Fiber-reinforced composites: Materials, manufacturing, and design, third edition

Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-621

  Mallick, P K ^a  

^a Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85056043958     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (350)

1. C.E. Harris, J.H. Starnes Jr., and M.J. Shuart, Design and manufacturing of aerospace composite structures, state-of-the-art assessment, J. Aircraft, 39:545 (2002).
2. C. Soutis, Carbon fiber reinforced plastics in aircraft applications, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 412:171 (2005).
3. J.V. Noyes, Composites in the construction of the Lear Fan 2100 aircraft, Composites, 14:129 (1983).
4. R.L. Pinckney, Helicopter rotor blades, Appl. Composite Mat., ASTM STP, 524:108 (1973).
5. N.R. Adsit, Composites for space applications, ASTM Standardization News, December (1983).
6. H. Bansemir and O. Haider, Fibre composite structures for space applications-recent and future developments, Cryogenics, 38:51 (1998).
7. E.G. Wolff, Dimensional stability of structural composites for spacecraft applications, Metal Prog., 115:54 (1979).
8. J. Guthrie, T.B. Tolle, and D.H. Rose, Composites for orbiting platforms, AMPTIAC Q., 8:51 (2004).
9. D.A. Riegner, Composites in the automotive industry, ASTM Standardization News, December (1983).
10. P. Beardmore, Composite structures for automobiles, Compos. Struct., 5:163 (1986).
11. G. Savage, Composite materials in Formula 1 racing, Metals Mater., 7:617 (1991).
12. V.P. McConnell, Application of composites in sporting goods, Comprehensive Composite Materials, Vol. 6, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 787-809 (2000).
13. W. Chalmers, The potential for the use of composite materials in marine structures, Mar. Struct., 7:441 (1994).
14. A.P. Mouritz, E. Gellert, P. Burchill, and K. Challis, Review of advanced composite structures for naval ships and submarines, Compos. Struct., 53:21 (2001).
15. L.C. Hollaway, The evolution of and the way forward for advanced polymer composites in the civil infrastructure, Construct. Build. Mater., 17:365 (2003).
16. V.M. Karbhari, Fiber reinforced composite bridge systems-transition from the laboratory to the field, Compos. Struct., 66:5 (2004).
17. S.L. Evans and P.J. Gregson, Composite technology in load-bearing orthopedic implants, Biomaterials, 19:1329 (1998).
18. M.S. Ali, T.A. French, G.W. Hastings, T. Rae, N. Rushton, E.R.S. Ross, and C.H. Wynn-Jones, Carbon fibre composite bone plates, J. Bone Joint Surg., 72-B:586 (1990).
19. Z.-M. Huang and K. Fujihara, Stiffness and strength design of composite bone plate, Compos. Sci. Tech., 65:73 (2005).
20. T.-W. Chou, Microstructural Design of Fiber Composites, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1992).
21. V.V. Kozey, H. Jiang, V.R. Mehta, and S. Kumar, Compressive behavior of materials: Part II. High performance fibers, J. Mater. Res., 10:1044 (1995).
22. J.F. Macdowell, K. Chyung, and K.P. Gadkaree, Fatigue resistant glass and glassceramic macrofiber reinforced polymer composites, 40th Annual Technical Conference, Society of Plastics Industry, January (1985).
23. J.-B. Donnet and R.C. Bansal, Carbon Fibers, Marcel Dekker, New York (1984).
24. S. Chand, Carbon fibres for composites, J. Mater. Sci., 35:1303 (2000).
25. M.L. Minus and S. Kumar, The processing, properties, and structure of carbon fibers, JOM, 57:52 (2005).
26. R.J. Morgan and R.E. Allred, Aramid fiber reinforcements, Reference Book for Composites Technology, Vol. 1 (S.M. Lee, ed.), Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA (1989).
27. D. Nabi Saheb and J.P. Jog, Natural fiber polymer composites: a review, Adv. Polym. Tech., 18:351 (1999).
28. J.G. Morley, Fibre reinforcement of metals and alloys, Int. Metals Rev., 21:153 (1976).
29. C.-H. Andersson and R. Warren, Silicon carbide fibers and their potential for use in composite materials, Part 1, Composites, 15:16 (1984).
30. A.K. Dhingra, Alumina Fibre FP, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A, 294:1 (1980).
31. A.R. Bunsell, Oxide fibers for high-temperature reinforcement and insulation, JOM, 57, 2:48 (2005).
32. C.D. Armeniades and E. Baer, Transitions and relaxations in polymers, Introduction to Polymer Science and Technology (H.S. Kaufman and J.J. Falcetta, eds.), John Wiley & Sons, New York (1977).
33. J.E. Schoutens, Introduction to metal matrix composite materials, MMCIAC Tutorial Series, DOD Metal Matrix Composites Information Analysis Center, Santa Barbara, CA (1982).
34. M.U. Islam and W. Wallace, Carbon fibre reinforced aluminum matrix composites: a critical review, Report No. DM-4, National Research Council, Canada (1984).
35. P.R. Smith and F.H. Froes, Developments in titanium metal matrix composites, J. Metal, March (1984).
36. H.G. Recker et al., Highly damage tolerant carbon fiber epoxy composites for primary aircraft structural applications, SAMPE Q., October (1989).
37. D.A. Scola and J.H. Vontell, High temperature polyimides: chemistry and properties, Polym. Compos., 9:443 (1988).
38. R.H. Pater, Improving processing and toughness of a high performance composite matrix through an interpenetrating polymer network, Part 6, SAMPE J., 26 (1990).
39. I. Hamerton and J.H. Nay, Recent technological developments in cyanate ester resins, High Perform. Polym., 10:163 (1998).
40. H.X. Nguyen and H. Ishida, Poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) and its advanced composites: a review, Polym. Compos., 8:57 (1987).
41. J.P. Bell, J. Chang, H.W. Rhee, and R. Joseph, Application of ductile polymeric coatings onto graphite fibers, Polym. Compos., 8:46 (1987).
42. E.H. Rowe, Developments in improved crack resistance of thermoset resins and composites, 37th Annual Technical Conference, Society of Plastics Engineers, May (1979).
43. Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, McGraw-Hill, New York (1992).
44. P.K. Mallick, Sheet Molding Compounds, Composite Materials Technology (P.K. Mallick and S. Newman, eds.), Hanser Publishers, Munich (1990).
45. J.D. Muzzy, Processing of advanced thermoplastic composites, The Manufacturing Science of Composites (T.G. Gutowski, ed.), ASME, New York (1988).
46. L.T. Drzal, Composite property dependence on the fiber, matrix, and the inter-phase, Tough Composite Materials: Recent Developments, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, p. 207 (1985).
47. G.S. Holister and C. Thomas, Fibre Reinforced Materials, Elsevier Publishing Co., London (1966).
48. C.C. Chamis, Micromechanics strength theories, Composite Materials, Vol. 5, Fracture and Fatigue (L.J. Broutman, ed.), Academic Press, New York, p. 93 (1974).
49. A.N. Netravali, P. Schwartz, and S.L. Phoenix, Study of interfaces of high performance glass fibers and DGEBA-based epoxy resins using single-fiber-composite test, Polym. Compos., 6:385 (1989).
