the WKB equation. Opt. Commun., 84, 258-263.
25. Chludzinski, P., Ramaswamy, R. V., and Anderson, T. J. 1987. Ion exchange between soda-lime-silica glass and sodium nitrate-silver nitrate molten salts. Phys. Chem. Glasses, 28, 169-173.
26. Choo, P. Y., Frantz, J. A., Carriere, J. T. A., Mathine, D. L., Kostuk, R. K., and Peyghambarian, N. 2003. Measurement and modeling of ion-exchange parameters for IOG-10 glass. Opt. Eng., 42, 2812-2816.
27. Conzone, S. D., Hayden, J. S., Funk, D. S., Roshko, A., and Veasey, D. L. 2001. Hybrid glass substrates for waveguide device manufacture. Opt. Lett., 26, 509-511.
28. Doremus, R. H. 1964. Exchange and diffusion of ions in glass. J. Phys. Chem., 68, 2212-2218.
29. Fantone, S. D. 1983. Refractive index and spectral models for gradient-index materials. Appl. Opt., 22, 432-440.
30. Ferziger, J. H. 1981. Numerical Methods for Engineering Application, pp. 253-254. Wiley, New York.
31. Feuchter, T., Mwarania, E. K., Wang, J., Reekie, L., and Wilkinson, J. S. 1992. Erbium-doped ionexchanged waveguide lasers in BK-7 glass. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 4, 542-544.
32. Frantz, J., Carriere, J., Enami, Y., Kostuk, R., Honkanen, S., Mathine, D., Peyghambarian, N., Jen, A. and Zheng, L. 2003. Selectively buried ion-exchanged waveguides as an interface to electro-optic polymers. Optical Fiber Communications Conference, Vol. 1, p. 318.
33. Gardillou, F., Bastard, L., and Broquin, J. E. 2004. 4.24 dB Gain in a hybrid silicate/phosphate glasses optical amplifier made by wafer bonding and ion-exchange techniques. Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 5176-5178.
34. Garfinkel, H. M. 1968. Ion-exchange equilibrium between glass and molten salts. J. Phys. Chem., 72, 4175-4181.
35. Gauglitz, G. and Ingenhoff, J. 1993. Integrated optical sensors for halogenated and non-halogenated hydrocarbons. Sens. Act. B., 11, 207-212.
36. Gawith, C. B. E., Fu, A., Bhutta, T., Hua, P., Shepherd, D. P., Taylor, E. R., and Smith, P. G. R. 2002. Direct UV-written buried channel waveguide lasers in direct-bonded intersubstrate ion-exchanged neodymium-doped germano-borosilicate glass. Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, 3522-3524.
37. Geraghty, D. F., Provenzano, D., Marshall, W. K., Honkanen, S., Yariv, A., and Peyghambarian, N. 1999. Gratings written in ion-exchanged glass channel waveguides. Electron. Lett., 35, 585-586.
38. Geraghty, D. F., Provenzano, D., Morrell, M. M., Ingenhoff, J., Drapp, B., Honkanen, S., Yariv, A., and Peyghambarian, N. 2000. Polarisation-independent Bragg gratings in ion-exchanged glass channel waveguides. Electron. Lett., 36, 531-532.
39. Geraghty, D. F., Provenzano, D., Morrell, M. M., Honkanen, S., Yariv, A., and Peyghambarian, N. 2001. Ion-exchanged waveguide add/drop filter. Electron. Lett., 37, 829-831.
40. Gerald, C. F. and Wheatley, P. O. 1999. Applied Numerical Analysis 6th Ed., pp. 455-459, 610-611. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
41. Giallorenzi, T. G., West, E. J., Kirk, R., Ginther, R., and Andrews, R. A. 1973. Optical waveguides formed by thermal migration of ions in glass. Appl. Opt., 12, 1240-1245.
42. Giles, C. R. and Desurvire, E. 1991. Modeling erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. J. Lightwave Technol., 9, 271-283.
43. C ion-exchanged glass waveguides. Opt. Lett., 17, 1667-1669.
44. C ion exchange in BK7 glass. Opt. Lett., 11, 100-102.
45. Hazart, J. and Minier, V. 2001. Concentration profile calculation for buried ion-exchanged channel waveguides in glass using explicit space-charge analysis. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 37, 606-612.
