Obsolete tobacco control themes can be hazardous to public health: The need for updating views on absolute product risks and harm reduction

BMC Public Health

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

  Kozlowski, Lynn T ^a   Abrams, David B ^b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^b American Legacy Foundation   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Electronic cigarettes; Harm reduction; Nicotine; Risk communication; Smokeless tobacco; Smoking; Snus; Tobacco policy; Vaping; Warning labels

Indexed keywords

NICOTINE GUM;

ADVERTISING; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HARM REDUCTION; HUMAN; MANAGEMENT; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PROCEDURES; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; TOBACCO INDUSTRY; UNITED STATES;

ADVERTISING AS TOPIC; HARM REDUCTION; HUMANS; POLICY MAKING; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; TOBACCO INDUSTRY; TOBACCO USE CESSATION PRODUCTS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84969879403     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3079-9     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Kozlowski LT, Henningfield JE, Brigham J. Cigarettes, nicotine, & health: a biobehavioral approach, vol. 5. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage; 2001.
2. Proctor R. Golden holocaust: origins of the cigarette catastrophe and the case for abolition. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2011.
3. Thun M, Peto R, Boreham J, Lopez AD. Stages of the cigarette epidemic on entering its second century. Tob Control. 2012;21(2):96-101.
4. Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications; 1999.
5. Sweanor D, Alcabes P, Drucker E. Tobacco harm reduction: how rational public policy could transform a pandemic. Int J Drug Policy. 2007;18(2):70-4.
6. United States. Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health. Smoking and health: report of the advisory committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, vol. 1103. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service; 1964.
7. Marshall TR. The 1964 Surgeon General's Report and Americans' Beliefs about Smoking. J Hist Med Allied Sci. 2015;70(2):250-78.
8. Dollar KM, Mix JM, Kozlowski LT. Little cigars, big cigars: omissions and commissions of harm and harm reduction information on the Internet. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10(5):819-26.
9. Kozlowski L, O'Connor R, Giovino G, Whetzel C, Pauly J, Cummings K. Maximum yields might improve public health - if filter vents were banned: a lesson from the history of vented filters. Tob Control. 2006;15(3):262-6.
10. FTC Testifies on Cigarette Testing for Tar and Nicotine Yields [ https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2007/11/ftc-testifies-cigarette-testing-tar-and-nicotine-yields ].
11. Parascandola M. Science, industry, and tobacco harm reduction: a case study of tobacco industry scientists' involvement in the National Cancer Institute's Smoking and Health Program, 1964-1980. Public Health Rep. 2005;120(3):338-49.
12. Kozlowski LT, Goldberg ME, Yost BA, White EL, Sweeney CT, Pillitteri JL. Smokers' misperceptions of light and ultra-light cigarettes may keep them smoking. Am J Prev Med. 1998;15(1):9-16.
13. National Cancer Institute. Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of Tar and Nicotine. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 13. 2001.
14. Chang CM, Corey CG, Rostron BL, Apelberg BJ. Systematic review of cigar smoking and all cause and smoking related mortality. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):390.
15. United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General. Reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress: a report of the Surgeon General, vol. (CDC) 89-8411. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 1989.
16. Whelan EM. Second thoughts on a cigarette-ad ban. In: The Wall Street Journal. New York: Dow Jones & Co, Inc; 1985.
17. Chapman S. Cigarette smoking and advertising: a review of the evidence March 1985. In: Smoking out the barons: the campaign against the tobacco industry. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1986. p. 99-137.
18. Whelan EM. A smoking gun: how the tobacco industry gets away with murder. Philadelphia: George F. Stickley; 1984.
19. Warner KE, American Public Health Association. Selling smoke: cigarette advertising and public health. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 1986.