50. H.L. Cox, The elasticity and strength of paper and other fibrous materials, Br. J. Appl. Phys., 3:72 (1952).
51. J. Cook and J.E. Gordon, A mechanism for the control of crack propagation in all brittle systems, Proc. R. Soc. Lond., A, 282:508 (1964).
52. D.C. Phillips, The fracture energy of carbon fibre reinforced glass, J. Mater. Sci., 7 (1972).
53. J.O. Outwater and M.C. Murphy, The fracture energy of unidirectional laminates, Proc. 24th Annual Technical Conference, Society of the Plastics Industry (1969).
54. A. Kelly, Interface effects and the work of fracture of a fibrous composite, Proc. R. Soc. Lond., A, 319:95 (1970).
55. G.A. Cooper, Micromechanics aspects of fracture and toughness, Composite Materials, Vol. 5, Fracture and Fatigue (L.J. Broutman, ed.), Academic Press, New York, p. 415 (1974).
56. D.F. Adams and D.R. Doner, Transverse normal loading of a unidirectional composite, J. Compos. Mater., 1:152 (1967).
57. L.B. Greszczuk, Theoretical and experimental studies on properties and behavior of filamentary composites, Proc. 21st Annual Technical Conference, Society of the Plastics Industry (1966).
58. B.W. Rosen, Mechanics of composite strengthening, Fiber Composite Materials, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, p. 37 (1965).
59. C.R. Schultheisz and A.M. Waas, Compressive failure of composites, Part I: Testing and micromechanical theories, Prog. Aerospace Sci., 32:1 (1996).
60. B. Budiansky and N.A. Fleck, Compressive failure of fibre composites, J. Mech. Phys. Solids., 41:183 (1993).
61. T.A. Collings, Transverse compressive behavior of unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced plastics, Composites, 5:108 (1974).
62. R.M. Jones, Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2nd Ed., Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia (1999).
63. R.M. Christensen, The numbers of elastic properties and failure parameters for fiber composites, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 120:110 (1998).
64. N.J. Pagano and P.C. Chou, The importance of signs of shear stress and shear strain in composites, J. Compos. Mater., 3:166 (1969).
65. C.C. Chamis and G.P. Sendeckyj, Critique on theories predicting thermoelastic properties of fibrous composites, J. Compos. Mater., 2:332 (1968).
66. R.M. Jones, Stiffness of orthotropic materials and laminated fiber-reinforced composites, AIAA J., 12:112 (1974).
67. R.A. Schapery, Thermal expansion coefficients of composite materials based on energy principles, J. Compos. Mater., 2:280 (1968).
68. L.B. Greszczuk, Effect of material orthotropy on the directions of principal stresses and strains, Orientation Effects in the Mechanical Behavior of Anisotropic Structural Materials, ASTM STP, 405:1 (1966).
69. S.W. Tsai and N.J. Pagano, Invariant properties of composite materials, Composite Materials Workshop (S.W. Tsai, J.C. Halpin, and N.J. Pagano, eds.), Technomic Publishing Co., Stamford, CT, p. 233 (1968).
70. R.B. Pipes, J.R. Vinson, and T.W. Chou, On the hygrothermal response of laminated composite systems, J. Compos. Mater., 10:129 (1976).
71. H.T. Hahn, Residual stresses in polymer matrix composite laminates, J. Compos. Mater., 10:266 (1976).
72. M.W. Hyer, Some observations on the cured shape of thin unsymmetric laminates, J. Compos. Mater., 15:175 (1981).
73. M.W. Hyer, Calculations of room-temperature shapes of unsymmetric laminates, J. Compos. Mater., 15:295 (1981).
74. R.B. Pipes and N.J. Pagano, Interlaminar stresses in composite laminates under uniform axial extension, J. Compos. Mater., 4:538 (1970).
75. G. Isakson and A. Levy, Finite-element analysis of interlaminar shear in fiberous composites, J. Compos. Mater., 5:273 (1971).
76. E.F. Rybicki, Approximate three-dimensional solutions for symmetric laminates under inplane loading, J. Compos. Mater., 5:354 (1971).
77. J.M. Whitney, Free-edge effects in the characterization of composite materials, Analysis of the Test Methods for High Modulus Fibers and Composites, ASTM STP, 521:167 (1973).
78. P. Conti and A.D. Paulis, A simple model to simulate the interlaminar stresses generated near the free edge of a composite laminate, Delamination and Debonding of Materials, ASTM STP, 876:35 (1985).
79. N.J. Pagano and J.C. Halpin, Influence of end constraint in the testing of anisotropic bodies, J. Compos. Mater., 2:18 (1968).
80. R.R. Rizzo, More on the influence of end constraints on off-axis tensile tests, J. Compos. Mater., 3:202 (1969).
81. B.E. Kaminski, Effects of specimen geometry on the strength of composite materials, Analysis of the Test Methods for High Modulus Fibers and Composites, ASTM STP, 521:181 (1973).
82. M.R. Piggott and B. Harris, Compression strength of carbon, glass and Kevlar 49 fibre reinforced polyester resins, J. Mater. Sci., 15:2523 (1980).
83. C.D. Shirrell, Variability in static strengths of sheet molding compounds (SMC), Polym. Compos., 4:172 (1983).
84. H.T. Hahn and S.W. Tsai, On the behavior of composite laminates after initial failure, J. Compos. Mater., 8:288 (1974).
85. P.A. Lagace, Nonlinear stress-strain behavior of graphite=epoxy laminates, AIAA J., 23:1583 (1985).
86. J.E. Masters and K.L. Reifsnider, An investigation of cumulative damage development in quasi-isotropic graphite=epoxy laminates, Damage in Composite Materials, ASTM STP, 775:40 (1982).
87. T. Watanabe and M. Yasuda, Fracture behavior of sheet molding compounds. Part 1: Under tensile load, Composites, 13:54 (1982).
88. J. Aveston and A. Kelly, Tensile first cracking strain and strength of hybrid composites and laminates, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A, 294:519 (1980).
89. P.W. Manders and M.G. Bader, The strength of hybrid glass=carbon fiber composites. Part 1: Failure strain enhancement and failure mode, J. Mater. Sci., 16:2233 (1981).
90. J.M. Whitney, I.M. Daniel, and R.B. Pipes, Experimental Mechanics of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials, Society for Experimental Mechanics, Brookfield Center, CT (1984).
91. C. Zweben, W.S. smith, and M.M. Wardle, Test methods for fiber tensile strength, composite flexural modulus, and properties of fabric-reinforced laminates, Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Fifth Conference), ASTM STP, 674:228 (1979).
92. R.E. Bullock, Strength ratios of composite materials in flexure and in tension, J. Compos. Mater., 8:200 (1974).
93. J.M. Whitney and M. Knight, The relationship between tensile strength and flexure strength in fiber-reinforced composites, Exp. Mech., 20:211 (1980).
94. Y.T. Yeow and H.F. Brinson, A comparison of simple shear characterization methods for composite laminates, Composites, 9:49 (1978).
95. C.C. Chiao, R.L. Moore, and T.T. Chiao, Measurement of shear properties of fibre composites. Part 1: Evaluation of test methods, Composites, 8:161 (1977).
96. C.C. Chamis and J.J. Sinclair, Ten-deg off-axis test for shear properties in fiber composites, Exp. Mech., 17:339 (1977).
