The gateway effect of e-cigarettes: Reflections on main criticisms

Nicotine and Tobacco Research

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2019, Pages 695-698

  Chapman, Simon ^a   Bareham, David ^b   Maziak, Wasim ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b Louth County Hospital   (United Kingdom)

^c FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT SMOKING; CIGARETTE SMOKING; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH HAZARD; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; NOTE; PEER ACCEPTANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL MARKETING; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; VAPING;

EID: 85051524455     PISSN: 14622203     EISSN: 1469994X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty067     Document Type: Note

References (36)

1. Maziak W. Harm reduction at the crossroads: the case of e-cigarettes. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(4):505-507.
2. Carroll Chapman SL, Wu LT. E-cigarette prevalence and correlates of use among adolescents versus adults: a review and comparison. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;54:43-54.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco use among middle and high school students-United States, 2011-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(23):597-603.
4. Eastwood B, Dockrell MJ, Arnott D, et al. Electronic cigarette use in young people in Great Britain 2013-2014. Public Health. 2015;129(9):1150-1156.
5. Greenhalgh EM, Bayly M, Winstanley MH. 1.6 Prevalence of smoking-teenagers. In: Scollo MM, Winstanley MH, eds. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues. Melbourne, Australia: Cancer Council Victoria; 2015. http://www. tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-1-prevalence/1-6-prevalence-of-smokingteenagers. Accessed January 29, 2018.
6. Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, et al. Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(8):788-797.
7. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24952.
8. McNeil A, Brose LS, Calder R, Hitchman SC, Hajek P, McRobbie H. E-cigarettes: an evidence update: a report commissioned by Public Health England. Public Health England. 2015;111. http://tobacco.cleartheair.org. hk/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/PHE-e-cig-review-summary-Aug-2015. pdf. Accessed January 29, 2018.
9. Schneider S, Diehl K. Vaping as a catalyst for smoking? An initial model on the initiation of electronic cigarette use and the transition to tobacco smoking among adolescents. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18(5):647-653.
10. Etter J-F. Gateway effects and electronic cigarettes. Addiction. 2017. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1111/add.13924
11. Kozlowski LT, Abrams DB. Obsolete tobacco control themes can be hazardous to public health: the need for updating views on absolute product risks and harm reduction. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:432.
12. Kozlowski LT, Warner KE. Adolescents and e-cigarettes: objects of concern may appear larger than they are. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;174:209-214.
13. Bauld L, MacKintosh AM, Eastwood B, et al. Young people's use of e-cigarettes across the United Kingdom: findings from five surveys 2015-2017. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(9):973.
14. Johnston L, O'Malley PM, Miech R, Emerson P, Bachman J, Schulenberg J. 2016. Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2015: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
15. Office on Smoking and Health. Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ data-statistics/tables/trends/cig-smoking/. Accessed July 13, 2017.
16. Health & Social Care Information Center. Statistics on Smoking, England-2016. https://digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB20781. Accessed January 24, 2018.
17. Pierce JP, White VM, Emery SL. What public health strategies are needed to reduce smoking initiation? Tob Control. 2012;21(2):258-264.
18. Vanyukov MM, Tarter RE, Kirillova GP, et al. Common liability to addiction and gateway hypothesis: theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123(suppl 1):S3-S17.
19. Barrington-Trimis JL, Urman R, Berhane K, et al. E-cigarettes and future cigarette use. Pediatrics. 2016;138(1):1-8.
20. Primack BA, Soneji S, Stoolmiller M, Fine MJ, Sargent JD. Progression to traditional cigarette smoking after electronic cigarette use among US adolescents and young adults. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(11): 1018-1023.
21. Wills TA, Knight R, Sargent JD, Gibbons FX, Pagano I, Williams RJ. Longitudinal study of e-cigarette use and onset of cigarette smoking among high school students in Hawaii. Tob Control. 2016;1-6. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052705.
22. Dutra L, Glantz S. E-cigarettes and national adolescent cigarette use: 2004-2014. Pediatrics. 2017;139(2).
23. Kandel ER, Kandel DB. A molecular basis for nicotine as a gateway drug. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(10):932-943.
24. de Vries H, Mudde A, Leijs I, et al. The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (EFSA): an example of integral prevention. Health Educ Res. 2003;18(5):611-626.
25. Maziak W. Is uncertainty in complex disease epidemiology resolvable? Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2015;12:7.
26. East K, Hitchman SC, Bakolis I, et al. The association between smoking and electronic cigarette use in a cohort of young people. J Adolesc Health. 2018. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.11.301.
27. How Not to Be Duped by Gateway Effect Claims. https://www.clivebates. com/how-not-to-be-duped-by-gateway-effect-claims/. Accessed January 24, 2018.
28. Birge M, Duffy S, Miler JA, Hajek P. What proportion of people who try one cigarette become daily smokers? A meta analysis of representative surveys. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1093/ntr/ ntx243.
29. Fidler JA, Wardle J, Brodersen NH, Jarvis MJ, West R. Vulnerability to smoking after trying a single cigarette can lie dormant for three years or more. Tob Control. 2006;15(3):205-209.
30. Fagen ZM, Mansvelder HD, Keath JR, McGehee DS. Short-and long-term modulation of synaptic inputs to brain reward areas by nicotine. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;1003:185-195.
31. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults. Altanta, GA: A Report of the Surgeon General, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2016.
32. Bates C, Fagerström K, Jarvis MJ, Kunze M, McNeill A, Ramström L. European Union policy on smokeless tobacco: a statement in favour of evidence based regulation for public health. Tob Control. 2003;12(4):360-367.
33. DiFranza JR, Rigotti NA, McNeill AD, et al. Initial symptoms of nicotine dependence in adolescents. Tob Control. 2000;9(3):313-319.
34. DiFranza JR, Savageau JA, Rigotti NA, et al. Development of symptoms of tobacco dependence in youths: 30 month follow up data from the DANDY study. Tob Control. 2002;11(3):228-235.
35. Dawson CT, Maziak W. Renormalization and regulation of e-cigarettes. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(3):569.
36. Burrows DS. Younger Adult Smokers: Strategies and Opportunities. Winston-Salem, NC: RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company; 1984. http://legacy. library.ucsf.edu/tid/tqq46b00. Accessed January 29, 2017.