20. American Cancer Society. Smoke Signals: The Smoking Contrlol Media Handbook. New York: American Cancer Society; 1987.
21. Proctor RN. Why ban the sale of cigarettes? The case for abolition. Tob Control. 2013;22(Supplement 1):27-30.
22. Givelber D. Cigarette law. Indiana Law Journal. 1998;73(867):867-901.
23. Glastris P. Frank Fat's napkin; how the trial lawyers (and the doctors!) sold out to the tobacco companies. In: Washington Monthly, vol. 19. 1987. p. 19+.
24. Donohue JM, Cevasco M, Rosenthal MB. A decade of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(7):673-81.
25. Kozlowski LT, Pillitteri JL. Beliefs about "Light" and "Ultra Light" cigarettes and efforts to change those beliefs: an overview of early efforts and published research. Tob Control. 2001;10 suppl 1:i12-6.
26. Kozlowski LT, O'Connor RJ. Cigarette filter ventilation is a defective design because of misleading taste, bigger puffs, and blocked vents. Tob Control. 2002;11 suppl 1:i40-50.
27. Kozlowski LT, O'Connor RJ. Apply federal research rules on deception to misleading health information: an example on smokeless tobacco and cigarettes. Public Health Rep. 2003;118(3):187.
28. Kozlowski LT, Edwards BQ. «Not safe» is not enough: smokers have a right to know more than there is no safe tobacco product. Tob Control. 2005;14 Suppl 2:ii3-7.
29. Brandt AM. The cigarette century: the rise, fall, and deadly persistence of the product that defined America. New York: Basic Books; 2007.
30. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. The Health Consequences of Smoking-50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2014.
31. Abrams DB. Promise and peril of e-cigarettes: can disruptive technology make cigarettes obsolete? JAMA. 2014;311(2):135-6.
32. Cobb NK, Abrams DB. The FDA, e-cigarettes, and the demise of combusted tobacco. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(16):1469-71.
33. Scientific opinion on the Health Effects of Smokeless Tobacco Products [ http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph-risk/committees/04-scenihr/docs/scenihr-o-013.pdf ].
34. Lee PN. Epidemiological evidence relating snus to health - an updated review based on recent publications. Harm Reduct J. 2013;10:36.
35. Hajek P, Etter JF, Benowitz N, Eissenberg T, McRobbie H. Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit. Addiction. 2014;109(11):1801-10.
36. Colditz GA. Smoke alarm - tobacco control remains paramount. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(7):665-6.
37. Carter BD, Abnet CC, Feskanich D, Freedman ND, Hartge P, Lewis CE, et al. Smoking and mortality - beyond established causes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(7):631-40.
38. Alderman J, Dollar KM, Kozlowski LT. Commentary: understanding the origins of anger, contempt, and disgust in public health policy disputes: applying moral psychology to harm reduction debates. J Public Health Policy. 2010;31(1):1-16.
39. Kozlowski LT. Ending versus controlling versus employing addiction in the tobacco-caused disease endgame: moral psychological perspectives. Tob Control. 2013;22 suppl 1:i31-2.
40. Kozlowski LT. Coping with the Conflict-of-Interest Pandemic by Listening to and Doubting Everyone, Including Yourself. Sci Eng Ethics. 2016;22(2):591-6.
41. Kuhn T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2012.
42. Abrams DB, Glasser A, Villanti AC, Niaura R. Cigarettes: The Rise and Decline But Not Demise of the Greatest Behavioral Health Disaster of the 20th Century. Chapter In: R. Kaplan, M Spittel, D David (Eds.) Emerging Behavioral and Social Science Perspectives on Population Health. AHRQ Publication No. 15-0002. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, National Institutes of Health; 2015;143-68.
43. Foulds J, Kozlowski L. Snus - what should the public-health response be? Lancet. 2007;369(9578):1976-8.
44. Kozlowski LT. Effect of smokeless tobacco product marketing and use on population harm from tobacco use: Policy perspective for tobacco-risk reduction. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33(6):S379-86.
45. Lee PN. Summary of the epidemiological evidence relating snus to health. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011;59(2):197-214.
46. Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Kotandeniya D, Pillsbury ME, Chen M, Ransom BW, et al. Evaluation of toxicant and carcinogen metabolites in the urine of e-cigarette users versus cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17(6):704-9.
