Constructing communities: The curious case of East Asian regionalism

Review of International Studies

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 165-185

  Jones, David Martin ^a   Smith, Michael L R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846597475     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S026021050700736X     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Mao Tse-tung, Selected Readings from the Works of Mao Tse-tung (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1971), pp. 502-4.
2. The ASEAN 10 include the original five members: Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand; Brunei which joined in 1986 arid Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar arid Cambodia which acceded to ASEAN's Treaty of Amity arid Cooperation and joined the organization between 1995 and 1997.
3. Quoted in Samuel Kim, 'Regionalization and Regionalism in East Asia', Journal of East Asian Studies, 4 (2004), p. 60.
4. Peter Katzensteiri, 'Regionalism arid Asia', New Political Economy, 5 (2000), p. 301.
5. Richard Stubbs, 'ASEAN Plus Three: Emerging East. Asian Regionalism', Asian Survey, 42 (2002), p. 440.
6. Nikolas Busse, 'Constructivism arid Southeast Asian Security', Pacific Review, 12 (1999), p. 59.
7. Ibid., pp. 51-3.
8. Peter Katzenstein and Nobuo Okawara, 'Japan and Asian Pacific Security', in J. J. Suh, Peter Katzenstein and Allen Carlson (eds.), Rethinking Security in East Asia: Identity Power and Efficiency (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 114-15.
9. See Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (London: Routledge, 2000).
10. Amitav Acharya, 'Regional Institutions and Asian Security Order: Norms, Power, arid Prospects for Peaceful Change', in Muthiah Alagappa (ed.), Asian Security Order Instrumental and Normative Features (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), p. 211.
11. Muthiah Alagappa, 'Constructing Security Order in Asia: Conceptions and Issues', in Alagappa, Asian Security Order, p. 76.
12. Acharya, 'Regional Institutions', p. 211.
13. Yuen Foong Khong, 'Coping with Strategic Uncertainty: The Role of Institutions and Soft Balancing in Southeast Asia's Post-Cold War Strategy', in Suh et al., Rethinking Security, p. 189.
14. Dirk Nabers, 'The Social Construction of International Institutions: The Case of ASEAN+3', International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 3 (2003), pp. 132-3.
15. Alistair lain Johnston, The Myth of the ASEAN Way? Explaining the Evolution of the ASEAN Regional Forum', in Helgas Haftendorn, Robert Keohane arid Celeste Wallender (eds.), Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 290 and 324.
16. Anthony Smith, 'ASEAN's Ninth Summit: Solidifying Regional Cohesion, Advancing External Linkages', Contemporary Southeast Asia, 26 (2004), p. 432.
17. Frank Frost, 'Introduction: ASEAN since 1967', in Alison Rroinowski (ed.), ASEAN into the 1990s (London: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 1-31.
18. Yuen Foong Khong, 'ASEAN arid the Southeast Asia Security Complex', in Patrick Morgan and David Lake (eds.), Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World (Philadelphia, PA: Pennsylvania University Press, 1997), pp. 319-20.
19. Jörn Dorsch and Manfred Mols, 'Thirty Years of ASEAN: Achievements and Challenges', Pacific Review, 11 (1998), p. 168.
20. Khong, 'ASEAN', p. 320.
21. Davis Bobrow, Steve Chan and Simon Reich, 'Southeast Asian Prospects and Realities: American Hopes and Fears', Pacific Review, 9 (1996), p. 27.
22. Helen Nesadurai, 'APEC: A Tool for US Regional Domination', Pacific Review, 9 (1996), p. 51.
23. See Sheldon Simon, 'Security Prospects in Southeast Asia: Collaborative Efforts and the ASEAN Regional Forum', Pacific Review, 11 (1998), pp. 204-9.
24. Jose Almonte, 'Ensuring the "ASEAN Way" ', Survival, 39 (1997-98), p. 80 and 90.
25. Goh Chok Tong, 'The Asian Economic Crisis: Challenges for the US', Speech to United States Chamber of Commerce, Washington DC, 22 September 1998.
26. R. James Forguson, 'East Asian Regionalism; The Challenge of Political Reform and Systemic Crisis in the Late 1990s', Centre for the Study of Globalisatiori and Regionalisation Conference, 'After the Global Crises: What Next for Regionalism', University of Warwick, 16-18 September 1999, pp. 4-5.
27. Although as James Cotton has pointed out, it could be argued that ASEAN's internal failure as a multilateral organisation had already been exposed by its failure to address its home-grown problem of the 'haze' crisis of 1997-98. James Cotton, 'The "Haze" Over Southeast Asia: Challenging the ASEAN Mode of Regional Engagement,' Pacific Affairs, 72 (1999), pp. 331-51.
28. Peter Katzenstein, 'Regionalism in Asia', Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation Conference, 'After the Global Crises; What Next for Regionalism', University of Warwick, 10-18 September 1999, p. 19.