97. D.E. Walrath and D.F. Adams, The Iosipescu shear test as applied to composite materials, Exp. Mech., 23:105 (1983).
98. D.W. Wilson, Evaluation of V-notched beam shear test through an interlaboratory study, J. Compos. Technol. Res., 12:131 (1990).
99. J.M. Whitney, D.L. Stansberger, and H.B. Howell, Analysis of the rail shear test- applications and limitations, J. Compos. Mater., 5:24 (1971).
100. R. Garcia, T.A. Weisshaar, and R.R. McWithey, An experimental and analytical investigation of the rail shear-test method as applied to composite materials, Exp. Mech., 20:273 (1980).
101. B.K. Daniels, N.K. Harakas, and R.C. Jackson, Short beam shear tests of graphite fiber composites, Fibre Sci. Technol., 3:187 (1971).
102. W.W. Stinchcomb, E.G. Henneke, and H.L. Price, Use of the short-beam shear test for quality control of graphite-polyimide laminates, Reproducibility and Accuracy of Mechanical Tests, ASTM STP, 626:96 (1977).
103. C.A. Berg, T. Tirosh, and M. Israeli, Analysis of the short beam bending of fiber reinforced composites, Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Second Conference), ASTM STP, 497:206 (1972).
104. L.L. Lorenzo and H.T. Hahn, Fatigue failure mechanisms in unidirectional composites, Composite Materials-Fatigue and Fracture, ASTM STP, 907: 210 (1986).
105. H.T. Hahn and R.Y. Kim, Fatigue behavior of composite laminates, J. Compos. Mater., 10:156 (1976).
106. B.D. Agarwal and J.W. Dally, Prediction of low-cycle fatigue behavior of GFRP: an experimental approach, J. Mater. Sci., 10:193 (1975).
107. H.T. Hahn and R.Y. Kim, Proof testing of composite materials, J. Compos. Mater., 9:297 (1975).
108. D.A. Riegner and B.A. Sanders, A characterization study of automotive continuous and random glass fiber composites, Proceedings National Technical Conference, Society of Plastics Engineers, November (1979).
109. R.A. Heimbuch and B.A. Sanders, Mechanical properties of automotive chopped fiber reinforced plastics, Composite Materials in the Automobile Industry, ASME, New York (1978).
110. P.K. Mallick, Fatigue characteristics of high glass content sheet molding compound (SMC) materials, Polym. Compos., 2:18 (1981).
111. R.B. Pipes, Interlaminar shear fatigue characteristics of fiber reinforced composite materials, Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Third Conference), ASTM STP, 546:419 (1974).
112. C.K.H. Dharan, Interlaminar shear fatigue of pultruded graphite fibre-polyester composites, J. Mater. Sci., 13:1243 (1978).
113. M.J. Owen and S. Morris, Some interlaminar-shear fatigue properties of carbonfibre-reinforced plastics, Plast. Polym., 4:209 (1972).
114. D.W. Wilson, Characterization of the interlaminar shear fatigue properties of SMC-R50, Technical Report No. 80-05, Center for Composite Materials, University of Delaware, Newark, DE (1980).
115. D.C. Phillips and J.M. Scott, The shear fatigue of unidirectional fibre composites, Composites, 8:233 (1977).
116. J.D. Conners, J.F. Mandell, and F.J. McGarry, Compressive fatigue in glass and graphite reinforced composites, Proceedings 34th Annual Technical Conference, Society of the Plastics Industry (1979).
117. Z. Hashin and A. Rotem, A fatigue failure criterion for fiber reinforced materials, J. Compos. Mater., 7:448 (1973).
118. K.H. Boller, Fatigue characteristics of RP laminates subjected to axial loading, Mod. Plast., 41:145 (1964).
119. J.W. Davis, J.A. McCarthy, and J.N. Schrub, The fatigue resistance of reinforced plastics, Materials in Design Engineering, p. 87 (1964).
120. M.J. Owen and R.G. Rose, Polyester flexibility versus fatigue behavior of RP, Mod. Plast., 47:130 (1970).
121. T. Tanimoto and S. Amijima, Progressive nature of fatigue damage of glass fiber reinforced plastics, J. Compos. Mater., 9 (1975).
122. C.K.H. Dharan, Fatigue failure in graphite fibre and glass fibre-polymer composites, J. Mater. Sci., 10:1665 (1975).
123. K.H. Boller, Effect of tensile mean stresses on fatigue properties of plastic laminates reinforced with unwoven glass fibers, U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory, Report No. ML-TDR-64-86, June (1964).
124. S.V. Ramani and D.P. Williams, Axial fatigue of [0=±30]6S graphite=epoxy, Failure Mode in Composites III, AIME, p. 115 (1976).
125. T.R. Smith and M.J. Owen, Fatigue properties of RP, Mod. Plast., 46:124 (1969).
126. J.W. Dally and L.J. Broutman, Frequency effects on the fatigue of glass reinforced plastics, J. Compos. Mater., 1:424 (1967).
127. J.F. Mandell and U. Meier, Effects of stress ratio, frequency, and loading time on the tensile fatigue of glass-reinforced epoxy, Long-Term Behavior of Composites, ASTM STP, 813:55 (1983).
128. C.T. Sun and W.S. Chan, Frequency effect on the fatigue life of a laminated composite, Composite Materials, Testing and Design (Fifth Conference), ASTM STP, 674:418 (1979).
129. C.R. Saff, Effect of load frequency and lay-up on fatigue life of composites, Long-Term Behavior of Composites, ASTM STP, 813:78 (1983).
130. K.L. Reifsnider, W.W. Stinchcomb, and T.K. O’Brien, Frequency effects on a stiffness-based fatigue failure criterion in flawed composite specimens, Fatigue of Filamentary Composite Materials, ASTM STP, 636: 171 (1977).
131. J.H. Underwood and D.P. Kendall, Fatigue damage in notched glass-epoxy sheet, Proceedings International Conference on Composite Materials, Vol. 2, AIME, p. 1122 (1975).
132. C.K.H. Dharan, Fatigue failure mechanisms in a unidirectionally reinforced composite material, Fatigue of Composite Materials, ASTM STP, 569:171 (1975).
133. H.C. Kim and L.J. Ebert, Axial fatigue failure sequence and mechanisms in unidirectional fiberglass composites, J. Compos. Mater., 12:139 (1978).
134. R. Talreja, Fatigue of composite materials: damage mechanisms and fatigue-life diagrams, Proc. R. Soc. Lond., A, 378:461 (1981).
135. L.J. Broutman and S. Sahu, Progressive damage of a glass reinforced plastic during fatigue, Proceedings 20th Annual Technical Conference, Society of the Plastics Industry (1969).
136. K. Reifsnider, K. Schultz, and J.C. Duke, Long-term fatigue behavior of composite materials, Long-Term Behavior of Composites, ASTM STP, 813:136 (1983).
137. S.S. Wang and E.S.M. Chim, Fatigue damage and degradation in random shortfiber SMC composite, J. Compos. Mater., 17:114 (1983).
138. T.R. Smith and M.J. Owen, Progressive nature of fatigue damage in RP, Mod. Plast., 46:128 (1969).
139. P.K. Mallick, A fatigue failure warning method for fiber reinforced composite structures, Failure Prevention and Reliability-1983 (G. Kurajian, ed.), ASME, New York (1983).
