ASEAN counterterrorism cooperation since 9/11

Asian Survey

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 302-321

  Chow, Jonathan T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASEAN; REGIONAL SECURITY; TERRORISM;

ASIA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; WORLD;

EID: 19444368729     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/as.2005.45.2.302     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. For an excellent treatment of the subject of norms and identity formation in ASEAN, see Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order, Politics in Asia Series (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 47-79.
2. The Declaration of ASEAN Concord, the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, and the ZOPFAN Declaration can be found on the ASEAN website, .
3. Several past examples of divergent threat perceptions influencing individual member states' behaviors can be found in the case of Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1978. See, for instance, Acharya, Constructing a Security Community, pp. 84-.85.
4. See also Jurgen Haacke, ASEAN s Diplomatic and Security Culture: Origins, Development, and Prospects (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003), pp. 101-04.
5. ASEAN, ASEAN Vision 2020, December 15, 1997, .
6. ASEAN, Joint Communiqué of the Third ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime, October 11, 2001, ;
7. ASEAN, Work Program to Implement the ASEAN Plan of Action to Combat Transnational Crime, May 17, 2002, . Among the salient points of the Work Program were enhanced information sharing, by compiling national terrorism laws into a central repository, exchanging information on the detection of weapons of mass destruction, and moving member states toward ratification of international terrorism conventions.
8. "Indonesia 'Needs Laws to Fight Terror'," Straits Times (Singapore), January 31, 2002;
9. Jusuf Wanandi, "Indonesia: A Failed State?" Washington Quarterly 25:3 (Summer 2002), pp. 135-46.
10. "UN Predicts Aceh Toll of 150,000," Courier Mail (Queensland, Australia), January 20, 2005.
11. "Brute Force Not the Way to Fight Terrorism: Dr M," Business Times (Kuala Lumpur), February 6, 2002.
12. "Nations Lay Their Cards on the Table," Herald Sun (Melbourne), October 9, 2001, p. 10.
13. ASEAN admitted Vietnam as a member in 1995, Laos and Myanmar in 1997, and Cambodia in 1999.
14. "Thailand Gives Support to War on Terrorism," Bangkok Post, September 17, 2001.
15. "Islamic Committee Urges Neutral Stance," ibid., October 3, 2001.
16. "Terrorism: S'pore Will Do Its Part," Straits Times, September 20, 2001.
17. Alexander Wendt, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review 88:2 (June 1994), p. 389.
18. ASEAN, 2001 ASEAN Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism, November 5, 2001, .
19. "Indonesia, Singapore at Odds on Terror," The Australian (Sydney), February 22, 2002.
20. "Jakarta: S'pore Is Too Authoritarian to Understand Us; Indonesia's Foreign Minister Gets in Jab at the Republic, Saying That in a Democratic System, Terrorism Must Be Dealt with Differently," Straits Times, February 25, 2002.
21. "Singapore Perpetrating State Terrorism on Indonesia, Says Paper," ibid., February 27, 2002.
22. For a more thorough discussion of the effects of the Asian economic crisis on Indonesia's international credibility, see Judith Bird, "Indonesia in 1998: The Pot Boils Over," Asian Survey 39:1 (January/February 1999), pp. 27-37.
23. The primary reason for this was Suharto's removal from power in 1998 and subsequent political reforms under his successor, B. J. Habibie, which allowed a free press, political parties, and free elections. For an examination of ethnic nationalism and separatism since 1998, see Edward Aspinall and Mark T. Berger, "The Break-up of Indonesia? Nationalisms After Decolonisation and the Limits of the Nation-State in Post-Cold War Southeast Asia," Third World Quarterly 22:6 (December 2001), pp. 1003-24.
24. Wanandi, "Indonesia: A Failed State?" p. 136.