29. Ibid., p. 19.
30. Harry Harding, 'Wanted: Asian-US Asian Cooperation', Straits Times, 22 October 1998.
31. See Mahathir Mohamad, A New Deal for Asia (Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk Press, 1999), p. 7.
32. Ferguson, 'East Asian Regionalism'.
33. See Kishore Mahbubani, 'The United States: Go East Young Man' Washington Quarterly, 17 (1994), pp. 5-23,
34. and The Pacific Way', Foreign Affairs, 74 (1995), pp. 100-11.
35. The Nation (Bangkok), 10 June 2000.
36. Point 5, Hanoi Declaration, 6th ASEAN Summit, 16 December 1998, Southeast Asian Science Policy Advisory Network, at: 〈http://www.icsea.or.id/sea- span/1198/RG1228LL.htm〉.
37. East Asia Vision Group Report, Towards an East Asian Community: Region of Peace, Prosperity and Progress (Seoul: Korea Institute for Economic Policy, 2001).
38. Son Hadi Soosastro, 'Whither ASEAN + 3?', Regional Trading Arrangements: Stocktake and Next Steps (Pacific Economic Cooperation Council), Trade Policy Forum, Bangkok, 12-13 June 2001, pp. 6-11.
39. Quoted in Ignatius Low, 'Wanted: An E. Asian "Community" ', Straits Times, 16 January 2002.
40. Soestro, 'Whither ASEAN+3?', p. 1.
41. See Carolina Hernandez, 'The ASEAN-ISIS and CSCAP Experience', in Sharon Siddique and Sree Kumar (eds.), The 2nd ASEAN Reader (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003), pp. 280-1.
42. Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425;
43. 'Collection Identity Formation and the International State', American Political Science Review, 88 (1992), pp. 384-6;
44. and Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
45. Wendt's views are in several places anticipated by Nicholas Onuf, A World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989).
46. Wendt, 'Anarchy is What. States Make of It', p. 394.
47. Jeffrey Legro, 'The Transformation of Policy Ideas', American Journal of Political Science, 44 (July 2000), pp. 419-32.
48. Wendt, 'Anarchy is What States Make of It', p. 417.
49. See Dale Copeland, The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism', International Security, 25 (2000), p. 209.
50. Nabers, 'The Social Construction', p. 130.
51. Ibid., p. 132.
52. Copeland, 'The Constructivist Challenge', p. 197.
53. See Ronen Palen, 'A World of Their Making: An Evaluation of the Constructivist Critique in International Relations', Review of International Studies, 26 (2000), pp. 575-98.
54. See also John Sidel's review of The Quest for Identity: International Relations of Southeast Asia, in Survival, 43 (2001), p. 162.
55. Jorge Luis Borges, Tlön Uqbar Orbis Tertius', in Ficciones (New York: Grove Press, 1962), p. 25.
56. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, 'Taking Stock: The Constructivist Research Program in International Relations arid Comparative Politics, Annual Review of Political Science, 4 (2001), pp. 403-4.
57. Alagappa, 'Constructing', p. 77.
58. Robert Jervis, 'Realism in the Study of World Politics', International Organization, 54 (1998), p. 974.
59. Jonathan Mercer, 'Anarchy and Identity', International Organization, 49 (1995), p. 251.
60. Son Philip Cerny, The Now Security Dilemma Revisited: Neo-Medievalism and the Limits of Hegemony', in Peter Dombrowski (ed.), The Political Economy of International Security in the 21st Century (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reiner, 2005).
61. Quoted in LimLirn Kim Chew, 'Long and Bumpy Road to Asian Integration', Straits Times, 11 July 2003.
62. John Ravenhill, 'A Three Bloc World? New East Asian Regionalism', International Politics of the Asia Pacific, 2 (2002), p. 175.
63. Low, 'Wanted: An E. Asian "Community" '.
64. Quoted in Asia Times Online, 8 March 2001, cited in Nabers, 'The Social Construction', p. 121.
65. See Ravenhill, 'A Three Bloc World?', p. 178.
66. Soesastro, 'Whither ASEAN+3?', pp. 3-6.
67. Paul Bowles, 'ASEAN, AFTA and the "New Regionalism" ', Pacific Affairs, 70 (1997). As Bowles observes, the central motivation behind AFTA seems not to have been to enhance ASEAN integration but to make the region more attractive to foreign direct investment, p. 229.
68. Ravenhill, 'A Three Bloc World?', p. 182.
69. Ibid., p. 182.
70. For the Declaration of ASEAN Concord 11 (Bali Concord 11) see 〈http//www.aseansec.org/15159.htm〉.
71. Ibid., p. 181.
72. Allen Whiting, 'ASEAN Eyes China: The Security Dimension', in Guoli Liu (ed.), Chinese Foreign Policy in Transition (New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 2004), pp. 250-1.
