Interregionalism as a new diplomatic tool: The EU and East Asia

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 223-243

  Reiterer, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85050787031     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2006018     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Anne-Marie Slaughter, A New World Order (Princeton University Press, Oxford, 2004), p. 341.
2. Peter Katzenstein, A World of Regions (Cornell University Press, Ithaca N.Y., 2005), pp. 118-119.
3. Julie Gilson, 'New Interregionalism? The EU and East Asia' (2005) 27/3 Journal of European Integration, p. 309.
4. 'A state may achieve the outcomes it prefers in world politics because other states want to follow it or have agreed to a situation that produces such effects. In this sense, it is just as important to set the agenda and structure the situations in world politics as to get others to change in particular cases. The second aspect of power - which occurs when one country get other countries to want what it wants - might be called co-optive or soft power in contrast with the hard or command power of ordering others to do what it wants.' Joseph Nye, Power in the Global Information Age (Routledge, London, 2004), p. 76.
5. st Century (Fourth Estate, London, 2005), pp. 47-48.
6. Fredrik Söderbaum, Patrik Stålgren and Luk van Langenhove, 'The EU as a Global Actor and the Dynamics of Interregionalism: A Comparative Analysis' (2005) 27/3 Journal of European Integration, pp. 365-380.
7. See .
8. See .
9. See .
10. See .
11. See .
12. See .
13. See .
14. See .
15. See .
16. For an overview on EU relations with regions and countries consult .
17. Hanns Maull, 'Europe and the New Balance of Global Order' (2005) 81/4 International Affairs, p. 793.
18. Olivier Costa and Francois Foret, 'The European Consociational Model: An Exportable Instrumental Design?' (2005) 10 EFA Rev, p. 516.
19. See .
20. See M. Reiterer, 'ASEM: Value Added to International Relations and to the Asia-Euorpe Relationship' in Wim Stokhof, Paul van der Velde and Yeo Lay Hwee, The Eurasian Space: Far More than Two Continents (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 2004), pp. 9-22
21. for a more detailed analysis, M. Reiterer 'Asia-Europe: Do They Meet? - Revisited' in Zainal Mantaha and Toshiro Tanaka (eds) Enlarging European Union and Asia (ASEF/Keio University, 2005) pp. 249-287.
22. Cesar de Prado Yepes, 'The Effects of ASEM on European Foreign Policies' (2005) 3 Asia Europe Journal, pp. 25-35.
23. Jürgen Rüland, 'Inter- and Transregionalism: Remarks on the State of the Art of a New Research Agenda', National Europe Centre Paper No. 35, prepared for the Workshop on Asia Pacific Studies in Australia and Europe: A Research Agenda for the Future, Australian National University, 5-6 July 2002.
24. David Milliot, 'ASEM-A Catalyst for Dialogue and Cooperation: The Case of FEALAC' in Stockhof, van der Velde and Hwee, note 23 above, pp. 75-92.
25. Cesar de Prado Yepes, 'ASEM's Extra-regionalism: Converging Europe's and East Asia's External Projections toward Other Regions' in Stockhof, van der Velde and Hwee, note 23 above, pp. 58-74.
26. Shaun Breslin and Richard Higgott, 'New Regionalism(s) in the Global Political Economy: Conceptual Understanding in Historical Perspective' (2003) 2 Asia Europe Journal, p. 173.
27. This section draws from a paper presented at 5th Annual Conference on The Doha Development Agenda of the WTO - Prospects and Institutional Implications at the International Institutions of the Centre for the Studies of International Institutions (CSI), Innsbruck, 16-18 November 2005.
28. Gregory Shaffer, 'Power, Governance and the WTO: A Comparative Institutional Approach' in Michael N. Barnett and Raymond Duvall (eds), Power in Global Governance (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005), p. 133.
29. See the Treaty of Amsterdam at , especially Substantive Amendment 10, Title V, Article J.1, pp. 9-10.
30. European Commission, Inclusion of Respect for Democratic Principles and Human Rights in Agreements between the Community and Third Countries, COM(1995) 216, , p. 2.