47. Gonzales K, Roeber J, Kanny D, Tran A, Saiki C, Johnson H, et al. Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost - 11 States, 2006-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(10):213-6.
48. Henley SJ, Thun MJ, Connell C, Calle EE. Two large prospective studies of mortality among men who use snuff or chewing tobacco (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16(4):347-58.
49. Harris JE, Thun MJ, Mondul AM, Calle EE. Cigarette tar yields in relation to mortality from lung cancer in the cancer prevention study II prospective cohort, 1982-8. BMJ. 2004;328(7431):72.
50. Dutra LM, Glantz SA. Electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarette use among U.S. adolescents: a cross-sectional study. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(7):610-7.
51. Niaura RS, Glynn TJ, Abrams DB. Youth experimentation with e-cigarettes: another interpretation of the data. JAMA. 2014;312(6):641-2.
52. Bell K, Keane H. All gates lead to smoking: the 'gateway theory', e-cigarettes and the remaking of nicotine. Soc Sci Med. 2014;119:45-52.
53. Cobb CO, Villanti AC, Graham AL, Pearson JL, Glasser AM, Rath JM, Stanton CA, et al. Markov modeling to estimate the population impact of emerging tobacco products: a proof-of-concept study. Tob Reg Sci. 2015;1(2):121-41.
54. Vanyukov MM, Tarter RE, Kirillova GP, Kirisci L, Reynolds MD, Kreek MJ, et al. Common liability to addiction and «gateway hypothesis»: theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123 Suppl 1:S3-17.
55. Anthony JC. Steppingstone and gateway ideas: a discussion of origins, research challenges, and promising lines of research for the future. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123 Suppl 1:S99-s104.
56. Arrazola RA, Singh T, Corey CG, Husten CG, Neff LJ, Apelberg BJ, et al. Tobacco use among middle and high school students - United States, 2011-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(14):381-5.
57. E-cigarette use triples among middle and high school students in just one year. [ http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2015/p0416-e-cigarette-use.html ].
58. England LJ, Bunnell RE, Pechacek TF, Tong VT, McAfee TA. Nicotine and the Developing Human: A Neglected Element in the Electronic Cigarette Debate. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(2):286-293.
59. Fagerstrom K, Eissenberg T. Dependence on tobacco and nicotine products: a case for product-specific assessment. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14(11):1382-90.
60. Heishman SJ, Kleykamp BA, Singleton EG. Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010;210(4):453-69.
61. Niaura R. Nicotine. In: McCrady BS, Epstein EE, editors. Addictions: A Comprehensive Guidebook. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013.
62. Arain M, Haque M, Johal L, Mathur P, Nel W, Rais A, et al. Maturation of the adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:449-61.
63. Kozlowski LT, Giovino GA, Edwards B, DiFranza J, Foulds J, Hurt R, et al. Advice on using over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy-patch, gum, or lozenge-to quit smoking. Addict Behav. 2007;32(10):2140-50.
64. Fiore MC, Schroeder SA, Baker TB. Smoke, the chief killer - strategies for targeting combustible tobacco use. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(4):297-9.
65. Nutt DJ, Phillips LD, Balfour D, Curran HV, Dockrell M, Foulds J, et al. Estimating the harms of nicotine-containing products using the MCDA approach. Eur Addict Res. 2014;20(5):218-25.
66. Kozlowski LT. Prospects for a nicotine-reduction strategy in the cigarette endgame: alternative tobacco harm reduction scenarios. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(6):543-7.
67. Kozlowski LT. A Policy Experiment is Worth a Million Lives. Issues Sci Technol. Winter 2016. 2016;32(2):20-3.
68. National Cancer Institute. Greater Than the Sum: Systems Thinking in Tobacco Control, Tobacco Control Monograph No. 18. Bethesda, MD; 2007.
69. Marcus SE, Leischow SJ, Mabry PL, Clark PI. Lessons learned from the application of systems science to tobacco control at the National Cancer Institute. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(7):1163-5.
70. Mabry PL, Olster DH, Morgan GD, Abrams DB. Interdisciplinarity and systems science to improve population health: a view from the NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35(2 Suppl):S211-224.