Anxiety and Mood Disorders in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Current Insights and Future Directions

Current Rheumatology Reports

Volumn 20, Issue 12, 2018, Pages

  Tisseverasinghe, Annaliese ^a   Peschken, Christine ^a   Hitchon, Carol ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Depression; Mental health; Mood disorders; Neuropsychiatric lupus; Systemic lupus erythematosus

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; AUTOANTIBODY; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

ANXIETY DISORDER; BECK ANXIETY INVENTORY; BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY; BIOFEEDBACK; CENTER FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES DEPRESSION SCALE; COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HOSPITAL ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION SCALE; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INFLAMMATION; MINI INTERNATIONAL NEUROPSYCHIATRIC INTERVIEW; MOOD DISORDER; PATIENT HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOEDUCATION; RELAXATION TRAINING; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STRESS MANAGEMENT; STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; COMPLICATION; DEPRESSION; DISEASE MANAGEMENT;

ANXIETY DISORDERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMANS; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;

EID: 85056314329     PISSN: 15233774     EISSN: 15346307     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11926-018-0797-2     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Bengtsson AA, Ronnblom L. Systemic lupus erythematosus: still a challenge for physicians. J Intern Med. 2017;281(1):52–64. 10.1111/joim.12529
2. Clark EC, Bailey AA. Neurological and psychiatric signs associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Med Assoc. 1956;160(6):455–7. 10.1001/jama.1956.02960410031007
3. Liang MCM, Bae S. The American College of Rheumatology nomenclature and case definitions for neuropsychiatric lupus syndromes. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(4):599–608. 10.1002/1529-0131(199904)42:4<599::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-F
4. Kivity S, Agmon-Levin N, Zandman-Goddard G, Chapman J, Shoenfeld Y. Neuropsychiatric lupus: a mosaic of clinical presentations. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):43. 10.1186/s12916-015-0269-8
5. Govoni M, Bortoluzzi A, Padovan M, Silvagni E, Borrelli M, Donelli F, et al. The diagnosis and clinical management of the neuropsychiatric manifestations of lupus. J Autoimmun. 2016;74:41–72. 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.013
6. •• Hanly JG, Su L, Urowitz MB, Romero-Diaz J, Gordon C, Bae S-CC, et al. Mood disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus: results from an international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(7):1837–47. 10.1002/art.39111 One of the largest prospective inception cohort of SLE patients in whom anxiety and depressive disorders was systmatically evaluated and reported, and one of the few to assess attribution of mood disorder
7. Uguz F, Kucuk A, Cicek E, Kayhan F, Tunc R. Mood, anxiety and personality disorders in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(4):341–5. 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.10.003
8. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 20):22–33 quiz 4–57
9. Julian LJ, Gregorich SE, Tonner C, Yazdany J, Trupin L, Criswell LA, et al. Using the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale to screen for depression in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63(6):884–90. 10.1002/acr.20447
10. Julian LJ. Measures of anxiety: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(Suppl 11):S467–72. 10.1002/acr.20561
11. Smarr KL, Keefer AL. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(Suppl 11):S454–66. 10.1002/acr.20556
12. • Zhang L, Fu T, Yin R, Zhang Q, Shen B. Prevalence of depression and anxiety in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17:70. 10.1186/s12888-017-1234-1 A landmark systematic review of prevalence of anxiety and depression in SLE, along with diagnostic and screening tools for these conditions
13. Bai R, Liu S, Zhao Y, Cheng Y, Li S, Lai A, et al. Depressive and anxiety disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without major neuropsychiatric manifestations. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:2829018
14. Kasturi S, Szymonifka J, Burket JC, Berman JR, Kirou KA, Levine AB, et al. Validity and reliability of patient reported outcomes measurement information system computerized adaptive tests in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(7):1024–31. 10.3899/jrheum.161202