46. Honkanen, S. 1992. Silver-film ion-exchange technique. In Introduction to Glass Integrated Optics, S. I. Najafi, ed., pp. 39-71. Artech House, Norwood, MA.
47. Honkanen, S., Tervonen, A., von Bagh, H., Salin, A., and Leppihalme, M. 1987. Fabrication of ionexchanged channel waveguides directly into integrated circuit mask plates. Appl. Phys. Lett., 51, 296-298.
48. Honkanen, S., Najafi, S. I., Pöyhönen, P., Orcel, G., Wang, W. J., and Chrostowski, J. 1991. Silver-film ionexchanged single-mode waveguides in Er-doped phosphate glass. Electron. Lett., 27, 2167-2168.
49. Honkanen, S., Najafi, S. I., and Wang, W. J. 1992a. Composite rare-earth-doped glass waveguides. Electron. Lett., 28, 746-747.
50. Honkanen, S., Najafi, S., Wang, I., Lefebvre, J., and Li, M. J. 1992b. Single-mode glass channel waveguides by ion exchange with ionic masking. Opt. Commun., 94, 54-58.
51. Honkanen, S., Pöyhönen, P., Tervonen, A., and Najafi, S. I. 1993. Waveguide coupler for potassium- and silver-ion-exchanged waveguides in glass. Appl. Opt., 32, 2109-2111.
52. Izawa, T. and Nakagome, H. 1972. Optical waveguide formed by electrically induced migration of ions in glass plates. Appl. Phys. Lett., 21, 584-586.
53. Jackel, J. L. 1988. Glass waveguides made using low melting point nitrate mixtures. Appl. Opt., 27, 472-475.
54. Jaouën, Y., du Mouza, L., Barbier, D., Delavaux, J. M., and Bruno, P. 1999. Eight-wavelength Er-Yb doped amplifier: combiner/splitter planar integrated module. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 11, 1105-1107.
55. 3C doped phosphate laser glasses. Proc. SPIE, 2379, 17-25.
56. Kim, C. M. and Ramaswamy, R. V. 1989. Modeling of graded-index channel waveguides using nonuniform finite difference method. J. Lightwave Technol., 7, 1581-1589.
57. Kim, J., Li, G., and Winick, K. 2004. Design and fabrication of a glass waveguide optical add-drop multiplexer by use of an amorphous-silicon overlay distributed Bragg reflector. Appl. Opt., 43, 671-677.
58. Kistler, S. S. 1962. Stresses in glass produced by nonuniform exchange of monovalent ions. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 45, 59-68.
59. Laity, R. W. 1957. Fused salt concentration cells with transference-Activity coefficients in the system silver nitrate-sodium nitrate. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 1849-1851.
60. Lefebvre, P., Honkanen, S., Najafi, S. I., and Tervonen, A. 1993. Nonsymmetrical potassium ionexchanged Mach-Zehnder interferometers in glass. Opt. Commun., 96, 36-40.
61. Li, M. J., Honkanen, S., Wang, W. J., Leonelli, R., Albert, J., and Najafi, S. I. 1991. Potassium and silver ion-exchanged dual-core glass waveguides with gratings. Appl. Phys. Lett., 58, 2607-2609.
62. Li, G., Winick, K. A., Griffin, H. C., and Hayden, J. S. 2006. Systematic modeling study of channel waveguide fabrication by thermal silver ion exchange. Appl. Opt., 45, 1743-1755.
63. Li, M. J. and Najafi, S. I. 1993. Polarization dependence of grating-assisted waveguide Bragg reflectors. Appl. Opt., 32, 4517-4521.
64. Lilienhof, H. J., Voges, E., Ritter, D., and Pantschew, B. 1982. Field-induced index profiles of multimode ion-exchanged strip waveguides. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-18, 1877-1883.
65. Madasamy, P., Nunzi Conti, G., Pöyhönen, P., Hu, Y., Morrell, M. M., Geraghty, D. F., Honkanen, S., and Peyghambarian., N. 2002. Waveguide distributed Bragg reflector laser arrays in erbium doped glass made by Ag film ion exchange. Opt. Eng., 41, 1084-1086.
66. Madasamy, P., Honkanen, S., Geraghty, D. F., and Peyghambarian, N. 2003a. Single-mode tapered waveguide laser in Er-doped glass with multimode-diode pumping. Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 1332-1334.
