Asean and multilateralism: The long, bumpy road to community

Contemporary Southeast Asia

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 264-292

  Simon, Sheldon ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

ASEAN; ASEAN plus three; ASEAN regional forum; East Asia summit

Indexed keywords

EID: 85050831079     PISSN: 0129797X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1355/cs30-2e     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. An earlier and considerably shorter version of this article appears as the Southeast Asia chapter in David Shambaugh and Michael Yahuda, eds., International Relations in Asia: The New Regional System (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, forthcoming 2008). The author wishes to thank Ian Storey and two anonymous reviewers for helpful suggestions on the paper’s revision.
2. For a good discussion of regime creation in the Asia-Pacific, see Jim Rolfe, “A Complex of Structures: Functional Diversity, Regional Consolidation and Community in the Asia-Pacific”, Asian Affairs: An American Review 33, no. 4 (Winter 2007): 217–34.
3. Representative authors for these schools include Michael Leifer and Ralf Emmers for realism, Shaun Narine for neo-liberalism and Amitav Acharya, Mely Anthony-Caballero and See Seng Tan for constructivism.
4. Sheldon W. Simon, “ASEAN and Its Security Offspring”, a paper prepared for the 10th Annual Security Conference of the US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, 27–29 March 2007.
5. An excellent discussion of these frameworks as they apply to ASEAN is found in Kai He, “Does ASEAN Matter? International Relations Theories, Institutional Realism, and ASEAN,” Asian Security 2, no. 3 (October 2006): 189–214.
6. Evelyn Goh, “Great Powers and Southeast Asian Regional Security”, Military Technology, January 2006, pp. 321–23.
7. Sarah Eaton and Richard Stubbs, “Is ASEAN Powerful? Neo-realist versus Constructivist Approaches to Power in Southeast Asia”, The Pacific Review 19, no. 2 (June 2006): 135–56.
8. Cited in Amitav Acharya, “Do Norms and Identity Matter? Community and Power in Southeast Asia’s Regional Order”, The Pacific Review 18, no. 1 (March 2005): 98.
9. Ralf Emmers, “The Indochinese Enlargement of ASEAN: Security Expectations and Outcomes”, Australian Journal of International Affairs 59, no. 1 (March 2005): 74.
10. Ralf Emmers, “The Indochinese Enlargement of ASEAN: Security Expectations and Outcomes”, Australian Journal of International Affairs 59, no. 1 (March 2005), pp. 76–77.
11. Jonathon Chow, “ASEAN Counter Terrorism Cooperation Since 9/11”, Asian Survey 45, no. 2 (March/April 2005): 304–05.
12. Jonathon Chow, “ASEAN Counter Terrorism Cooperation Since 9/11”, Asian Survey 45, no. 2 (March/April 2005): pp. 312–13.
13. Douglas Bakshian, “ASEAN Summit to Tackle Tough Issues from Terrorism to North Korea”, VOA News.com, 8 January 2007; and Kavi Chongkittavorn, “ASEAN’s Accord on Counter-terrorism a Major Step Forward”, The Nation (Internet version), 19 February 2007.
14. “Militants Warn of Dangers of ASEAN Anti-Terror Pact”, Philstar.com (Manila), 11 January 2007.
15. Much of this discussion on Myanmar is taken from Ruukun Katanyuu, “Beyond Non-Interference in ASEAN: The Association’s Role in Myanmar’s National Reconciliation and Democratization”, Asian Survey 46, no. 6 (November/December 2006): 825–45.
16. Estrella Torres, “ASEAN Meetings drop Burma Issue from Agenda”, Irrawaddy, 23 May 2007.
17. Ruukun Katanyuu, “Beyond Non-Interference in ASEAN”, op. cit., p. 840.