15. Katz P, Pedro S, Michaud K. Performance of the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system 29-item profile in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 2017;69(9):1312–21. 10.1002/acr.23183
16. de Almeida Macêdo E, Appenzeller S, Lavras Costallat LT. Assessment of the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) performance for the diagnosis of anxiety in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37(12):1999–2004. 10.1007/s00296-017-3819-x
17. Palagini L, Tani C, Bruno RM, Gemignani A, Mauri M, Bombardieri S, et al. Poor sleep quality in systemic lupus erythematosus: does it depend on depressive symptoms? Lupus. 2014;23(13):1350–7. 10.1177/0961203314540762
18. Macêdo EA, Appenzeller S, Costallat LTL. Depression in systemic lupus erythematosus: gender differences in the performance of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Lupus. 2018;27(2):179–89. 10.1177/0961203317713142
19. Mahieu M, Yount S, Ramsey-Goldman R. Patient-reported outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2016;42(2):253–63. 10.1016/j.rdc.2016.01.001
20. Alai ZP, Hitchon C, Tisseverasinghe A. Measurement properties of mood and anxiety assessment tools in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. J Rheumatol. 2018;45(7):986–1069. 10.3899/jrheum.180300
21. Thombs BD, Kwakkenbos L, Levis AW, Benedetti A. Addressing overestimation of the prevalence of depression based on self-report screening questionnaires. Can Med Assoc J. 2018;190(2):E44–E9. 10.1503/cmaj.170691
22. Davison TE, McCabe MP, Mellor D. An examination of the “gold standard” diagnosis of major depression in aged-care settings. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17(5):359–67. 10.1097/JGP.0b013e318190b901
23. Ainiala H, Loukkola J, Peltola J, Korpela M, Hietaharju A. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology. 2001;57(3):496–500
24. Hanly JG, Urowitz MB, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Bae SC, Gordon C, Wallace DJ, et al. Neuropsychiatric events at the time of diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: an international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(1):265–73
25. Matcham F, Rayner L, Steer S, Hotopf M. The prevalence of depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(12):2136–48. 10.1093/rheumatology/ket169
26. Lim GY, Tam WW, Lu Y, Ho CS, Zhang MW, Ho RC. Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 countries between 1994 and 2014. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):2861. 10.1038/s41598-018-21243-x
27. Hanly JG, Fisk JD, McCurdy G, Fougere L, Douglas J-AA. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2005;32(8):1459–6
28. Marrie RA, Hitchon CA, Walld R, Patten SB, Bolton JM, Sareen J, et al. Increased burden of psychiatric disorders in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2018;70(7):970–8. 10.1002/acr.23539
29. • Mccormick N, Trupin L, Yelin EH, Katz PP. Socioeconomic predictors of incident depression in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 2018;70(1):104–13. 10.1002/acr.23247 A unique study in a large longitudinal cohort of females derived the Lupus Outcomes Study evaluating various socioeconomic risk factors for incident depression, including financial strain
30. •• Marrie RA, Walld R, Bolton JM, Sareen J, Walker JR, Patten SB et al. Rising incidence of psychiatric disorders before diagnosis of immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017:1–10. 10.1017/S2045796017000579. A landmark study looking at the incidence of psychiatric diagnoses, including anxiety and depression, preceding diagnosis of RA, MS, and IBD, and compared with the general population
31. Ramasubbu R, Taylor VH, Samaan Z, Sockalingham S, Li M, Patten S, et al. The Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and select comorbid medical conditions. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2012;24(1):91–109
32. Utset TO, Chohan S, Booth SA, Laughlin JC, Kocherginsky M, Schmitz A. Correlates of formal work disability in an urban university systemic lupus erythematosus practice. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(6):1046–52
33. Utset TO, Baskaran A, Segal BM, Trupin L, Ogale S, Herberich E, et al. Work disability, lost productivity and associated risk factors in patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2015;2(1):e000058. 10.1136/lupus-2014-000058
34. Petri M, Naqibuddin M, Carson KA, Wallace DJ, Weian MH, Holliday SL, et al. Depression and cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(10):2032–8. 10.3899/jrheum.091366
35. Kasitanon N, Achsavalertsak U, Maneeton B, Wangkaew S, Puntana S, Sukitawut W, et al. Associated factors and psychotherapy on sleep disturbances in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2013;22(13):1353–60. 10.1177/0961203313507355