67. Madasamy, P., West, B. R., Morrell, M. M., Geraghty, D. F., Honkanen, S., and Peyghambarian, N. 2003b. Buried ion-exchanged glass waveguides: burial depth dependence on the waveguide width. Opt. Lett., 28, 1132-1134.
68. Mahapatra, A. and Connors, J. M. 1988. Thermal tapering of ion-exchanged channel guides in glass. Opt. Lett., 13, 169-171.
69. Masalkar, P. J. 1994. Calculation of concentration profile in ion-exchange waveguides by finite difference ADI method. Optik, 95, 168-172.
70. McCourt, M. 1993. Status of glass and silicon-based technologies for passive components. Eur. Trans. Telecomm., 4, 685-689.
71. Millar, C. A. and Hutchins, R. H. 1978. Manufacturing tolerances for silver-sodium ion-exchanged planar optical waveguides. J. Phys. D., 11, 1567-1576.
72. Moerman, I., Daele, P. V., and Demeester, P. 1997. A review on fabrication technologies for the monolithic integration of taper with III-V semiconductor devices. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., 3, 1308-1320.
73. Monovoukas, C., Swiecki, A., and Maseeh, F. 2000. Integrated optical gyroscopes offering low cost, small size and vibration immunity. Proc. SPIE, 936, 293-300.
74. Mounier, E., Yip, G. L., Noutsios, P. C., Chartier, G., Benech, P., and Rimet, R. 1993. Improved loss characteristics of buried waveguides. Opt. Lett., 18, 1624-1626.
75. C field-assisted ion-exchange process. Appl. Opt., 45, 619-625.
76. Najafi, S. I. 1988. Optical behavior of potassium ion-exchanged glass waveguides. Appl. Opt., 27, 3728-3731.
77. Najafi, S. I. 1992. Waveguides and devices. In Introduction to Glass Integrated Optics, S. I. Najafi, ed., pp. 137-167. Artech House, Norwood, MA.
78. Najafi, S. I., Lefebvre, P., Albert, J., Honkanen, S., Vahid-Shahidi, A., and Wang, W.J 1992. Ion-exchanged Mach-Zehnder interferometers in glass. Appl. Opt., 31, 3381-3383.
79. Nannini, M., Grondin, E., Gorin, A., Aimez, V., and Broquin, J. E. 2005. Hybridization of III-V semiconductor membranes onto ion-exchanged waveguides. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., 11, 547-554.
80. Nikonorov, N. V. and Petrovskii, G. T. 1999. Ion-exchanged glasses in integrated optics: the current state of research and prospects (a review). Glass Phys. Chem., 25, 16-55.
81. Noutsios, P. C. and Yip, G. L. 1991. Diffusion and propagation characteristics of buried single-mode waveguides in glass. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 27, 549-555.
82. Opilski, A., Rogoziński, R., Błahut, M., Karasiński, P., Gut, K., and Opilski, Z. 1997. Technology of ion exchange in glass and its application in waveguide planar sensors. Opt. Eng., 36, 1625-1638.
83. Pantchev, B. 1986. Multimode strip waveguide formed by ion-electro-diffusion from solid state silver:side diffusion reduction. Opt. Commun., 60, 373-375.
84. Pantchev, B., Danesh, P., and Nikolov, Z. 1993. Field-assisted ion exchange in glass: the effect of masking films. Appl. Phys. Lett., 62, 1212-1214.
85. Peaceman, D. W. and Rachford, H. H. Jr. 1955. The numerical solution of parabolic and elliptic differential equations. J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math., 3, 28-41.
86. Pissadakis, S., Ikiades, A., Hua, P., Sheridan, A. K., and Wilkinson, J. S. 2004. Photosensitivity of ion-exchanged Er-doped phosphate glass using 248 nm excimer laser radiation. Opt. Express, 12, 3131-3136.
87. Poling, S. A. and Houde-Walter, S. N. 2000. Relaxation behavior of silver-sodium interdiffusion in a boroaluminosilicate glass. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 272, 39-45.
88. Poffo, L., Lemaıtre-Auger, P., Benech, P., and Benech, P. 2005. Improvement of a glass integrated optical displacement sensor interferometer using acousto-optic effect. Meas. Sci. Technol., 16, 1341-1348.
89. Pöyhönen, P., Honkanen, S., Tervonen, A., Tahkokorpi, M., and Albert, J. 1991. Planar 1/8 splitter in glass by photoresist masked silver film ion exchange. Electron. Lett., 27, 1319-1320.