18. Ralph Cossa and Brad Glosserman, “Regional Overview”, Comparative Connections: A Quarterly E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations, January 2008, pp. 3–4.
19. Michael Vatikiotis, “Resolving Internal Conflicts in Southeast Asia: Domestic Challenges and Regional Perspectives”, Contemporary Southeast Asia 28, no. 1 (April 2006): 42.
20. Abul Khalik interview with EPG member and former Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas, “ASEAN faces ‘Critical Period’ in a Changing World”, Jakarta Post, 17 January 2007.
21. “ASEAN Tackles Fate of Migrant Workers”, Agence France Presse (Hong Kong), 10 January 2007.
22. Rajesh M. Basrur, “The Threat of WMD Terrorism: ASEAN Needs to Respond”, RSIS Commentaries (Singapore) (56), 6 June 2007.
23. For an excellent review and assessment of Malacca Strait security cooperation with data demonstrating the decline of piracy, see Ian Storey, “Securing Southeast Asia’s Sea Lanes: A Work in Progress”, Asia Policy 6 (July 2008): 95–127.
24. Much of the preceding discussion is drawn from Vijay Sakhuja, “Malacca: Who’s to Pay for Smooth Sailing?” Asia Times Online, 16 May 2007.
25. This South China Sea discussion may be found in Robert Beckman, “Joint Development in the South China Sea: Time for ASEAN and China to Promote Cooperation?” RSIS Commentaries (Singapore) (46), 29 May 2007; and Mark J. Valencia, “In Response to Robert Beckman”, RSIS Commentaries (53), 4 June 2007.
26. Michael Lim Ubac and Norman Bordora, “Spratlys Baselines Bill Placed in Freezer”, Philippine Daily Inquirer, 23 April 2008. Also see Chen Huang-yu, “Philippines has No Right to Spratlys,”, Taipei Times (Internet version), 21 May 2008.
27. Roger Mitton, “Vietnam, China Clash Again Over Spratlys”, Straits Times (Singapore), 19 July 2007.
28. For a good background discussion on these skirmishes, see Ian Storey, “Trouble and Strife in the South China Sea: Vietnam and China”, China Brief 8, no. 8, 14 April 2008: 11–14.
29. “Vietnam Protests Chinese Military Exercise in Hoang Sa”, Thanh Nien News, 25 November 2007; and Frank Zeller, “Vietnamese Rally Again Over Islands Disputed with China”, Agence France Presse (Hong Kong), 16 December 2007.
30. “India to Supply Working Spares to Vietnam”, Zee News (New Delhi), 17 December 2007.
31. Hiro Katsumata, “The ASEAN Charter Controversy: Between Big Talk and Modest Actions”, RSIS Commentaries (Singapore), 14 November 2007.
32. “Fifth From the Right is the Party Pooper”, The Economist, London, 24 November 2007, pp. 43–44.
33. For an essentially realist assessment of the ARF, see Sheldon Simon, “Realism and Regionalism in Southeast Asia: The ARF and the War on Terror”, in Joseph Liow and Ralf Emmers, eds., Order and Security in Southeast Asia: Essays in Memory of Michael Leifer (London: Routledge 2006), pp. 93–109.
34. Hiro Katsumata, “Establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum”, The Pacific Review 19, no. 2 (June 2006): 182 and 194.
35. Sheldon W. Simon, “Evaluating Track II Approaches to Security Diplomacy in the Asia-Pacific: The CSCAP Experience”, The Pacific Review 15, no. 2 (2002): 176–200.
36. Takeshi Yuzawa, “The Evolution of Preventive Diplomacy in the ASEAN Regional Forum”, Asian Survey 46, no. 5 (September/October 2006): 793–94.
37. Takeshi Yuzawa, “The Evolution of Preventive Diplomacy in the ASEAN Regional Forum”, Asian Survey 46, no. 5 (September/October 2006): pp. 802–04.
38. “ASEAN Regional Forum Holds First Simulated Sea Exercise”, Channel News Asia.com, 23 January 2007.