36. Vina ER, Green SL, Trivedi T, Kwoh KC, Utset TO. Correlates of sleep abnormalities in lupus: a cross-sectional survey in an urban, academic center. J Clin Rheumatol. 2015;19(1):7–13. 10.1097/RHU.0b013e31827cd20d
37. Mirbagher L, Gholamrezaei A, Hosseini N, Sayed Bonakdar Z. Sleep quality in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: contributing factors and effects on health-related quality of life. Int J Rheum Dis. 2016;19(3):305–11. 10.1111/1756-185X.12418
38. Lee J-W, Kang J-H, Lee K-E, Park D-J, Kang SW, Kwok S-K, et al. Effects of risk factors for and components of metabolic syndrome on the quality of life of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a structural equation modeling approach. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(1):105–13. 10.1007/s11136-017-1689-z
39. Mok CC, Chan KL, Ho LY. Association of depressive/anxiety symptoms with quality of life and work ability in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016;34(3):389–95
40. Nowicka-Sauer K, Hajduk A, Kujawska-Danecka H, Banaszkiewicz D, Smoleńska Ż, Czuszyńska Z, et al. Illness perception is significantly determined by depression and anxiety in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2018;27(3):454–60. 10.1177/0961203317751858
41. Rathi S ZA, Goh KS, Caricchio R, Freid L. Impact of depression on SLE flares [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(suppl 10)
42. Mehat P, Atiquzzaman M, Esdaile JM, AviNa-Zubieta A, De Vera MA. Medication nonadherence in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Arthritis Care Res. 2017;69(11):1706–13. 10.1002/acr.23191
43. Alsowaida N, Alrasheed M, Mayet A, Alsuwaida A, Omair MA. Medication adherence, depression and disease activity among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2018;27(2):327–32. 10.1177/0961203317725585
44. Flower C, Hambleton I, Campbell M. The effect of psychosocial and neuropsychiatric factors on medication adherence in a cohort of women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Rheumatol. 2016;22(8):411–7
45. Julian LJ, Yelin E, Yazdany J, Panopalis P, Trupin L, Criswell LA, et al. Depression, medication adherence, and service utilization in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(2):240–6. 10.1002/art.24236
46. Fors Nieves CE, Izmirly PM. Mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus: an updated review. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2016;18(4):21. 10.1007/s11926-016-0571-2
47. Carney RM, Freedland KE. Depression and coronary heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14(3):145–55. 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.181
48. Jorge A, Lertratanakul A, Lee J, Pearce W, McPherson D, Thompson T, et al. Depression and progression of subclinical cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 2017;69(1):5–11. 10.1002/acr.22992
49. Greco CM, Li T, Sattar A, Kao AH, Danchenko N, Edmundowicz D, et al. Association between depression and vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2011;39(2):262–8. 10.3899/jrheum.110327
50. Pruett SB. Stress and the immune system. Pathophysiology. 2003;9:133–53
51. Jung J-Y, Nam J-Y, Kim H-A, Suh C-H. Elevated salivary alpha-amylase level, association between depression and disease activity, and stress as a predictor of disease flare in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective case–control study. Medicine. 2015;94(30). 10.1097/MD.0000000000001184
52. Postal M, Lapa AT, Sinicato NA, de Oliveira PK, Peres FA, Costallat LT, et al. Depressive symptoms are associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13:5. 10.1186/s12974-015-0471-9
53. • Roberts AL, Malspeis S, Kubzansky LD, Feldman CH, Chang SC, Koenen KC, et al. Association of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder with incident systemic lupus erythematosus in a longitudinal cohort of women. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(11):2162–9. 10.1002/art.40222 A landmark investigation in a civilian population derived from Nurses’ Health Study cohort evaluating the association between SLE onset and prior trauma and PTSD, while accounting for life-style factors such as smoking that could contribute to SLE
54. O'Donovan A, Cohen BE, Seal KH, Bertenthal D, Margaretten M, Nishimi K, et al. Elevated risk for autoimmune disorders in iraq and afghanistan veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77(4):365–74. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.015
55. DeQuattro K, Trupin L, Katz PP, Lanata C, Yelin EH, Criswell LA, et al. Cumulative adverse childhood experiences are associated with poor outcomes in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(Suppl 2):432