90. Provenzano, D., Marshall, W. K., Yariv, A., Geraghty, D. F., Honkanen, S., and Peyghambarian, N. 1999. Grating formation in BGG31 glass by UV exposure. Electron. Lett., 35, 1332-1334.
91. Qi, Z., Matsuda, N., Itoh, K., Murabayashi, M., and Lavers, C. R. 2002. A design for improving the sensitivity of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to chemical and biological measurands. Sens. Act. B, 81, 254-258.
92. Ramaswamy, R. V. and Srivastava, R. 1988. Ion-exchanged glass waveguides: a review. J. Lightwave Technol., 6, 984-1002.
93. Rao, R. J. 2002. Structural Chemistry of Glasses. Elsevier, New York.
94. Rehouma, F., Persegol, D., and Kevorkian, A. 1994. Optical waveguides for evanescent field sensing. Appl. Phys. Lett., 65, 1477-1479.
95. Rehouma, F., Elflein, W., Persegol, D., Kevorkian, A., Clauss, G., Benech, P., and Rimet, R. 1995. Improved structures for evanescent wave sensors. Appl. Phys. Lett., 66, 1461-1462.
96. Rodríguez, A., Vitrant, G., Chollet, P. A., and Kajzar, F. 2001. Optical control of an integrated interferometer using a photochromic polymer. Appl. Phys. Lett., 79, 461-463.
97. Roman, J. E. and Winick, K. A. 1993. Photowritten gratings in ion-exchanged glass waveguides. Opt. Lett., 18, 808-810.
98. Ross, L. 1989. Integrated optical components in substrate glasses. Glass Sci. Technol., 62, 285-297.
99. Saarikoski, H., Salmio, R. P., Saarinen, J., Eirola, T., and Tervonen, A. 1997. Fast numerical solution of nonlinear diffusion Equation 13. For the simulation of ion-exchanged micro-optics components in glass. Opt. Commun., 134, 362-370.
100. Saruwatari, M. and Izawa, T. 1974. Nd-glass laser with three-dimensional optical waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett., 24, 603-605.
101. Schulze, G. 1914. Versuche über die diffusion von silber in glas. Angew Physik., 40, 335-367.
102. Sebastiani, S., Berneschi, S., Brenci, M., Nunzi Conti, G., Pelli, S., and Righini, G. C. 2005. Simple approach to calculate the refractive index profile of ion-exchanged waveguides. Opt. Eng., 44, 054602.
103. Stern, M. S. 1988. Semivectorial polarized finite difference method for optical waveguides with arbitrary index profiles. IEE Proc. J., 135, 56-63.
104. Stewart, G., Millar, C. A., Laybourn, P. J. R., Wilkinson, C. D. W., and DeLaRue, R. M. 1977. Planar optical waveguides formed by silver-ion migration in glass. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 13, 192-200.
105. Stewart, G. and Laybourn, P. J. R. 1978. Fabrication of ion-exchanged optical waveguides from dilute silver nitrate melts. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 14, 930-934.
106. Takahashi, H., Hibino, Y., Ohmori, Y., and Kawachi, M. 1993. Polarization-insensitive arrayed-waveguide wavelength multiplexer with birefringence compensating film. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 5, 707-709.
107. Tervonen, A. 1990. A general model for fabrication processes of channel waveguides by ion exchange. J. Appl. Phys., 67, 2746-2752.
108. Tervonen, A. 1992. Theoretical analysis of ion-exchanged glass waveguides. In Introduction to Glass Integrated Optics, S. I. Najafi, ed., Artech House, Norwood, MA.
109. Tervonen, A., Honkanen, S., and Leppihalme, M. 1987. Control of ion-exchanged waveguide profiles with Ag thin-film sources. J. Appl. Phys., 62, 759-763.
110. Tien, P. K. and Ulrich, R. 1970. Theory of prism-film coupler and thin-film light guides. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 60, 1325-1327.
111. Tsoneb, L. and Savatinova, I. 1988. Investigation of refractive-index profiles of ion-exchanged planar waveguides. J. Mod. Opt., 35, 919-924.