140. H.W. Whitworth, Cumulative damage in composites, ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 112:358 (1990).
141. L.J. Broutman and S. Sahu, A new theory to predict cumulative fatigue damage in fiberglass reinforced plastics, Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Second Conference), ASTM STP, 497:170 (1972).
142. J.N. Yang, Fatigue and residual strength degradation for graphite=epoxy composites under tension-compression cyclic loadings, J. Compos. Mater., 12:19 (1978).
143. M.G. Bader and R.M. Ellis, The effect of notches and specimen geometry on the pendulum impact strength of uniaxial CFRP, Composites, 6:253 (1974).
144. R.H. Toland, Failure modes in impact-loaded composite materials, Symposium on Failure Modes in Composites, AIME Spring Meeting, May (1972).
145. P.K. Mallick and L.J. Broutman, Static and impact properties of laminated hybrid composites, J. Test. Eval., 5:190 (1977).
146. J.L. Perry and D.F. Adams, Charpy impact experiments on graphite=epoxy hybrid composites, Composites, 7:166 (1975).
147. N.L. Hancox, Izod impact testing of carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics, Composites, 3:41 (1971).
148. M.G. Bader, J.E. Bailey, and I. Bell, The effect of fibre-matrix interface strength on the impact and fracture properties of carbon-fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composites, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 6:572 (1973).
149. P. Yeung and L.J. Broutman, The effect of glass-resin interface strength on the impact strength of fiber reinforced plastics, Polym. Eng. Sci., 18:62 (1978).
150. P.K. Mallick and L.J. Broutman, Impact properties of laminated angle ply composites, Eng. Fracture Mech., 8:631 (1976).
151. G.R. Sidey and F.J. Bradshaw, Some investigations on carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics under impact loading, and measurements of fracture energies, Carbon Fibres: Their Composites and Applications, Plastics Institute, London, p. 208 (1971).
152. M.D. Rhodes, J.G. Williams, and J.H. Starnes Jr., Low-velocity impact damage in graphite-fiber reinforced epoxy laminates, Proceedings 34th Annual Technical Conference, Society of the Plastics Industry (1979).
153. R.L. Ramkumar, Effect of low-velocity impact damage on the fatigue behavior of graphite=epoxy laminates, Long-Term Behavior of Composites, ASTM STP, 813:116 (1983).
154. J. Morton and E.W. Godwin, Impact response of tough carbon fibre composites, Compos. Struct., 13:1 (1989).
155. G.E. Husman, J.M. Whitney, and J.C. Halpin, Residual strength characterization of laminated composites subjected to impact loading, Foreign Object Impact Damage to Composites, ASTM STP, 568:92 (1975).
156. G. Kretsis and F.L. Matthews, The strength of bolted joints in glass fibre=epoxy laminates, Composites, 16:92 (1985).
157. P.K. Mallick and R.E. Little, Pin bearing strength of fiber reinforced composite laminates, Proceedings Advanced Composites, American Society for Metals (1985).
158. T.A. Collings, The strength of bolted joints in multi-directional cfrp laminates, Composites, 8:43 (1977).
159. W.J. Quinn and F.L. Matthews, The effect of stacking sequence on the pin-bearing strength in glass fibre reinforced plastic, J. Compos. Mater., 11:139 (1977).
160. S. Nilsson, Increasing strength of graphite=epoxy bolted joints by introducing an adhesively bonded metallic insert, J. Compos. Mater., 23:641 (1989).
161. J.H. Stockdale and F.L. Matthews, The effect of clamping pressure on bolt bearing loads in glass fibre-reinforced plastics, Composites, 7:34 (1976).
162. J.R. Strife and K.M. Prewo, The thermal expansion behavior of unidirectional and bidirectional Kevlar=epoxy composites, J. Compos. Mater., 13:264 (1979).
163. S.F.H. Parker, M. Chandra, B. Yates, M. Dootson, and B.J. Walters, The influence of distribution between fibre orientations upon the thermal expansion characteristics of carbon fibre-reinforced plastics, Composites, 12:281 (1981).
164. J.R. Kerr and J.F. Haskins, Effects of 50,000 h of thermal aging on graphite=epoxy and graphite=polyimide composites, AIAA J., 22:96 (1982).
165. F.E. Devine, Polyester moulding materials in automotive underbonnet environments, Composites, 14:353 (1983).
166. C.H. Shen and G.S. Springer, Moisture absorption and desorption of composite materials, J. Compos. Mater., 10:2 (1976).
167. G.S. Springer, B.A. Sanders, and R.W. Tung, Environmental effects on glass fiber reinforced polyester and vinyl ester composites, J. Compos. Mater., 14:213 (1980).
168. W.W. Wright, The effect of diffusion of water into epoxy resins and their carbonfibre reinforced composites, Composites, 12:201 (1981).
169. O. Gillat and L.J. Broutman, Effect of an external stress on moisture diffusion and degradation in a graphite-reinforced epoxy laminate, Advanced Composite Materials-Environmental Effects, ASTM STP, 658:61 (1978).
170. G. Marom and L.J. Broutman, Moisture in epoxy resin composites, J. Adhes., 12:153 (1981).
171. E.L. McKague Jr., J.E. Halkias, and J.D. Reynolds, Moisture in composites: the effect of supersonic service on diffusion, J. Compos. Mater., 9:2 (1975).
172. M.J. Adamson, A conceptual model of the thermal-spike mechanism in graphite= epoxy laminates, Long-Term Behavior of Composites, ASTM STP, 813:179 (1983).
173. H.T. Hahn, Hygrothermal damage in graphite=epoxy laminates, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 109:1 (1987).
174. C.H. Shen and G.S. Springer, Effects of moisture and temperature on the tensile strength of composite materials, J. Compos. Mater., 11:2 (1977).
175. C.H. Shen and G.S. Springer, Environmental effects on the elastic moduli of composite materials, J. Compos. Mater., 11:250 (1977).
176. O.K. Joshi, The effect of moisture on the shear properties of carbon fibre composites, Composites, 14:196 (1983).
177. C.J. Jones, R.F. Dickson, T. Adam, H. Reiter, and B. Harris, Environmental fatigue of reinforced plastics, Composites, 14:288 (1983).
178. P.T. Curtis and B.B. Moore, The effects of environmental exposure on the fatigue behavior of CFRP laminates, Composites, 14:294 (1983).
179. C.C. Chamis, R.R. Lark, and J.H. Sinclair, Integrated theory for predicting the hygrothermomechanical response of advanced composite structural components, Advanced Composite Material-Environmental Effects, ASTMSTP, 658:160 (1978).
180. J.B. Sturgeon, Creep of fibre reinforced thermosetting resins, Creep of Engineering Materials (C.D. Pomeroy, ed.), Mechanical Engineering Publishing Ltd., London (1978).
181. J.S. Cartner, W.I. Griffith, and H.F. Brinson, The viscoelastic behavior of composite materials for automotive applications, Composite Materials in the Automotive Industry (S.V. Kulkarni, C.H. Zweben, and R.B. Pipes, eds.), American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York (1978).