73. Declaration of the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, 〈http//www.aseansec.org/13165.htm〉, accessed 29 November 2004.
74. For positive assessments of China's embrace of this process see David Shambaugh 'China Engages Asia Reshaping the Regional Order,' International Security, 29 (2004), pp. 64-99
75. and Alastair lain Johnston, 'Is China a Status Quo Power?', International Security, 27 (2003), pp. 5-56.
76. Leszek Buszynski, 'ASEAN, the Declaration on Conduct arid the South China Sea', Contemporary Southeast Asia, 25 (2003), p. 353.
77. Mahathir Mohamad and Shintara Yoshihara, The Voice of Asia (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1995), part 4.
78. Chong Guari Kwa arid See Seng Tan, 'The Keystone of World Order', Washington Quarterly, 23 (2001), pp. 95-6.
79. Evelyn Goh, 'Hegemonic Constraints: The Implication of 11 September for American Power', Australian Journal of International Affairs, 57 (2003), pp. 77-97.
80. Quoted in 'One Day Seminar on "ASEAN Cooperation": Challenges and Prospects in the Current International Situation', Indonesian Embassy, New York, 3 June 2003.
81. Amitav Acharya, 'Ideas, Identity arid Institution Building: From the "ASEAN Way" to the "Asia-Pacific Way" ', Pacific Review, 10 (1997), p. 329.
82. Nabers, The Social Construction', pp. 124-5.
83. Amitav Acharya, 'An Opportunity Not to be Squandered', Straits Times, 12 November 2002.
84. For such an influential organisation its secretariat is confined to an undistinguished suite of offices on Jalan Sisingarnarigaraja, Jakarta. It employs less than 150 personnel and the role of its Secretary General is essentially bureaucratic.
85. Michael Leifer, ASEAN and the Security of South East Asia (London: Routledge, 1989).
86. East Asian Strategic Review 2003 (Tokyo: National Institute for Defense Studies/Japan Times, 2003), p. 211.
87. See Kimi Hara, 'Rethinking the "Cold War" in the Asia-Pacific', Pacific Review, 12 (1999), p. 529.
88. East Asian Strategic Review, p. 209.
89. See Shambaugh, 'China Engages Asia', pp. 64-99.
90. R. L. Wing, The Art of Strategy: A New Translation of Sun Tzu's classic The Art of War (London HarperCollins, 1988), p. 45.
91. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 'A New Initiative to Overcome the Asian Currency Crisis: The New Miyazawa Initiative', 3 October 1998 at: 〈http://www.mof.go.jp/english/if/e1e042.htm〉. For the Obuchi-ASEAN plan,
92. see Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Diplomatic Bluebook 1999: Japan's Diplomacy with Leadership Toward the New Century (Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1999) at 〈http://www.mof.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1999/I-c. html〉.
93. East Asian Strategic Review, p. 210.
94. Ibid, p. 213.
95. Ibid, p. 213.
96. See Copeland, The Constructivist Challenge', p. 208.
97. Wendt, 'Anarchy', p. 418.
98. Amitav Acharya, 'Realism, Institutionalism, and the Asian Economic Crisis', Contemporary Southeast Asia, 21 (1999), p. 5.
99. Amitav Acharya, 'Regionalism and the Emerging World Order: Sovereignty, Autonomy, Identity', Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation Conference, 'After the Global Crises: What Next for Regionalism', University of Warwick, 16-18 September 1999, p. 23.
100. Acharya, quoted in Lim, 'Long and Bumpy Road'.
101. Stuart Harris, The Regional Response in Asia-Pacific and its Global Implications', Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation Conference, 'After the Global Crises: What Next for Regionalism', University of Warwick, 16-18 September 1999, p. 7. We thank one of our anonymous readers for the bracketed comment.
102. Karl Popper, The Poverty of Historicism (London: Routledge, 1959), pp. 64-71.
103. 'Regions in Transition', The inaugural Asia-Europe Roundtable jointly organised by the Asia-Europe Foundation (Singapore), the Friedrich Ebert Siftung and the Singapore Institute of International Affairs, 29-31 August 2000, p. 2.
104. Acharya, 'Regionalism', p. 24.
105. Michael Oakeshott, The Politics of Faith and the Politics of Scepticism (ed. Timothy Fuller) (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), pp. 45-67.
106. Nabers, The Social Construction', p. 133.
107. Ferguson, 'East Asian Regionalism', p. 19.
108. Harris, 'The Regional Response', p. 8.
109. Ferguson, 'East Asian Regionalism', p. 15.
110. See for example, Jagdish Bhagwati, 'Asia's Chance to Lead', and Jusuf Wanandi, 'Building a Community', Asiaweek, 29 November 1996.