56. Huang H, Yan P, Shan Z, Chen S, Li M, Luo C, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2015;64(11):1408–18. 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.019
57. Morand EF. Stress and the onset of SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14:127–8. 10.1038/nrrheum.2018.2
58. Tosevski DL, Milovancevic MP. Stressful life events and physical health. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2006;19(2):184–9. 10.1097/01.yco.0000214346.44625.57
59. Danese A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Milne BJ, Polanczyk G, Pariante CM, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(12):1135–43. 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.214
60. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Gouin J-P, Weng N-P, Malarkey WB, Beversdorf DQ, Glaser R. Childhood adversity heightens the impact of later-life caregiving stress on telomere length and inflammation. Psychosom Med. 2011;73(1):16–22. 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31820573b6
61. Dinan TG. Inflammatory markers in depression. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008;22(1):32–6
62. Skare T, da Magalhães VD, Siqueira RE. Systemic lupus erythematosus activity and depression. Rheumatol Int. 2014;34(3):445–6. 10.1007/s00296-012-2618-7
63. Tay SH, Cheung PPM, Mak A. Active disease is independently associated with more severe anxiety rather than depressive symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2015;24(13):1392–9. 10.1177/0961203315591026
64. Shortall E, Isenberg D, Newman SP. Factors associated with mood and mood disorders in SLE. Lupus. 1995;4(4):272–9. 10.1177/096120339500400407
65. Huang X, Magder LS, Petri M. Predictors of incident depression in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2014;41(9):1823–33. 10.3899/jrheum.140111
66. Jarpa E, Babul M, Calderón J, González M, Martínez ME, Bravo-Zehnder M, et al. Common mental disorders and psychological distress in systemic lupus erythematosus are not associated with disease activity. Lupus. 2011;20(1):58–66. 10.1177/0961203310381773
67. Hawro T, Krupinska-Kun M, Rabe-Jablonska J, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Robak E, Bogaczewicz J, et al. Psychiatric disorders in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association of anxiety disorder with shorter disease duration. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31(10):1387–91. 10.1007/s00296-010-1689-6
68. Colasanti T, Delunardo F, Margutti P, Vacirca D, Piro E, Siracusano A, et al. Autoantibodies involved in neuropsychiatric manifestations associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Neuroimmunol. 2009;212(1–2):3–9. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.05.003
69. Meszaros ZS, Perl A, Faraone SV. Psychiatric symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(7):993–1001. 10.4088/JCP.11m07043
70. • Ho RC, Thiaghu C, Ong H, Lu Y, Ho CS, Tam WW, et al. A meta-analysis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid autoantibodies in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;15(2):124–38. 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.10.003 Most recent and thorough systematic review of all autoantibody studies for their association with specific NPSLE syndromes, including anxiety and depression
71. Mak A, Tang C, Ho R. Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha is associated with poor health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2013;22(3):254–61. 10.1177/0961203312471872
72. Strawbridge R, Arnone D, Danese A, Papadopoulos A, Herane Vives A, Cleare AJ. Inflammation and clinical response to treatment in depression: a meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(10):1532–43. 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.06.007
73. Chiu WC, Su YP, Su KP, Chen PC. Recurrence of depressive disorders after interferon-induced depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7(2):e1026. 10.1038/tp.2016.274
74. Husain MI, Strawbridge R, Stokes PR, Young AH. Anti-inflammatory treatments for mood disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31(9):1137–48. 10.1177/0269881117725711
75. Miller AH, Raison CL. The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target. Nature Rev Immunol. 2016;16(1):22–34. 10.1038/nri.2015.5
76. Euesden J, Danese A, Lewis CM, Maughan B. A bidirectional relationship between depression and the autoimmune disorders – new perspectives from the national child development study. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0173015. 10.1371/journal.pone.0173015
77. Wekking EM. Psychiatric symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus: an update. Psychosom Med. 1993;55(2):219–28
78. Iverson GL, McCracken LM. Attributing psychopathology to systemic lupus erythematosus: some methodological considerations. Ann Rheum Dis. 1992;51(1):134–5