182. Y.T. Yeow, D.H. Morris, and H.F. Brinson, Time-temperature behavior of a unidirectional graphite=epoxy composite, Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Fifth Conference), ASTM STP, 674:263 (1979).
183. Y.C. Lou and R.A. Schapery, Viscoelastic characterization of a non-linear fiberreinforced plastic, J. Compos. Mater., 5:208 (1971).
184. M.E. Tuttle and H.F. Brinson, Prediction of the long-term creep compliance of general composite laminates, Exp. Mech., 26:89 (1986).
185. M.G. Phillips, Prediction of long-term stress-rupture life for glass fibre-reinforced polyester composites in air and in aqueous environments, Composites, 14:270 (1983).
186. R.E. Glaser, R.L. Moore, and T.T. Chiao, Life estimation of an S-glass=epoxy composite under sustained tensile loading, Compos. Technol. Rev., 5:21 (1983).
187. R.E. Glaser, R.L. Moore, and T.T. Chiao, Life estimation of aramid=epoxy composites under sustained tension, Compos. Technol. Rev., 6:26 (1984).
188. C.E. Harris and D.H. Morris, A damage tolerant design parameter for graphite= epoxy laminated composites, J. Compos. Technol. Res., 7:77 (1985).
189. J.F. Mandell, S.S. Wang, and F.J. McGarry, The extension of crack tip damage zones in fiber reinforced plastic laminates, J. Compos. Mater., 9:266 (1975).
190. S.K. Gaggar and L.J. Broutman, Crack growth resistance of random fiber composites, J. Compos. Mater., 9:216 (1975).
191. C.E. Harris and D.H. Morris, Role of delamination and damage development on the strength of thick notched laminates, Delamination and Debonding of Materials, ASTM STP, 876:424 (1985).
192. D.J. Wilkins, J.R. Eisenmann, R.A. Camin, W.S. Margolis, and R.A. Benson, Characterizing delamination growth in graphite-epoxy, Damage in Composite Materials, ASTM STP, 775:168 (1980).
193. D.F. Adams, L.A. Carlsson, and R.B. Pipes, Experimental Characterization of Advanced Composite Materials, 3rd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2003).
194. T.K. O’Brien, Characterization of delamination onset and growth in a composite laminate, Damage in Composite Materials, ASTM STP, 775:140 (1982).
195. C. Schuecker and B.D. Davidson, Evaluation of the accuracy of the four-point end-notched flexure test for mode II delamination toughness determination, Compos. Sci. Tech., 60:2137 (2000).
196. O. Ishai, H. Rosenthal, N. Sela, and E. Drukker, Effect of selective adhesive interleaving on interlaminar fracture toughness of graphite=epoxy composite laminates, Composites, 19:49 (1988).
197. E.W.Y. Lee and W.S. Chan, Delamination arrestment by discretizing the critical ply in a laminate, AIAA Paper No. 89-1403, Amer. Inst. Aero. Astro., 1989.
198. C.T. Sun, Intelligent tailoring of composite laminates, Carbon, 27:679 (1989).
199. L.A. Mignery, T.M. Tan, and C.T. Sun, The use of stitching to suppress delamination in laminated composites, Delamination and Debonding, ASTM STP, 876:371 (1985).
200. J.H. Byun, J.W. Gillespie, and T.W. Chou, Mode I delamination of a threedimensional fabric composite, J. Compos. Mater., 24:497 (1990).
201. W.S. Chan and O.O. Ochoa, Suppression of edge delamination by terminating a critical ply near edges in composite laminates, Key Engineering Materials Series, Vol. 37, Transtech Publications, p. 285 (1989).
202. C.T. Sun and G.D. Chu, Reducing free edge effect on laminate strength by edge modification, J. Compos. Mater., 25:142 (1991).
203. W.I. Lee, A.C. Loos, and G.S. Springer, Heat of reaction, degree of cure, and viscosity of Hercules 3501-6 resin, J. Compos. Mater., 16:510 (1982).
204. K.W. Lem and C.D. Han, Thermokinetics of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins, Polym. Eng. Sci., 24:175 (1984).
205. D.S. Lee and C.D. Han, Chemorheology and curing behavior of low-profile polyester resin, Proceedings 40th Annual Technical Conference, Society of the Plastics Industry, January (1985).
206. M.R. Kamal and S. Sourour, Kinetics and thermal characterization of thermoset cure, Polym. Eng, Sci., 13:59 (1973).
207. M.R. Kamal, Thermoset characterization for moldability analysis, Polym. Eng. Sci., 14:231 (1974).
208. B.R. Gebart, Permeability of unidirectional reinforcements in RTM, J. Compos. Mater., 26:1100 (1992).
209. P. Hubert and A. Poursartip, A review of flow and compaction modelling relevant to thermoset matrix laminate processing, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 17:286 (1998).
210. T.G. Gutowski, T. Morgaki, and Z. Cai, The consolidation of laminate composites, J. Compos. Mater., 21:172 (1987).
211. A.C. Loos and G.S. Springer, Curing of epoxy matrix composites, J. Compos. Mater., 17:135 (1983).
212. Structural Composites Fabrication Guide, Vol. 1, Manufacturing Technology Division, U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory (1982).
213. P.K. Mallick, Compression molding, Composite Materials Technology (P.K. Mallick and S. Newman, eds.), Hanser Publishers, New York (1990).
214. L.F. Marker and B. Ford, Flow and curing behavior of SMC during molding, Mod. Plast., 54:64 (1977).
215. P.J. Costigan, B.C. Fisher, and M. Kanagendra, The rheology of SMC during compression molding and resultant material properties, Proceedings 40th Annual Conference, Society of the Plastics Industry, January (1985).
216. M.R. Barone and D.A. Caulk, Kinematics of flow in sheet molding compounds, Polym. Compos., 6:105 (1985).
217. R.M. Griffith and H. Shanoski, Reducing blistering in SMC molding, Plast. Des. Process., 17:10 (1977).
218. P.K. Mallick, Effect of fiber misorientation on the tensile strength of compression molded continuous fiber composites, Polym. Compos., 7:14 (1986).
219. R.B. Jutte, SMC-sink mechanisms and techniques of minimizing sing, International Automotive Engineering Congress, Detroit, Paper No. 730171, Society of Automotive Engineers (1973).
220. K.L. Smith and N.P. Suh, An approach towards the reduction of sink marks in sheet molding compound, Polym. Eng. Sci., 19:829 (1979).
221. A.N. Dharia and N.R. Schott, Resin pick-up and fiber wet-out associated with coating and pultrusion processes, Proceedings 44th Annual Technical Conference, Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 1321, April (1986).
222. J.E. Sumerak, Understanding pultrusion process variables, Mod. Plast., 62:58 (1985).
223. M.A. Bibbo and T.G. Gutowski, An analysis of the pulling force in pultrusion, Proceedings 44th Annual Technical Conference, Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 1430, April (1986).
224. C.D. Hermansen and R.R. Roser, Filament winding machine: which type is best for your application? Proceedings 36th Annual Conference, Society of the Plastics Industry, February (1981).
225. J.F. Kober, Microprocessor-controlled filament winding, Plastics Machinery Equipment, June (1979).
226. D. Brosius and S. Clarke, Textile preforming techniques for low cost structural composites, Advanced Composite Materials: New Developments and Applications, ASM International (1991).