25. Wendt, "Collective Identity Formation," pp. 387-88.
26. "Troop Presence in the Philippines Signals Phase Two of War on Terror," Irish Times (Dublin), February 8, 2002.
27. "Manila Debates Use of US Troops," The Australian, January 18, 2002.
28. "Envoy: US Aid to MILF Hinges on Peace Deal," Manila Standard, January 17, 2005.
29. "U.S. Showers Indonesia with Promises," Jakarta Post, September 21, 2001.
30. "Indonesia's President Backs US. Does Her Country?" Christian Science Monitor, September 28, 2001;
31. "Indonesian Moslem Clerics Call for Jihad Against U.S. and Allies," Deutsche Presse Agentur, September 25, 2001.
32. "U.S. Seeks Role in ASEAN's Anti-Terror Drive," The Hindu (Chennai, India), November 18, 2001.
33. "US Friendlier to ASEAN Now," Straits Times, December 1, 2001.
34. "ASEAN Split on Anti-Terror Tactics," International Herald Tribune, February 4, 2002.
35. "ASEAN Countries Benefit from Anti-Terror Pact," Straits Times, August 3, 2002.
36. "US Wins Licence to Open Second Front in Terror War," The Times (London), July 30, 2002.
37. "Indonesia's Help with War on Terror Could Restore US Aid," Christian Science Monitor, July 1, 2002;
38. "Military Aid to Indonesia Revived in War on Terror," Los Angeles Times, August 3, 2002;
39. "Powell Sees Progress in Restoring Military Ties with Indonesia," Associated Press, August 3, 2002.
40. "Threats and Responses: Detainees," New York Times, September 17, 2002.
41. "US Warned Indonesia of Terror Threat," Sunday Times (London), October 13, 2002.
42. "Time to Take the Gloves Off," Business Times, October 14, 2002.
43. ASEAN, Declaration on Terrorism by the 8th ASEAN Summit, November 3, 2002, .
44. I b i d.
45. Tim Dodd, "Emergency Powers for Megawati," Australian Financial Review, October 19, 2002.
46. "Supporters Block Police from Arresting Bashir," Straits Times, October 21, 2002;
47. "Indon Police Formally Arrests Abu Bakar, Says Spokesman," Malaysia General News (Kuala Lumpur), November 4, 2002.
48. On September 2, 2003, an Indonesian court convicted Abu Bakar Ba'asyir of incitement to overthrow the government but acquitted him of the charge of leading a terrorist organization, citing insufficient evidence. Ba'asyir was sentenced to four years in prison but through a series of appeals received two sentence reductions enabling him to walk free on April 30, 2004. Upon his release, however, police immediately re-arrested him on terrorism charges, claiming that they possessed sufficient evidence to link him to Jemaah Islamiyah. In January 2005, Ba'asyir was standing trial in Jakarta on terrorism charges. On March 3, an Indonesian court convicted him on a charge of conspiracy related to the Bali bombing of 2002, dropping the more serious charges of terrorism. Ba'asyir was sentenced to 30 months in prison with credit for 10 months' time served. See "Radical Cleric in Indonesia Is Acquitted of Terrorism," New York Times, March 4, 2005, sec. A, col. 7, p. 12.
49. "ASEAN's Cold Shoulder a Stark Signal of Frosty Conditions," The Age (Melbourne), November 9, 2002.
50. "Australia Not a Safe Place, Particularly for Muslims, Says Dr M," New Straits Times (Kuala Lumpur), November 6, 2002.
51. "It's US and Them, to Malaysia's Mahathir," Weekend Australian (Sydney), November 23, 2002, p. 17.
52. "Hambali Talks Under Grilling - Slaughter of Innocents," The Australian, August 21, 2003.
53. "Malaysian Southeast Asian Counterterrorism Center to Bolster Regional Cooperation - Ople," Department of Foreign Affairs, Philippines, press release no. 326-03, July 3, 2003, .
54. ASEAN Regional Forum, "Report ofthe ARF Inter-Sessional Meeting on Counter-Terrorism and Transnational Crime," March 21-22, 2003, .
55. The remaining two ASEAN countries, Thailand and Myanmar, were still considering adding their signatures as well, as of this writing in January 2005.
56. "S'pore Signs Regional Legal Assistance Pact," Straits Times, November 30, 2004.
57. Wendt, "Collective Identity Formation," p. 386.
58. "We're No al-Qaeda Base, Says a Bristling Malaysia," Straits Times, August 22, 2003.