112. Veasey, D. L., Funk, D. S., Peters, P. M., Sanford, N. A., Obarski, G. E., Fontaine, N., Young, M., Peskin, W. C., Houde-Walter, S. N., and Hayden, J. S. 2000. Yb/Er-codoped and Yb-doped waveguide lasers in phosphate glass. J. Non-Cryst. Solids., 263, 369-381.
113. Viljanen, J. and Leppihalme, M. 1980. Fabrication of optical strip waveguides with nearly circular cross section by silver ion migration technique. J. Appl. Phys., 51, 3562-3565.
114. Wang, W. J., Honkanen, S., Najafi, S. I., and Tervonen, A. 1992. New integrated optical ring resonator in glass. Electron. Lett., 28, 1967-1968.
115. Wang, W. J., Honkanen, S., Najafi, S. I., and Tervonen, A. 1993. Loss characteristics of potassium and silver double-ion-exchanged glass waveguides. J. Appl. Phys., 51, 1529-1533.
116. Walker, R. G., Wilkinson, C. D. W., and Wilkinson, J. A. H. 1983. Integrated optical waveguiding structures made by silver ion-exchange in glass 1: the propagation characteristics of stripe ionexchanged waveguides; a theoretical and experimental investigation. Appl. Opt., 22, 1923-1928.
117. West, B. R., Modeling and Analysis of Ion-Exchanged Photonic Devices, PhD dissertation. The University of Arizona, 2004.
118. West, B. R. and Honkanen, S. 2005. Determination of ion exchange parameters by a genetic algorithm. Opt. Eng., 44, 094602.
119. West, B. R., Madasamy, P., Peyghambarian, N., and Honkanen, S., 2003. Proximity Effects in Ionexchanged Glass Waveguides: Numerical Modeling, Paper ThGG4, Presented at OSA Annual Meeting, Tucson AZ.
120. West, B. R., Madasamy, P., Peyghambarian, N., and Honkanen, S. 2004. Modeling of ion-exchanged glass waveguide structures. J. Non-Cryst. Solids., 347, 18-26.
121. Wundke, K., Auxier, J.M., Schültzgen, A., Peyghambarian, N.F., and Borrelli, N.F. 1999. Roomtemperature gain at 1.3 mm in PbS-doped glasses. Appl. Phys. Lett., 75, 3060-3062.
122. Wundke, K., Pötting, S., Auxier, J. M., Schültzgen, A., Peyghambarian, N. F., and Borrelli, N. F. 2000. PbS quantum-dot-doped glasses for ultrashort-pulse generation. Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 10-12.
123. C-ion exchange in glass. Opt. Lett., 10, 151-153.
124. C-ion exchange. Opt. Lett., 15, 789-791.
125. Yi-Yan, A., Chan, W. K., Gmitter, T. J., Florez, L. T., Jackel, J. L., Yablonovich, E., Bhat, R., and Harbison, J. P. 1989. Grafted GaAs detectors on lithium niobate and glass optical waveguides. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., 15, 379-380.
126. Yi-Yan, A., Chan, W. K., Nguyen, C. K., Gmitter, E., Bhat, R., and Jackel, J. L. 1991. GaInAs/InP pin photodetectors integrated with glass waveguides. Electron. Lett., 27, 87-89.
127. Yi-Yan, A., Chan, W. K., Ravi, T. S., Gmitter, E., Bhat, R., and Yoo, K. H. 1992. Grafted InGaAsP light emitting diodes on glass channel waveguides. Electron. Lett., 28, 341-342.
128. Yliniemi, S., West, B. R., and Honkanen, S. 2005. Ion-exchanged glass waveguides with low birefringence for a broad range of waveguide widths. Appl. Opt., 44, 3358-3363.
129. Yliniemi, S., Albert, J., Wang, Q., and Honkanen, S. 2006a. UV-exposed Bragg gratings for laser applications in silver-sodium ion-exchanged phosphate glass waveguides. Opt. Express., 14, 2898-2903.
130. Yliniemi, S., Albert, J., Laronche, A., Castro, J. M., Geraghty, D., and Honkanen, S. 2006b. Negligible birefringence in dual-mode ion-exchanged glass waveguide gratings. Appl. Opt., 45, 6602-6606.
131. Zhou, Z. G. and Liu, D. 2005. Semicircular glass waveguide dependence on exchange-time and window width. Opt. Commun., 247, 313-317.
132. C ion-exchanged glass waveguides by surface removal. Appl. Phys. Lett., 88, 081102.