227. C.W. Macosko, Fundamentals of Reaction Injection Molding, Hanser Publishers, New York (1989).
228. R.K. Okine, Analysis of forming parts from advanced thermoplastic composite sheet materials, SAMPE J., 25:9 (1989).
229. F.N. Cogswell, The processing science of thermoplastic structural composites, Int. Polym. Proc., 1:157 (1987).
230. L.S. Penn, Physiochemical characterization of composites and quality control of raw materials, Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Fifth Conference), ASTM STP, 674:519 (1979).
231. R. Burns, K.S. Gandhi, A.G. Hankin, and B.M. Lynskey, Variability in sheet molding compound (SMC). Part I. The thickening reaction and effect of raw materials, Plast. Polym., 43:228 (1975).
232. C.M. Tung and P.J. Dynes, Chemorheological characterization of B-stage printed wiring board resins, Composite Materials: Quality Assurance and Processing, ASTM STP, 797:38 (1983).
233. M.L. Bromberg, Application of dielectric measurements to quality control, Proceedings Annual Technical Conference, Society of Plastics Engineers, p. 403, April (1986).
234. W.H. Pfeifer, Computed tomography of advanced composite materials, Proceedings Advanced Composites Conference, American Society for Metals, December (1985).
235. W.N. Reynolds, Nondestructive testing (NDT) of fibre-reinforced composite materials, Mater. Des., 5:256 (1985).
236. T.J. Fowler, Acoustic emission testing of fiber reinforced plastics, American Society of Civil Engineers Fall Convention, Preprint 3092, October (1977).
237. J. Awerbuch, M.R. Gorman, and M. Madhukar, Monitoring acoustic emission during quasi-static loading=unloading cycles of filament-wound graphite=epoxy laminate coupons, First International Symposium on Acoustic Emission from Reinforced Composites, Society of the Plastics Industry, July (1983).
238. C.H. Adams, Recommended practice for acoustic emission testing of fiberglass reinforced plastic tanks=vessels, Proceedings 37th Annual Conference, Society of the Plastics Industry, January (1982).
239. M.A. Hamstad, A review: acoustic emission, a tool for composite materials studies, Exp. Mech., 26:7 (1986).
240. A. Vary, Acousto-ultrasonics, Non-Destructive Testing of Fibre-Reinforced Plastics Composites, Vol. 2 (J. Summerscales, ed.), Elsevier Applied Science, London (1990).
241. D.J. Hillman and R.L. Hillman, Thermographic inspection of carbon epoxy structures, Delamination and Debonding of Materials, ASTM STP, 873:481 (1985).
242. E.G. Henneke II and T.S. Jones, Detection of damage in composite materials by vibrothermography, Nondestructive Evaluation and Flaw Criticality of Composite Materials, ASTM STP, 696:83 (1979).
243. T.G. Gutowski, Cost, automation, and design, Advanced Composites Processing (T.G. Gutowski, ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY (1997).
244. V.D. Azzi and S.W. Tsai, Anisotropic strength of composites, Exp. Mech., 5:283 (1965).
245. S.W. Tsai and E.M. Wu, A general theory of strength for anisotropic materials, J. Compos. Mater., 5:58 (1971).
246. E.M. Wu, Optimal experimental measurements of anisotropic failure tensors, J. Compos. Mater., 6:472 (1972).
247. S.W. Tsai and H.T. Hahn, Failure analysis of composite materials, Inelastic Behavior of Composite Materials (C.T. Herakovich, ed.), American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, p. 73 (1975).
248. P.H. Petit and M.E. Waddoups, A method of predicting the non-linear behavior of laminated composites, J. Compos. Mater., 3:2 (1969).
249. R.E. Rowlands, Flow and failure of biaxially loaded composites: experimental- theoretical correlation, Inelastic Behavior of Composite Materials (C.T. Herakovich, ed.), American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, p. 97 (1975).
250. S.R. Soni, A comparative study of failure envelopes in composite laminates, J. Reinforced Plast. Compos., 2:34 (1983).
251. R.C. Burk, Standard failure criteria needed for advanced composites, Astronaut. Aeronaut., 21:6 (1983).
252. H.T. Hahn, On approximations for strength of random fiber composites, J. Compos. Mater., 9:316 (1975).
253. J.C. Halpin and J.L. Kardos, Strength of discontinuous reinforced composites: I. Fiber reinforced composites, Polym. Eng. Sci., 18:6 (1978).
254. C.S. Hong and J.H. Crews Jr., Stress concentration factors for finite orthotropic laminates with a circular hole and uniaxial loading, NASA Technical Paper No. 1469 (1979).
255. B. Pradhan, Effect of width and axial to transverse elastic stiffness ratio on SCF in uniaxially loaded FRP composite plates containing circular holes, Fibre Sci. Technol., 17:245 (1982).
256. J.M. Whitney, I.M. Daniel, and R.B. Pipes, Experimental Mechanics of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials, Society for Experimental Mechanics, Brookfield Center, CT (1984).
257. M.E. Waddoups, J.R. Eisenmann, and B.E. Kaminski, Macroscopic fracture mechanics of advanced composite materials, J. Compos. Mater., 5:446 (1971).
258. J.M. Whitney and R.J. Nuismer, Stress fracture criteria for laminated composites containing stress concentrations, J. Compos. Mater., 8:253 (1974).
259. R.J. Nuismer and J.M. Whitney, Uniaxial failure of composite laminates containing stress concentrations, Fracture Mechanics of Composites, ASTM STP, 593:117 (1975).
260. H.J. Konish and J.M. Whitney, Approximate stresses in an orthotropic plate containing a circular hole, J. Compos. Mater., 9:157 (1975).
261. J.C. Brewer and P.A. Lagace, Quadratic stress criterion for initiation of delamination, J. Compos. Mater., 22:1141 (1988).
262. S.G. Zhou and C.T. Sun, Failure analysis of composite laminates with free edge, J. Compos. Tech. Res., 12:91 (1990).
263. H. Kulkarni and P. Beardmore, Design methodology for automotive components using continuous fibre-reinforced composite materials, Composites, 11:225 (1980).
264. J.C. Ekvall and C.F. Griffin, Design allowables for T300=5208 graphite=epoxy composite materials, J. Aircraft, 19:661 (1982).
265. M.J. Rich and D.P. Maass, Developing design allowables for composite helicopter structures, Test Methods and Design Allowables for Fibrous Composites, ASTM STP, 734:181 (1981).
266. C.T. Herakovich, Influence of layer thickness on the strength of angle-ply laminates, J. Compos. Mater., 16:216 (1982).
267. S.L. Donaldson, Simplified weight saving techniques for composite panels, J. Reinforced Plast. Compos., 2:140 (1983).
268. T.N. Massard, Computer sizing of composite laminates for strength, J. Reinforced Plast. Compos., 3:300 (1984).
269. W.J. Park, An optimal design of simple symmetric laminates under first ply failure criterion, J. Compos. Mater., 16:341 (1982).
270. J.M. Whitney and A.W. Leissa, Analysis of heterogeneous anisotropic plates, J. Appl. Mech., 36:261 (1969).
271. J.M. Whitney, Bending-extensional coupling in laminated plates under transverse loading, J. Compos. Mater., 3:20 (1969).