31. European Commission, Europe and Asia: A Strategic Framework for Enhanced Partnerships, COM(2001) 469 final, , p. 18.
32. In January 1993, the Commission drafted guidelines on these issues (Decision of 26 January 1993, MIN (93)1137, point XIV), stipulating that draft negotiating directives for association agreements and economic cooperation agreements should incorporate the following elements: (a) in the body of the agreement: a clause specifying that relations between the Community and the country concerned and all provisions of the relevant agreement are based on respect for the democratic principles and human rights which inspire the domestic and external policies of the Community and the country concerned and which constitute essential elements of the agreement; (b) in the preamble: general references to respect for human rights and democratic values; references to the universal and/or regional instruments common to both parties. The Commission also underlined that explicit suspension clauses or general non-execution clauses may be included in specific cases; see under .
33. See Article 366a of the Lomé Convention at .
34. An electronic version of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties can be found on the UN website at .
35. See Moussounga Itsouhou Mbadinga, 'The Non-Execution Clause in the Relationship between the European Union (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP)' (2002) 3/11 German Law Journal, online at .
36. Decision of the ECJ of 3 December 1996 in Case C-268/94, European Court reports 1996, page I-06217, para. 27. The Court stated that 'it should be borne in mind that a provision such as Article 1(1) of the Agreement may be, amongst other things, an important factor for the exercise of the right to have a development cooperation agreement suspended or terminated where the non-member country has violated human rights', EUR-Lex website under .
37. See Vaughne Miller, 'The Human Rights Clause in the EU's External Agreements', House of Commons Library, Research Paper 04/33, 16 April 2004 at , p.29.
38. See Marcela Szymanski and Michael E. Smith, 'Coherence and Conditionality in European Foreign Policy: Negotiating the EU-Mexico Global Agreement' (2005) 43/1 Journal of Common Market Studies, pp. 171-192 at pp. 177-178.
39. European Commission, Partnership Agreement between the Member of the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States of the One Part, and of the European Community and its Member States, of the Other, 2000, at .
40. The agreement includes the original five ASEAN founding members (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) as well as four countries which joined ASEAN after 1967 (Brunei, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia). Vietnam acceded to the Cooperation Agreement in addition to its separate bilateral agreement with the EC. Similarly, protocols for the accession of Laos and Cambodia to the Cooperation Agreement were signed in July 2000. However, the EU has indicated that it cannot extend the agreement to Burma/Myanmar (which joined ASEAN in 1997) as long as the situation as regards democracy and human rights in that country does not improve significantly. Burma/Myanmar therefore cannot participate in EC-ASEAN cooperation actions. See .
41. The EC-ASEAN Cooperation Agreement of 1980 can be accessed at .
42. The sanctions comprise an arms embargo, a visa ban on members of the government and the military as well as the suspension of all bilateral aid other than strictly humanitarian assistance. For further information see .
43. European Commission, A New Partnership with South East Asia, COM (2003) 399/4, at , p. 23 and note 33 on the same page.
44. Macao became the so-called 'Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China' (20 December 1999) and is considered an autonomous region within China.
45. See .
46. For the full text of the agreement see .
47. The Communications can be accessed at
48. , respectively. A new China strategy is under preparation for 2006.
49. For more details see .
50. The Commission's Country Strategy Paper 2002-2006 for China can be accessed at .
51. M. Reiterer, 'Japan-EU Relations after EU Enlargement' (2004) 2 Asia Europe Journal, pp. 33-42.
52. See
53. .
54. See .
55. European Commission, Europe and Asia: A Strategic Framework, note 35 above, p. 12.
56. Jürgen Rüland, 'Interregionalism and the Crisis of Multilateralism: How to Keep the Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM) Relevant' (2006) 11 EFA Rev, p. 62.
57. David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd and John Redmond, International Organisation in World Politics (3rd edn, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2004), p. 214.
58. Julie Gilson, Asia Meets Europe: Inter-Regionalism and the Asia-Europe Meeting (Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 2002), p. 11.
59. Julie Gilson, 'Defining Inter-Regionalism: The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)' (2002) 1/1 SEAS Electronic Working Papers, .
60. Christopher Dent, 'From Inter-regionalism to Trans-regionalism? Future Challenges for ASEM' (2003) 1 Asia Europe Journal, pp. 224, 232. The four major spaces of interaction identified are economic, business, political and socio-cultural spaces.
61. Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton University Press, New York, 1984), pp. 51-52.
62. Ben Rosamond, 'Conceptualizing the EU Model of Governance in World Politics' (2005) 10 EFA Rev, p. 472.