39. David Martin Jones and Michael L.R. Smith, “Constructing Communities: The Curious Case of East Asian Regionalism”, Review of International Studies 33 (2007), pp. 181 and 183.
40. Yoshimatsu Hidetaka, “Political Leadership Informality and Regional Integration in East Asia: The Evolution of ASEAN Plus Three”, European Journal of East Asian Studies 4, no. 2 (2005): 213, 220–21.
41. Tamara Renee Shie, “Rising Chinese Influence in the South Pacific”, Asian Survey 47, no. 2 (March/April 2007): 308. Also see Jing-dong Yuan, China-ASEAN Relations: Perspectives, Prospects and Implications for US Interests (Carlisle Barracks, U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, October 2006), p. 5.
42. Data on China-ASEAN total trade is found in the World Trade Organization, Trade Policy Review — China, 7 May 2008. Data on U.S.-ASEAN total trade comes from the US-ASEAN Business Council Website .
43. Donald Weatherbee, “Strategic Dimensions of Economic Interdependence in Southeast Asia”, in Ashley Tellis and Michael Wills, eds., Strategic Asia 2006–07: Trade, Interdependence, and Security (Seattle: The National Bureau of Asian Research, 2006), pp. 275–77; and Robert Sutter and Chin-Hao Huang, “China-Southeast Asia Relations: Summitry at Home and Abroad”, Comparative Connections: An E-Journal of East Asian Bilateral Relations (Honolulu: Pacific Forum/CSIS) (January 2007).
44. Robert Sutter and China-Hao Huang, “China-Southeast Asia Relations: Cebu Meetings, UN Veto on Myanmar”, Comparative Connections (April 2007), p. 73.
45. Lesek Buszynski and Iskandar Sazlan, “Maritime Claims and Energy Cooperation in the South China Sea”, Contemporary Southeast Asia 29, no. 1 (April 2007): 154.
46. Robert Sutter and Chin-Hao Huang, “China-Southeast Asia Relations: China’s Activism Faces Persistent Challenges”, Comparative Connections (July 2007), p. 81.
47. Robert Karniol, “China Seeks Joint Exercise with ASEAN Countries”, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 25 April 2007, p. 14.
48. Charles A. Kupchan and Peter Trubowitz, “Grand Strategy for a Divided America”, Foreign Affairs (July/August 2007): 80.
49. “Donors pledge US$689m for 2007 to impoverished Cambodia”, Channelnewsasia. com, 20 June 2007 .
50. Donald Weatherbee, “Southeast Asia: Strategic Dimension of Economic Interdependence in Southeast Asia”, op. cit., pp. 277–78.
51. Donald Weatherbee, “Southeast Asia: Strategic Dimension of Economic Interdependence in Southeast Asia”, op. cit., pp. 284 and 291.
52. For discussions of US military exercises with and assistance to Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, see the quarterly “U.S.-Southeast Asia” articles by Sheldon W. Simon in Comparative Connections. Also see the remarks by US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, delivered to the June 2007 Shangri La conference in Singapore (US Department of Defense Office of Public Affairs), 1 June 2007.
53. “Singapore PM warns US over China”, BBC website, 5 May 2007.
54. Jim Rolfe, “A Complex of Structures: Functional Diversity, Regional Consolidation and Community in the Asia-Pacific”, op. cit., p. 224.
55. Lesek Buszynski, “Russia and Southeast Asia: A New Relationship”, Contemporary Southeast Asia 28, no. 2 (August 2006): 29.
56. The Stanley Foundation, Dialogue Brief: Building an Open and Inclusive Regional Architecture for Asia (St. Michaels, Maryland, November 2006), p. 5.
57. “U.S. May Sign Key ASEAN Treaty with Eye on East Asia Summit”, Agence France Presse (Hong Kong), 22 March 2007.
58. Michael Vatikiotis, “US and China Tug at ASEAN Unity,”, Asia Times Online, 8 May 2007.