272. R.M. Jones, H.S. Morgan, and J.M. Whitney, Buckling and vibration of antisymmetrically laminated angle-ply rectangular plates, J. Appl. Mech., 40:1143 (1973).
273. O.H. Griffin, Evaluation of finite-element software packages for stress analysis of laminated composites, Compos. Technol. Rev., 4:136 (1982).
274. J.R. Eisenmann and J.L. Leonhardt, Improving composite bolted joint efficiency by laminate tailoring, Joining of Composite Materials, ASTM STP, 749:117 (1979).
275. L.J. Hart-Smith, Designing to minimize peel stresses in adhesive-bonded joints, Delamination and Debonding of Materials, ASTM STP, 876:238 (1985).
276. D.P. Maass, Tubular composite compression members-design considerations and practices, Proceedings 41st Annual Conference, Society of the Plastics Industry, January (1986).
277. J.M. Whitney, C.E. Browning, and A. Mair, Analysis of the flexural test for laminated composite materials, Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Third Conference), ASTM STP, 546:30 (1974).
278. J.M. Whitney and J.C. Halpin, Analysis of laminated anisotropic tubes under combined loading, J. Compos. Mater., 2:360 (1968).
279. G.J. Simitses, Instability of orthotropic cylindrical shells under combined torsion and hydrostatic pressure, AIAA J., 5:1463 (1967).
280. C.F. Griffin, Design development of an advanced composite aileron, Paper No. 79-1807, AIAA Aircraft Systems and Technology Meeting, August (1979).
281. E.E. Morris, W.P. Patterson, R.E. Landes, and R. Gordon, Composite pressure vessels for aerospace and commercial applications, Composites in Pressure Vessels and Piping (S.V. Kulkarni and C.H. Zweben, eds.), American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, PVP-PB-021 (1977).
282. B.E. Kirkham, L.S. Sullivan, and R.E. Bauerie, Development of the Liteflex suspension leaf spring, Society of Automotive Engineers, Paper No. 820160 (1982).
283. D.E. Bowles and D.R. Tenney, Composite tubes for the space station truss structure, SAMPE J., 23:49 (1987).
284. R.K. Everett and R.J. Arsenault (eds.), Metal Matrix Composites: Mechanisms and Properties, Academic Press, San Diego (1991).
285. R.K. Everett and R.J. Arsenault (eds.), Metal Matrix Composites: Processing and Interfaces, Academic Press, San Diego (1991).
286. T.W. Clyne and P.J. Withers, An Introduction to Metal Matrix Composites, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1993).
287. N. Chawla and K.K. Chawla, Metal Matrix Composites, Springer, New York (2006).
288. A. Kelly and G.J. Davies, The principles of the fibre reinforcement of metals, Metall. Rev., 10:1 (1965).
289. A. Toy, Mechanical properties of beryllium filament-reinforced aluminum composites, J. Mater., 3:43 (1968).
290. M. Taya and R.J. Arsenault, Metal Matrix Composites: Thermomechanical Behavior, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1989).
291. S.V. Nair, J.K. Tien, and R.C. Bates, SiC-reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites, Int. Metals Rev., 30:275 (1985).
292. D.L. McDanels, Analysis of stress-strain, fracture, and ductility behavior of aluminum matrix composites containing discontinuous silicon carbide reinforcement, Metall. Trans., 16A:1105 (1985).
293. W.S. Johnson and M.J. Birt, Comparison of some micromechanics models for discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites, J. Compos. Technol. Res., 13:168 (1991).
294. A.L. Geiger and J. Andrew Walker, The processing and properties of discontinuously reinforced aluminum composites, J. Metals, 43:8 (1991).
295. K. Schmidt, C. Zweben, and R. Arsenault, Mechanical and thermal properties of silicon-carbide particle-reinforced aluminum, Thermal and Mechanical Behavior of Metal Matrix and Ceramic Matrix Composites, ASTM STP, 1080:155 (1990).
296. J.J. Lewandowski, C. Liu, and W.H. Hunt Jr., Microstructural effects on the fracture mechanisms in 7xxx A1 P=M-SiC particulate metal matrix composites, Processing and Properties for Powder Metallurgy Composites (P. Kumar, K. Vedula, and A. Ritter, eds.), TMS, Warrendale, PA (1988).
297. M. Karayaka and H. Sehitoglu, Thermomechanical fatigue of particulate-reinforced aluminum 2xxx-T4, Metall. Trans. A, 22A:697 (1991).
298. T. Morimoto, T. Yamaoka, H. Lilholt, and M. Taya, Second stage creep of whisker=6061 aluminum composites at 573K, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 110:70 (1988).
299. R.K. Everett, Diffusion bonding, Metal Matrix Composites: Processing and Interfaces, Chapter 2 (R.K. Everett and R.J. Arsenault, eds.), Academic Press, San Diego (1991).
300. A. Mortensen, J.A. Cornie, and M.C. Flemings, Solidification processing of metalmatrix composites, J. Metals, 40:12 (1988).
301. A. Mortensen, M.N. Gungor, J.A. Cornie, and M.C. Flemings, Alloy microstructures in cast metal matrix composites, J. Metals, 38:30 (1986).
302. P. Rohatgi and R. Asthana, The solidification of metal-matrix particulate composites, J. Metals, 43:35 (1991).
303. P. Rohatgi, Cast aluminum-matrix composites for automotive applications, J. Metals, 43:10 (1991).
304. C.R. Cook, D.I. Yun, and W.H. Hunt Jr., System optimization for squeeze cast composites, Cast Reinforced Metal Composites (S.G. Fishman and A.K. Dhingra, eds.), ASM International, Metals Park, OH (1988).
305. T. Kobayashi, M. Yosino, H. Iwanari, M. Niinomi, and K. Yamamoto, Mechanical properties of SiC whisker reinforced aluminum alloys fabricated by pressure casting method, Cast Reinforced Metal Composites (S.G. Fishman and A.K. Dhingra, eds.), ASM International, Metals Park, OH (1988).
306. H. Fukunaga, Squeeze casting processes for fiber reinforced metals and their mechanical properties, Cast Reinforced Metal Composites (S.G. Fishaman and A.K. Dingra, eds.), ASM International, Metal Park, OH (1988).
307. K.K. Chawla, Ceramic Matrix Composites, Chapman & Hall, London (1993).
308. J. Aveston, G.A. Cooper, and A. Kelly, Single and multiple fracture, The Properties of Fiber=Composites, IPC Science and Technology Press, Surrey, England (1971).
309. A.G. Evans and D.B. Marshall, The mechanical behavior of ceramic matrix composites, Acta Metall., 37:2567 (1989).
310. R.A.J. Sambell, D.H. Bowen, and D.C. Phillips, Carbon fibre composites with ceramic and glass matrices, Part 1: Discontinuous fibres, J. Mater. Sci., 7:663 (1972).
311. R.A.J. Sambell, A. Briggs, D.C. Phillips, and D.H. Bowen, Carbon fibre composites with ceramic and glass matrices, Part 2: Continuous fibres, J. Mater. Sci., 7:676 (1972).