79. Feinstein A. Multiple sclerosis and depression. Mult Scler. 2011;17(11):1276–81. 10.1177/1352458511417835
80. Marrie RA, Patten SB, Berrigan LI, Tremlett H, Wolfson C, Warren S, et al. Diagnoses of depression and anxiety versus current symptoms and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2018;20(2):76–84. 10.7224/1537-2073.2016-110
81. Jensen P, Ahlehoff O, Egeberg A, Gislason G, Hansen P, Skov L. Psoriasis and new-onset depression: a Danish Nationwide Cohort Study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2016;96(1):39–42. 10.2340/00015555-2183
82. Borowoy AM, Pope JE, Silverman E, Fortin PR, Pineau C, Smith CD, et al. Neuropsychiatric lupus: the prevalence and autoantibody associations depend on the definition: results from the 1000 faces of lupus cohort. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;42(2):179–85. 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.03.011
83. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcoholism and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(10):1097–106. 10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097
84. Chin CN, Cheong I, Kong N. Psychiatric disorder in Malaysians with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1993;2(5):329–32
85. Ishikura R, Morimoto N, Tanaka K, Kinukawa N, Yoshizawa S, Horiuchi T, et al. Factors associated with anxiety, depression and suicide ideation in female outpatients with SLE in Japan. Clin Rheumatol. 2001;20(6):394–400
86. Hay EM, Black D, Huddy A, Creed F, Tomenson B, Bernstein RM, et al. Psychiatric disorder and cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35(4):411–6
87. Nishimura K, Omori M, Katsumata Y, Sato E, Kawaguchi Y, Harigai M, et al. Psychological distress in corticosteroid-naive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective cross-sectional study. Lupus. 2016;25(5):463–71. 10.1177/0961203315615223
88. Figueiredo-Braga M, Cornaby C, Cortez A, Bernardes M, Terroso G, Figueiredo M, et al. Depression and anxiety in systemic lupus erythematosus: the crosstalk between immunological, clinical, and psychosocial factors. Medicine. 2018;97(28):e11376
89. • Wang Q, Yang C, Gelernter J, Zhao H. Pervasive pleiotropy between psychiatric disorders and immune disorders revealed by integrative analysis of multiple GWAS. Hum Genet. 2015;134:1195–209. 10.1007/s00439-015-1596-8 First ever study looking at genetic loci that are associated with both psychiatric illnesses, including major depression, and autoimmune diseases, including SLE
90. Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, Chokka P, Kjernisted K, Van Ameringen M, et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1):S1. 10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1
91. RM MC, Vanderlip ER, Rado J. Depression. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(7):ITC49–64. 10.7326/AITC201610040
92. Kennedy SH, Lam RW, RS MI, Tourjman SV, Bhat V, Blier P, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: section 3. pharmacological treatments. Can J Psychiatry. 2016;61(9):540–60. 10.1177/0706743716659417
93. Bertsias GK, Ioannidis JPA, Aringer M, Bollen E, Bombardieri S, Bruce IN, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for clinical affairs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(12):2074–82. 10.1136/ard.2010.130476
94. van Exel E, Jacobs J, Korswagen LA, Voskuyl AE, Stek M, Dekker J, et al. Depression in systemic lupus erythematosus, dependent on or independent of severity of disease. Lupus. 2013;22(14):1462–9. 10.1177/0961203313508443
95. Lunn MPT, Hughes RAC, Wiffen PJ. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1. 10.1002/14651858.CD007115.pub3
96. O'Riordan R, Doran M, Connolly D. Fatigue and activity management education for individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus. Occup Ther Int. 2017;2017:11. 10.1155/2017/4530104
97. Williams EM, Hyer JM, Viswanathan R, Faith TD, Egede L, Oates JC, et al. Cytokine balance and behavioral intervention; findings from the Peer Approaches to Lupus Self-Management (PALS) project. Hum Immunol. 2017;78(9):574–81. 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.07.005
98. Zhang J, Wei W, Wang CM. Effects of psychological interventions for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lupus. 2012;21(10):1077–87. 10.1177/0961203312447667
99. Tan LP, Tan LE. Electroconvulsive therapy for severe neuropsychiatric lupus with psychosis. J ECT. 2013;29(3):243–6
100. Kenna HA, Poon AW, de los Angeles CP, Koran LM. Psychiatric complications of treatment with corticosteroids: review with case report. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011;65(6):549–60. 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02260.x