312. K.M. Prewo and J.J. Brennan, Fiber reinforced glasses and glass ceramics for high performance applications, Reference Book for Composites Technology, Vol. 1 (S.M. Lee, ed.), Technomic Pub. Co., Lancaster, PA (1989).
313. J.J. Brennan and K.M. Prewo, Silicon carbide fibre reinforced glass-ceramic matrix composites exhibiting high strength and toughness, J. Mater. Sci., 17:2371 (1982).
314. T. Mah, M.G. Mendiratta, A.P. Katz, and K.S. Mazdiyasni, Recent developments in fiber-reinforced high temperature ceramic composites, Ceramic Bull., 66:304 (1987).
315. R.W. Rice and D. Lewis III, Ceramic fiber composites based upon refractory polycrystalline ceramic matrices, Reference Book for Composites Technology, Vol. 1 (S.M. Lee, ed.), Technomic Pub. Co., Lancaster, PA (1989).
316. B. Thomson and J.F. LeCostaonec, Recent developments in SiC monofilament reinforced Si3N4 composites, SAMPE Q., 22:46 (1991).
317. R.L. Lehman, Ceramic matrix fiber composites, Structural Ceramics (J.B. Wachtman, Jr., ed.), Academic Press, San Diego (1989).
318. J.E. Sheehan, K.W. Buesking, and B.J. Sullivan, Carbon-carbon composites, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 24:19 (1994).
319. J.D. Buckley and D.D. Edie, Carbon-Carbon Materials and Composites, William Andrews Publishing, Norwich, NY (1993).
320. D.L. Chung, Carbon Fiber Composites, Butterworth-Heinemann, Newton, MA (1994).
321. M. Alexandre and P. Dubois, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials, Mater. Sci. Eng., 28:1 (2000).
322. M. Kato and A. Usuki, Polymer-clay nanocomposites, in Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites (T.J. Pinnavai and G.W. Beall, eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK (2000).
323. H.R. Dennis, D.L. Hunter, D. Chang, S. Kim, J.L. White, J.W. Cho, and D.R. Paul, Effect of melt processing conditions on the extent of exfoliation in organoclaybased nanocomposites, Polymer, 42:9513 (2001).
324. S.J. Ahmadi, Y.D. Huang, and W. Li, Synthetic routes, properties and future applications of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites, J. Mater. Sci., 39:1919 (2004).
325. G.G. Tibbetts, M.L. Lake, K.L. Strong, and B.P. Price, A review of the fabrication and properties of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber=polymer composites, Composites Sci. Tech. 67:1709 (2007).
326. I.S. Chronakis, Novel nanocomposites and nanoceramics based on polymer nanofibers using electrospinning technology, J. Mater. Process. Tech., 167:283 (2005).
327. Y.-Y. Fan, H.-M. Cheng, Y.-L. Wei, G. Su, and Z.-H. Shen, Tailoring the diameters of vapor-grown carbon nanofibers, Carbon, 38:921 (2000).
328. J.-H. Zhou, Z.-J. Sui, P. Li, D. Chen, Y.-C. Dai, and W.K. Yuan, Structural characterization of carbon nanofibers formed from different carbon-containing gases, Carbon, 44:3255 (2006).
329. O.C. Carnerio, N.M. Rodriguez, and R.T.K. Baker, Growth of carbon nanofibers from the iron-copper catalyzed decomposition of CO=C2H4=H2 mixtures, Carbon, 43:2389 (2005).
330. T. Uchida, D.P. Anderson, M. Minus, and S. Kumar, Morphology and modulus of vapor grown carbon nano fibers, J. Mater. Sci., 41:5851 (2006).
331. F.W.J. van Hattum, J.M. Benito-Romero, A. Madronero, and C.A. Bernardo, Morphological, mechanical and interfacial analysis of vapour-grown carbon fibres, Carbon, 35:1175 (1997).
332. I.C. Finegan, G.G. Tibbetts, D.G. Glasgow, J.-M. Ting, and M.L. Lake, Surface treatments for improving the mechanical properties of carbon nanofiber=thermoplastic composites, J. Mater. Sci., 38:3485 (2003).
333. R.D. Patton, C.U. Pittman Jr., L. Wang, and J.R. Hill, Vapor grown carbon fiber composites with epoxy and poly(phenylene sulfide) matrices, Composites: Part A, 30:1081 (1999).
334. J. Han, Structure and properties of carbon nanotubes, Carbon Nanotubes: Science and Applications (M. Meyappan, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA (2005).
335. E.G. Rakov, Chemistry of carbon nanotubes, Nanomaterials Handbook (Y. Gogotsi, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, pp. 105-175 (2006).
336. E.T. Thostenson, Z. Ren, and T.-W. Chou, Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites, Compos. Sci. Tech., 61:1899 (2001).
337. J.E. Fischer, Carbon nanotubes: structure and properties, Nanomaterials Handbook (Y. Gogotsi, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, pp. 69-103 (2006).
338. D. Mann, Synthesis of carbon nanotubes, Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications (M.J. O’Connell, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, pp. 19-49 (2006).
339. H.G. Chae, J. Liu, and S. Kumar, Carbon nanotube-enabled materials, Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications (M.J. O’Connell, ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, pp. 19-49 (2006).
340. P.C. Ma, J.-K. Kim, and B.Z. Tang, Functionalization of carbon nanotubes using a silane coupling agent, Carbon, 44:3232 (2006).
341. N. Grobert, Carbon nanotubes-becoming clean, Mater. Today, 10:28 (2007).
342. J.N. Coleman, U. Khan, W.J. Blau, and Y.K. Gun’ko, Small but strong: a review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-polymer composites, Carbon, 44:1624 (2006).
343. X.-L. Xie, Y.-W. Mai, and X.-P. Zhou, Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix: a review, Mater. Sci. Eng., R49:89 (2005).
344. B. Safadi, R. Andrews, and E.A. Grulke, Multiwalled carbon nanotube polymer composites: synthesis and characterization of thin films, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 84:2660 (2002).
345. W.D. Zhang, L. Shen, I.Y. Phang, and T. Liu, Carbon nanotubes reinforced nylon-6 composite prepared by simple melt compounding, Macromolecules, 37:256 (2004).
346. J.A. Kim, D.G. Seong, T.J. Kang, and J.R. Youn, Effects of surface modification on rheological and mechanical properties of CNT=epoxy composites, Carbon, 44:1898 (2006).
347. F.H. Gojny, M.H.G. Wichmann, B. Fiedler, and K. Schulte, Influence of different carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties of epoxy matrix composites-a comparative study, Compos. Sci. Tech., 65:2300 (2005).
348. B. Fiedler, F.H. Gojny, M.H.G. Wichmann, M.C.M. Nolte, and K. Schulte, Fundamental aspects of nano-reinforced composites, Compos. Sci. Tech., 66:3115 (2006).
349. M.C. Paiva, B. Zhou, K.A.S. Fernando, Y. Lin, J.M. Kennedy, and Y.-P. Sun, Mechanical and morphological characterization of polymer-carbon nanocomposites from functionalized carbon nanotubes, Carbon, 42:2849 (2004).
350. H.G. Chae, T.V. Sreekumar, T. Uchida, and S. Kumar, A comparison of reinforcement efficiency of various types of carbon nanotubes in polyacrylonitrile fiber, Polymer, 46:10925 (2005).